this topic is all about deafness and hearing impairment, this is all about the classification of deafness and hearing impairment and the cause language disorder.

4. Hearing impairment, deafness, or hearing loss is a
total or partial inability to hear sounds. Hearing
impairment, permanent or fluctuating adversely
affects a learner's academic performance. Hearing loss
is used to people with residual or remaining hearing
and can understand speech. They can respond to
auditory stimuli such as speech. Depending how well
the person can hear the sound, hearing loss means as
slight, mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

5. • While deafness is a disability whose sense of
hearing is non-functional that affects
educational performance and impairs the
communication with or without amplification.
It prevents the child or a person from
receiving sounds in all forms.

7. The sound is not conducted and transmitted
normally from the outer ear to the middle ear.
People with this kind of condition can hear
when the sound is loud enough. This is because
of the infection of the middle ear or the otitis
media, inflammation, otosclerosis, excessive
earwax, objects in the ear and the malformation
of outer and middle ear.

8. This hearing loss is due to damage in the cochlea or in the
inner ear or in the auditory nerve which carries the sound
to the brain. Sometimes both parts of the ear are
damaged. As a result, the person with this kind of
condition loses his hearing sensitivity and sounds and
speech that what he hears are often distorted and is not
heard clearly. The usual cause of sensorineural hearing
loss are viral diseases, too much exposure to noise, aging,
ototoxic medication, Rh incompatibility and hereditary
factors.

9. This is the combination of conductive and
sensorineural hearing loss. The
impairment in the outer or middle ear
may be treated but still the person may
experience a hearing loss due to the
impairment in the inner or in the auditory
nerves.

10. This is also known as central auditory processing
disorder. The impairment is in the brain stem and in the
auditory cortex in the brain. The person affected with this
kind of condition may experience a hearing loss or not at
all. The person may hear but he cannot understand the
speech or the sound heard. Other symptoms are
impairment in reading comprehension, short- and long-
term auditory memory, auditory comprehension and
discrimination problems and language delay.

11. In this type of hearing loss, the person's
experience is not consistent with laboratory
results. The person may experience a hearing
loss but when tested during the audiometric
evaluation, the result does not yield organic
hearing loss. This may be due to emotional or
psychological problems, psychosomatic
causes, hysterical conversion and

12. How to aid hearing lost?
•Removing wax blockage
•Surgical Procedures
•Hearing Aids
•Cochlear Implant

15. Heredity refers to the genetic heritage
passed down by our biological parents.
It's why we look like them! More
specifically, it is the transmission of traits
from one generation to the next. These
traits can be physical, such as eye colour,
blood type or a disease, or behavioural.

17. is a way a genetic trait or condition can be
passed down from parent to child. One
copy of a mutated (changed) gene from
one parent can cause the genetic
condition. A child who has a parent with
the mutated gene has a 50% chance of
inheriting that mutated gene.

20. is usually inherited in an autosomal
dominant pattern, which means one
copy of the altered gene in each cell is
sufficient to cause the disorder. In
most cases, an affected person has one
parent with the condition

21. • What gene causes Waardenburg syndrome?
-Mutations in the EDN3, EDNRB, MITF, PAX3 and
SOX10 genes cause Waardenburg syndrome.
• What chromosome is Waardenburg syndrome on?
- Waardenburg syndrome type 2
-Mutations in the MITF gene, located on chromosome
band 3p14. 1-p12. 3, cause some cases of WS2.

22. - Waardenburg syndrome is a congenital disorder, which
means it is present from birth. There is no cure for the
condition, but it can be managed.
- There are four main types of Waardenburg syndrome.
The most common are type I and type II. Type III (Klein-
Waardenburg syndrome) and type IV (Waardenburg-Shah
syndrome) are rarer.

23. Primary features of Waardenburg syndrome
(WS) may include distinctive facial
abnormalities; unusually diminished
pigmentation (hypopigmentation) of the hair,
the skin, and/or the irides or the iris of both
eyes (partial albinism); and/or deafness that is
present at birth (congenital).

