See Presentation on earthquakes. Definition, features and methods used to measure.

2.  To explain how earthquakes occur
 To describe the features of an earthquake
 To explain two methods used to measure earthquake
intensity
 Recognize the work of ODPEM in earthquake awareness

3. the shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by
rapid movement of crustal plates. Earthquakes
occur when energy stored within the Earth,
usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly
releases.
How do you think this energy is transmitted to
the surface?

4. The study of earthquakes and the waves they
create is called seismology (from the Greek
seismos, “to shake”).
The machine that records movements of the
Earth is called a seismograph.
Scientists who study earthquakes are called
seismologists.

5. Along faults - faults are fractures in the Earth’s
crust along which rocks move; at convergent and
transform plate boundaries
With volcanic eruptions – earthquakes are
sometimes accompanied by eruptions of molten
lava and gases
Human activities – injecting materials in wells,
filling reservoirs and underground nuclear test
blast

6. (diagram showing features)
Draw an annotated diagram to show the features of an
earthquake: - focus, epicentre, shock waves, fault.

7.  Tectonic – sudden movement of the Earth’s crust caused
by faulting
 Volcanic – earthquakes are accompanied by eruptions
from molten lava and gases.
 Plutonic – deep focus earthquakes occurring deep in the
Earth’s crust

8. Earthquakes mainly occur along plate margins or faults.
Three main zones are:
 Along the Pacific Coast or Ring of Fire eg. Japan,
Mexico
 Within the Caribbean
 Near East Africa
Which margins are located in these areas?

9.  Seismographs record the intensity of the vibrations and
the extent of damage is measured by the Mercalli Scale.
 A Richter Scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake
shock, that is, the actual shaking on the ground.
(pictures)
Describe how each scale is used to measure earthquakes.

10.  Ground shaking and landslides causing damage to
settlements
 Fires
 Tsunami waves and flooding
 Disease
 Displacement of rocks causing changes in river courses
(see pictures on slide 3)

15.  Structural design – geologists identify the location of faults
and how to build near them and governments enforce building
codes. Strengthen or remove weak buildings.
 Selective use of land in earthquake prone areas to reduce
damage.
 Accurate predictions by seismologists to allow timely
evacuation
 Emergency preparedness plans – know what to do during and
after an earthquake

16. In groups, read, interpret and make presentations on:
 1 recent earthquake in the Caribbean and 1 recent
earthquake from anywhere else in the world.
 State their magnitudes and intensity according to the
Mercalli and Richter Scales
 Explain how each earthquake occurred
 Explain how people and property were affected
Students were given earthquake related articles from
various sources.

17. Remaining in your current groups:
 In a creative way, show what you would do to minimize
the effects of and earthquake.
 Presentations may take the form of a song, poem, dub-
poem, story or role play.
 Research on ODPEM to state 2 objectives, two
programmes/events.