8- Chcanoflagellates are thought to be similar to the ancestors of ani.pdf
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8. Chcanoflagellates are thought to be similar to the ancestors of animals because they://a, are specialized cells in sponges, the first multicellular organisms / b . secrete proteins that make them stick to each other after cells divide//c. have a flagellum, which is multicellular//d. have a choanus, which is multicellular/le. are tasty morula pie 9. Cleavage refers to: //a. dividing a fertilized egg into cells//b. dividing an embryo into right and left halves//c. whether an animals is multicellular//d. development of the gut/le the place where two layers of cells move inside the embryo of a vertebrate 10. Competition among the members of a group of organisms directly results from://a. natural selection//b. evolution//c, variation//d. over-reproduction//e. Evo-Devo 11. Evolution is://a. change in natural selection over time//b. change in an individual over time/c. change in a population over time//d. the same as natural selection//e. the mechanism of evolution.
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26- The Professor Farnsworth (Heppner) reading on Evolution included a.pdf
26. The Professor Farnsworth (Heppner) reading on Evolution included a passage on weighing
jars of sand to pick out the single one that weighed an ounce more than all the others. What point
did all this weighing demonstrate?//a. new variations can be retained in a group even if nature
doesn't actively select for iv/b. heavier organisms are more likely to survive than lighter ones.//c,
heavier organisms are less likely to surive has ones // d. heavier organisms store more calories
and so have higher fitnessisms are less likely to survive than lighter and so expend more calories
when moving, resulting in lower fitness 27. Modules://a. are repeated units used in building
organisms during development/b. are sometimes repeated in an individual organism//c. are
sometimes modified in different ways in different lineages/d. can be genes like Hox genes//e. all
of the above 28. Morphology is the study of://a. change in a population over time/b. change in an
individual over time/c. evolution/d.shape//e. all of the above 29. Some genes that control
development://a, are shared by many different animals//b. are important in the construction of an
organism//c. are responsible for distinctive features of many organisms//d. may be as much as
500 million years old//e. all of the above 30. Sponges have: a specialized cells//b, endoderm and
ectoderm//c. mesoderm//d. symmetry//e. all of the above 31. The 78 adhesion molecules
identified in choanoflagellates are important because://a. they show a split of one lineage into
three lineages//b. they show that the appearance of a new lineage requires the appearance of new
genes//c: sometimes nodes are due to the environment selecting for new uses for old genes//d
they are found both in choanoflagellates and other protozoa but not more complex organisms//e.
all of the above 32. The best definition of evolution is://a. adaptive radiation//b, change in a
group of organisms over timel/c. all organisms become more advanced as time goes on//d.
natural selection favors more complex organisms over less complex organisms/le. production of
more advanced organisms from less advanced organisms.
Lecture 5.pptx
This document discusses the classification and life cycles of various green algae (Chlorophyta) including Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Pediastrum, and Hydrodictyon. It describes their habitats, modes of asexual and sexual reproduction, and whether their life cycles are haplontic. Key details provided include that Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga that reproduces asexually through zoospores and sexually through isogamy or anisogamy. Volvox is a colonial green alga with different cell types, including vegetative, asexual, and sexual cells. Chlorella is a unicellular green alga that reprodu
12- Do all individual organisms evolve over time-l-a no- only groups c.pdf
12. Do all individual organisms evolve over time?l/a no, only groups can evolve/ib. no,
only individual characteristics can evolvel/c. yes, but only as a result of natural
selection//d. yes, most organisms do evolve over. time/le. yes, all living organisms evolve
over time 13. Evo-Devo refers to:/la. changes in DNA that are regularly occurring/b, the
combination of development with evolution and genetics/lc. a particular type of
development found in Deuterostomes//d. Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection/le, all of the above 14. Evolution:/a. can only happen when there is variation
between members of a population/b. happens in a single population over timel/e. occurs
when the environment determines which characteristies are successfal and therefore
remain in a population/d. does not happen to individuals/le. all of the above 15. The
diagram below, taken from DNA to Diversity, is an example of a.//a. cladogram/b map of
evolution//c: way of graphically organizing the variations that separate a busal group into
descendant groups/ld all of the above 16. What groyp is located at 16 , 3/ a . Bilateria/b.
Chonoflagellates//e. Deuterostomes //d. Metazoal/e. Protostomes 17. What group is
located at 17.2/a. Bilateria/b. Cbounoflagellates/ic. Deutcrostomes //d. Methroa/c.
Protostomes 18. What group is located at 18 . // a . Bilateria/b. Cboanoflagellates/ic.
Deuterostomes //d. Metazoa//e. Protostomes 19. What group is located at 19.2//a.
Bilateria/b. Choanoflageltated/e. Deuterostomes //d. Metizoa/c. Protostomes 20. What
group is located at 20.2//a. Bilateria/b. Chounoflagellates/c. Deuterostomes //d.
Metazoa/c. Protostomes 21. Fitness, in an evolutionary biological context, refers touli a.
having the largest muscles/b, being the fastest/c. having the largest body size//d. having
the most offippring that survive to reproduce themselves // e. all of the above 22. Hox 1
gene deternines the position of the:/la mouth/b. anus/c, tail/d. back//e, where the shoulder
develops 23. Hox genes determine://a, dorsal & ventral directions/b, anterior \& posterior
direetions//c. pinky \& thumb directions//d. lefinight directions /le. all of the above 24. In
this Evolution course we study mostly silent/e, all of the above 25. In this Evolution
course we study.f/a the changes in groups oforganisms over time/b, the evolution of the
genes that produce the structure of an organism during development c Darwin's theory of
evolution by natural selection//d. how to improve your success as a student/ c . all of the
above
1.