24. • Cleft lip (rare)
• Constipation.
• Deafness (more common in type II disease)
• Extremely pale blue eyes or eye colors that don't match
(heterochromia)
• Pale color skin, hair, and eyes (partial albinism)
• Difficulty completely straightening joints.
• Possible slight decrease in intellectual function.

25. The most common treatments for
Waardenburg syndrome include: cochlear
implants or a hearing aid to treat hearing
loss. developmental support, such as
special schools, for children with severe
hearing loss. surgery to prevent or remove
blockages in the intestines.

27. a genetic condition occurs when one
variant is present on both alleles
(copies) of a given gene. Autosomal
recessive inheritance is a way a
genetic trait or condition can be
passed down from parent to child.

30. All of the types of Usher syndrome are
inherited in an autosomal recessive
pattern , which means both copies of a
gene in each cell have a mutation. The
parents of an individual with Usher
syndrome each carry one copy of the
mutated gene, but they do not have any
signs and symptoms of the condition.

31. Usher syndrome is a rare genetic disorder
primarily characterized by deafness due to
an impaired ability of the inner ear and
auditory nerves to transmit sensory (sound)
input to the brain (sensorineual hearing
loss) accompanied by retinitis pigmentosa,
a disorder that affects the retina and causes
progressive loss of vision.

32. • The major symptoms of Usher syndrome are
deafness or hearing loss and an eye disease
called retinitis pigmentosa (RP) [re-tin-EYE-tis
pig-men-TOE-sa]. Deafness or hearing loss in
Usher syndrome is caused by abnormal
development of hair cells (sound receptor
cells) in the inner ear.
• Symptoms: Hearing loss

33. There is currently no treatment or
cure for Usher syndrome. 'Treatment'
involves managing the vision, hearing
and balance problems involved with
the condition.

36. is a genetic disorder leading to
congenital bilateral (both sides)
sensorineural hearing loss and goitre
with euthyroid or mild
hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid
gland function).

37. • Sensorineural hearing loss present at birth.
• Inner ear changes and enlargement of the
thyroid gland.
• An enlarged vestibular aqueduct - an inner ear
abnormality.
• Balance problems caused by altered vestibular
function.

38. There is currently no effective
treatment for Pendred syndrome.
Adequate thyroid hormone
replacement therapy should be
prescribed early to prevent further
development of goiter.

40. X-linked inheritance means that the gene
causing the trait or the disorder is located
on the X chromosome. Females have two
X chromosomes; males have one X and
one Y. Genes on the X chromosome can
be recessive or dominant. Their
expression in females and males is not
the same.

41. Some X-linked conditions that individuals may
be familiar with are Fragile X syndrome,
hemophilia A, and Duchenne muscular
dystrophy. But there are some conditions that
are more common in females, such as Rett
syndrome, which is also due to mutation on the
X chromosome.

43. The invasion and multiplication of
microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, and parasites that are not
normally present within the body. An
infection may cause no symptoms and
be subclinical, or it may cause
symptoms and be clinically apparent.

46. is a common mild disease
characterized by a rash. It affects
children and adolescents worldwide
and can also affect young adults.
When rubella virus infects susceptible
women early in pregnancy, it may be
transmitted to the fetus and may
cause birth defects.

47. German measles, also known as rubella, is a
viral infection that causes a red rash on the
body. Aside from the rash, people with German
measles usually have a fever and swollen
lymph nodes. The infection can spread from
person to person through contact with droplets
from an infected person's sneeze or cough.

48. • a low-grade fever.
• headache.
• mild pink eye (redness or swelling of the white of the
eye)
• general discomfort.
• swollen and enlarged lymph nodes.
• cough.
• runny nose.

49. There is no specific medicine to treat rubella or
make the disease go away faster. In many
cases, symptoms are mild. For others, mild
symptoms can be managed with bed rest and
medicines for fever, such as acetaminophen. If
you are concerned about your symptoms or
your child's symptoms, contact your doctor.

51. a kind of herpesvirus which usually
produces very mild symptoms in an
infected person but may cause severe
neurological damage in people with
weakened immune systems and in the
newborn.

