This was presented in

1. SCOPE for Improvement: Drilling Fluids Guidelines of India Environment Policy and Research India (EPRI) 219, Gopi Cine Mall, Nana Shankar Sheth Road, Dombivli (W) – 421202 Ph: 0251 – 3192839; Website: www.eprindia.com; Email: [email_address] Avick Sil and Kanchan Wakadikar

2. What is Drilling Fluids Drilling fluids are suspension of finely divided heavy materials such as bentonite and barite Uses Drilling natural gas, oil and water wells Why Reduces friction and torque Increases drill rig performance and life Control water loss Stabilizes bore holes Sil, A., Wakadikar, K., Kumar, S., Tandon, S., Sivagami, S. P. M., Kumar, R., Hettiartchi, J. P. 2010. Toxicity characteristics of drilling mud and its effect on aquatic fish populations. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.000009).

4. Composition Emulsifiers - Aid in forming and maintaining the emulsion Gellants/Wetting agents - Ensures the solids in the mud are in wet phase Bentonite - Aid in suspending drill cuttings in the mud Barite - Increases the weight of the drilling mud Sil, A., Wakadikar, K., Kumar, S., Tandon, S., Sivagami, S. P. M., Kumar, R., Hettiartchi, J. P. 2010. Toxicity characteristics of drilling mud and its effect on aquatic fish populations. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.000009). SBFs Bentonite 18% WBFs

5. Facts & Figures Mumbai 2010 – Approx. 1200 tonnes 2011 – Approx. 400 tonnes Year Place Quantity 1967 Scily Island 38 million gallon 1977 North Sea 81 million gallon 1978 France 66 million gallon 1979 Gulf of Mexico 140 million gallon 1979 Tobago 46 million gallon 1983 Iran 80 million gallon 1983 South Africa 78 million gallon 1988 North Sea 43 million gallon 1989 Alaska 10 million gallon 1989 Canary Island 19 million gallon 1991 Kuwait 460 million gallon 1991 Italy 42 million gallon 1992 Uzbekisthan 88 million gallon 1994 Russia 2 million barrel 1996 Welses 70,000 tonnes 1999 Atlantic Coast 3 million barrel 2000 Rio de Jeneiro 343,200 gallon 2002 Spain 20 million gallon 2003 Pakistan 28,000 tonnes 2004 Alaska 337,000 gallon Year Place Quantity 2005 Louisiana 7 million gallon 2006 Louisiana 71,000 barrel 2006 Philipines 530,000 gallon 2007 South Korea 2.8 million gallon 2008 Louisiana 419,000 million gallon 2009 Australia 52,000 million gallon 2010 Texas 462,000 gallon 2010 Louisiana 60,000 barrel 1 barrel – 117 litres 1 gallon – 3.8 litres

6. Threats Flora and fauna Threat to aquatic life Indirect impact on terrestrial organisms Indirect impact on humans

9. What They Have – Eco-toxicology Source: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/11/33663321.pdf Title Adopted in Last Updated Alga, Growth Inhibition Test 1981 2006 Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test 1981 2004 Fish, Acute Toxicity Test 1981 1992 Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study 1984 - Avian Dietary Toxicity Test 1984 - Avian Reproduction Test 1984 - Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests 1984 - Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test 1984 2006 Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test 1984 - Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test 1992 - Daphnia magna Reproduction Test 1998 - Fish, Short- term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-fry Stages 1998 - Honeybees, Acute Oral Toxicity Test 1998 - Title Adopted in Last Updated Honeybees, Acute Contact Toxicity Test 1998 - Fish, Juvenile Growth Test 2000 - Soil Microorganisms: Nitrogen Transformation Test 2000 - Soil Microorganisms: Carbon Transformation Test 2000 - Enchytraeid Reproduction Test 2004 - Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei) 2004 - Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Sediment 2004 - Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test 2006 - Determination of the activity of anaerobic bacteria - reduction of gas production from anaerobically sewage sludge 2007 -

10. What They Have – Degradation and Accumulation Title Adopted in Last Updated Ready Biodegradability 1981 1992 Inherent Biodegradability: Modified SCAS Test 1981 - Inherent Biodegradability: Zahn- Wellens/EMPA Test 1981 1992 Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) 1981 - Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment 1981 2001 Inherent Biodegradability in Soil 1981 - Bioconcentration: Flow-Through Fish Test 1981 1996 Biodegradability in Seawater 1992 - Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Soil 2002 - Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems 2002 - Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water – Simulation Biodegradation Test 2004 - Ready Biodegradability - CO2 in sealed vessels (Headspace Test) 2006 - Anaerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds in Digested Sludge: by Measurement of Gas Production 2006 - Leaching in Soil Columns 2004 -

11. So where we are … … …. ….. Become OECD Member Others…... Better Guideline Oil spill modeling system Risk assessment criteria Mapping eco sensitive areas Making data bases Biodegradability Toxicity gradation/rating

12. a [email_address] (Avick Sil) [email_address] (Kanchan wakadikar)