52. Occasionally, CMV can cause mononucleosis or
hepatitis (liver problem). People with weakened
immune systems who get CMV can have more
serious symptoms affecting the eyes, lungs,
liver, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Babies born with CMV can have brain, liver,
spleen, lung, and growth problems.

53. • Fatigue.
• Low-grade fever (can last days or weeks)
• Chills and/or sweats.
• Muscle aches.
• Decreased appetite.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.
• Sore throat.
• Headache.

54. The drug of choice for treatment of CMV
disease is intravenous ganciclovir,
although valganciclovir may be used for
nonsevere CMV treatment in selected
cases. Ganciclovir is a nucleoside analogue
that inhibits DNA synthesis in the same
manner as acyclovir.

56. Hepatitis B is a potentially life-
threatening liver infection caused by
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a
major global health problem. It can
cause chronic infection and puts
people at high risk of death from
cirrhosis and liver cancer.

57. But it can become chronic. If that
happens, it can cause scarring of the
organ, liver failure, and cancer, and it even
can be life-threatening. It's spread when
people come in contact with the blood,
open sores, or body fluids of someone who
has the hepatitis B virus.

58. • Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Loss of appetite.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Abdominal pain.
• Dark urine.
• Clay-colored bowel movements.

59. for chronic hepatitis B may include: Antiviral
medications. Several antiviral medications —
including entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir
(Viread), lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir
(Hepsera) and telbivudine (Tyzeka) — can help
fight the virus and slow its ability to damage
your liver.

61. is a bacterial infection usually spread
by sexual contact. The disease starts
as a painless sore — typically on your
genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis
spreads from person to person via
skin or mucous membrane contact
with these sores.

62. • sores that resemble oral, anal, and genital warts
• a nonitchy, rough, red or red-brown rash that starts on the
trunk and spreads to the entire body, including the palms and
soles
• muscle aches
• fever
• a sore throat
• swollen lymph nodes
• patchy hair loss
• headaches
• unexplained weight loss
• fatigue

63. There are no home remedies or over-the-
counter drugs that will cure syphilis, but
syphilis is easy to cure in its early stages. A
single intramuscular injection of long acting
Benzathine penicillin G (2.4 million units
administered intramuscularly) will cure a
person who has primary, secondary or early
latent syphilis.

65. Measles and mumps are infections
caused by similar viruses. They are
both very contagious, meaning they
easily spread from person to person.
Measles and mumps mostly affect
children. Measles can make you feel
like you have a bad cold or the flu.

66. Measles symptoms appear 7 to 14
days after contact with the virus and
typically include high fever, cough,
runny nose, and watery eyes. Measles
rash appears 3 to 5 days after the first
symptoms.

67. • Discomfort in the salivary glands (in the front of the neck) or
the parotid glands (immediately in front of the ears). Either of
these glands may become swollen and tender.
• Difficulty chewing.
• Pain and tenderness of the testicles.
• Fever.
• Headache.
• Muscle aches.
• Tiredness.
• Loss of appetite.

68. • Take it easy. Get rest and avoid busy activities.
• Sip something. Drink plenty of water, fruit
juice and herbal tea to replace fluids lost by
fever and sweating.
• Seek respiratory relief. Use a humidifier to
relieve a cough and sore throat.
• Rest your eyes.

69. • Drink plenty of fluids.
• If the glands are swollen and causing
discomfort, ice or heat packs can help ease the
pain.
• Non-aspirin medications such acetaminophen
and ibuprofen can be used to bring a fever
under control and help with pain from swollen
glands.

70. Measles can be serious. Children younger
than 5 years of age and adults older than
20 years of age are more likely to suffer
from complications. Common
complications are ear infections and
diarrhea. Serious complications include
pneumonia and encephalitis.

71. Mumps is a viral infection that primarily
affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that
are located near your ears. Mumps can cause
swelling in one or both of these glands.
Mumps was common in the United States
until mumps vaccination became routine.
Since then, the number of cases has dropped
dramatically.

73. Viral meningitis presents with similar
symptoms to bacterial meningitis such
as fever, headache, dislike of lights and
neck stiffness. It can present with a rash,
but this is normally quite different to the
rash seen in bacterial meningitis with
meningococcal disease. Viral meningitis is
almost never life-threatening.

74. • Fever;
• Headache;
• Stiff neck;
• Nausea; and.
• Increased sensitivity to bright light.

75. Acute bacterial meningitis must be treated
immediately with intravenous antibiotics
and sometimes corticosteroids. This helps
to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of
complications, such as brain swelling and
seizures. The antibiotic or combination of
antibiotics depends on the type of bacteria

76. Meningitis is an infection that causes the
protective membranes of the nervous
system to swell. Inflammation of the brain
and spinal cord can affect every part of
your body. Fever and other symptoms can
come on suddenly and progress very
quickly, causing devastating effects.

78. An ear infection (sometimes called acute
otitis media) is an infection of the middle
ear, the air-filled space behind the
eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating
bones of the ear. Children are more likely
than adults to get ear infections.
• Risk Factors: Child

79. • Unusual irritability.
• Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep.
• Tugging or pulling at one or both ears.
• Fever.
• Fluid draining from ear(s)
• Loss of balance.
• Hearing difficulties.
• Ear pain.

80. Management of acute otitis media should
begin with adequate analgesia. Antibiotic
therapy can be deferred in children two
years or older with mild symptoms. High-
dose amoxicillin (80 to 90 mg per kg per
day) is the antibiotic of choice for treating
acute otitis media in patients who are not
allergic to penicillin.

81. An untreated infection can travel from
the middle ear to the nearby parts of
the head, including the brain.
Although the hearing loss caused by
otitis media is usually temporary,
untreated otitis media may lead to
permanent hearing impairment.

83. A developmental anomaly is a broad
term used to define conditions which
are present at conception or occur
before the end of pregnancy. In the
case of cerebral palsy, a small number
also occur after birth. An anomaly is
considered as a departure from
normal development.

85. Congenital middle ear abnormality of the
ear is a rare congenital malformation,
leading to conductive hearing loss, in the
range of 40-60 dB with normal tympanic
membrane and no history of trauma or
infection. The incidence is 1 in 15,000
births and this malformation is bilateral in
30-40% of cases.

86. • Dizziness.
• Spinning sensation.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Problems with balance or walking.
• Hearing loss.
• Earache or ear pain.
• Ringing in the ear (tinnitus)

87. The treatment is surgical, following the rules
of ossiculoplasty and stapes surgery. In major
malformations (congenital aural atresia) there
is no external auditory canal and a deformed
or missing pinna. The mastoid and the middle
ear space may be underdevelopped, the
ossicular chain is dysplastic.

89. Stenosis of the external auditory canal
(EAC) can be congenital, due to
abnormalities of the first gill cleft, or
acquired as a result of inflammation,
trauma and the effects of radiotherapy
(RT), all sharing a common pathogenesis,
namely a cascade of inflammatory
changes leading to medial canal fibrosis

90. • pain in your ear – this can be severe, and may
get worse when you push or pull your ear.
• itching.
• discharge from your ear.
• reduced hearing – if the swelling is enough to
block your ear canal.
• a full feeling in your ears.
• a red or swollen ear canal.

92. Environmental factors following a
traumatic event include recurring
exposure to upsetting reminders of the
trauma, additional adverse life events,
financial or other losses related to the
trauma. Inappropriate social support post-
trauma can also impact someone
recovering from a hugely traumatic event.

95. A skull fracture is a head injury where
there is a break in the skull bone. While
mild breaks can cause few problems and
heal over time, severe breaks can lead to
complications including bleeding, brain
damage, leaking of cerebrospinal fluid,
infection and seizures.

96. • a lump or dent on the head.
• bruising or swelling on the head.
• headache.
• confusion or disorientation.
• dizziness.
• nausea or vomiting.
• loss of consciousness.
• clear fluid or blood running from the nose or ears.

97. • check your airway is clear.
• check your breathing and start CPR or mouth-to-
mouth.
• stabilise your neck and spine (for example, by using
a neck brace)
• stop any severe bleeding.
• provide pain relief if you're in a lot of pain.
• splint any fractured or broken bones (strapping them

98. A skull fracture is a head injury where
there is a break in the skull bone. While
mild breaks can cause few problems and
heal over time, severe breaks can lead to
complications including bleeding, brain
damage, leaking of cerebrospinal fluid,
infection and seizures.

100. These afferents can be activated by
loud sounds and overstimulated by
intense or persistent noise
Hearing loss and cochlear
synaptopathy after intense noise
exposure have been well
characterized

101. • very quiet sounds are comfortable, but ordinary
sounds (like voices at conversational volume) are
too loud or distorted
• your own voice seems too loud or distorted
• low intensity sounds, such as the noise of a
refrigerator, seem too loud
• sudden, loud noise can cause discomfort and pain

102. Exposure to prolonged or excessive noise has
been shown to cause a range of health problems
ranging from stress, poor concentration,
productivity losses in the workplace, and
communication difficulties and fatigue from
lack of sleep, to more serious issues such as
cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment,
tinnitus and hearing loss.

104. Low birthweight is when a baby is
born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8
ounces. Some babies with low
birthweight are healthy, even though
they're small. But being low
birthweight can cause serious health
problems for some babies.

105. • Low oxygen levels at birth
• Inability to maintain body temperature
• Difficulty feeding and gaining weight
• Infection
• Breathing problems, such as infant respiratory distress
syndrome (a respiratory disease of prematurity caused by
immature lungs)
• Neurologic problems, such as intraventricular hemorrhage
(bleeding inside the brain)
• Gastrointestinal problems, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (a
serious disease of the intestine common in premature babies)
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

106. t
• Care in the neonatal intensive care unit
(NICU)
• Temperature-controlled bed.
• Special feedings. Sometimes these are given
through a tube into the stomach if a baby
cannot suck. Or they are given through an IV
(intravenous) line.

107. In addition to weighing less than 5
pounds, 8 ounces, babies with low
birth weight look much smaller than
babies of normal birth weight. A low-
birth-weight baby's head may look
bigger than the rest of their body.
They often look thin with little body fat.

110. Breathing difficulties can be caused by
many different conditions. They can also
develop as a result of stress and anxiety.
It's important to note that frequent
episodes of shortness of breath or sudden,
intense breathing difficulty may be signs
of a serious health issue that needs
medical attention.

111. Complications of breathing difficulties
include: Cyanosis (bluish color of the skin
or mucus membranes due to low oxygen)
Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) Respiratory
acidosis (high carbon dioxide levels in the
body resulting in abnormally acidic bodily
fluids and blood)

113. Helen Keller

114. was a remarkable
American educator, disability activist
and author. She is the most famous
DeafBlind person in history. In 1882,
Keller was 18 months old and fell ill
with an acute illness which caused her
to become deaf, blind and mute.

115. Thomas Edison is considered the most
famous American Inventor of all time. Born in
1847, Edison is best known for inventing the
light bulb, phonograph and Motion Picture.
Deafness: Thomas Edison had hearing
problems from childhood and was thought to be
completely deaf by his early teenage years.

116. • Eye contact. Eye contact is extremely
important. ...
• Touch. In Deaf culture, it is acceptable to
touch another person to gain their attention,
even if you do not know them well. ...
• Physical proximity. ...
• Directness. ...
• Thumping on tables or floors.

117. Treating Deaf
and Hard of
Hearing Patients:
Dos and Don'ts

118. • DO speak directly to the patient in the second person point of
view. ...
• DO use eye contact to improve communication. ...
• DO consider facial expressions part of the dialogue. ...
• DON'T be afraid to use the word “Deaf” ...
• DON'T assume the patient uses American Sign Language
(ASL) ...
• DON'T exaggerate your speech or increase your volume.
• Don't stare!
• Don't throw things to get their attention that is rude!
• Don't poke,hit, slam things, or sneak up suddenly.