9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
- Multicellular life originated approximately 550 million years ago, arising quickly prior to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in an evolutionary explosion that resulted in most animal phyla.
- There are two main hypotheses for the origins of multicellularity - the colonial hypothesis, where dividing cells remained together, and the syncytial hypothesis, where plasma membranes formed within the cytoplasm of a large protist.
- Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals, consisting of loosely organized cells specialized for functions like pinacocytes on the outer surface, mesenchyme cells in the jellylike mesohyl, and choanocytes lining chambers for filter feeding. Sponges may have silica or calcium
Animal Development
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. Fate mapping reveals how specific regions of early embryos develop into particular structures later. Cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs help establish axes and cell differences, influencing pattern formation through inductive signals that vary by location.
Biology teacher
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. The role of cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs in establishing the body axes and cell fates is covered, as well as inductive signals that influence gene expression and lead to structure development.
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres.pdf
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the
vegetal pole within a blastula.
The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole
below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself,
forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.
The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal
pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic
membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placentain mammals and
the chorion in birds.
The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation. Sperm entry can occur
anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis -
cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body
a. Males release so many sperm that the egg is covered by them.
b. The egg has a plasma membrane, a vitelline envelope, and a jelly coat.
c. Acrosome enzymes digest away the zona pellucida around the egg as it extrudes a filament
that attaches to a receptor on the vitelline jelly layer envelope.
d. This interaction between filament and receptor is a lock-and-key reaction that is species-
specific.
e. The egg plasma membrane and the sperm nuclear membrane fuse, allowing the nucleus to
enter.
f. Fusion takes place and the zygote begins development.
g. As soon as the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, the plasma membrane and the
vitelline envelope undergo changes that prevent entrance of any other sperm.
h. The vitelline envelope now becomes the fertilization envelope.
Early Developmental Stages
1. Development includes events and processes that occur as a single cell becomes a complex
organism.
2. All chordate embryos go through same early developmental stages: zygote, morula, blastula,
early and late gastrula.
3. The presence of yolk, dense nutrient material, affects how the embryonic cells complete the
first three stages.
4. Following fertilization, a zygote undergoes cleavage, cell division without growth.
a. DNA replication and mitosis occur repeatedly; the cells get smaller each division.
b. As deuterostomes, lancelets have a radial and indeterminate pattern of cleavage.
1) In radial cleavage, any plane passing through will divide the embryo into symmetrical halves.
2) In indeterminate cleavage, cells have not differentiated; if separated, each one develops a
complete organism.
5. Because the lancelet has little yolk, the cell divisions are equal in the resulting morula.
6. A cavity called the blastocoel develops forming the hollow ball called the blastula.
7. Gastrulation is invagination of some cells of the blastocyst into blastocoel to form three
primary germ layers.
a. The outer layer of cells becomes the ectoderm.
b. The inner layer of cells becomes the endoderm.
c.
Kingdoms
Classification systems help scientists communicate by arranging organisms into groups based on similar structures, behaviors, diets, and chemical makeup. There are five main kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Organisms can be further classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on distinguishing characteristics. The animal kingdom contains nine phyla including Chordata which contains seven classes - Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia - that differ in traits like temperature regulation, skeletal structure, and reproductive strategies.
Recommended
26- The Professor Farnsworth (Heppner) reading on Evolution included a.pdf
26. The Professor Farnsworth (Heppner) reading on Evolution included a passage on weighing
jars of sand to pick out the single one that weighed an ounce more than all the others. What point
did all this weighing demonstrate?//a. new variations can be retained in a group even if nature
doesn't actively select for iv/b. heavier organisms are more likely to survive than lighter ones.//c,
heavier organisms are less likely to surive has ones // d. heavier organisms store more calories
and so have higher fitnessisms are less likely to survive than lighter and so expend more calories
when moving, resulting in lower fitness 27. Modules://a. are repeated units used in building
organisms during development/b. are sometimes repeated in an individual organism//c. are
sometimes modified in different ways in different lineages/d. can be genes like Hox genes//e. all
of the above 28. Morphology is the study of://a. change in a population over time/b. change in an
individual over time/c. evolution/d.shape//e. all of the above 29. Some genes that control
development://a, are shared by many different animals//b. are important in the construction of an
organism//c. are responsible for distinctive features of many organisms//d. may be as much as
500 million years old//e. all of the above 30. Sponges have: a specialized cells//b, endoderm and
ectoderm//c. mesoderm//d. symmetry//e. all of the above 31. The 78 adhesion molecules
identified in choanoflagellates are important because://a. they show a split of one lineage into
three lineages//b. they show that the appearance of a new lineage requires the appearance of new
genes//c: sometimes nodes are due to the environment selecting for new uses for old genes//d
they are found both in choanoflagellates and other protozoa but not more complex organisms//e.
all of the above 32. The best definition of evolution is://a. adaptive radiation//b, change in a
group of organisms over timel/c. all organisms become more advanced as time goes on//d.
natural selection favors more complex organisms over less complex organisms/le. production of
more advanced organisms from less advanced organisms.
Lecture 5.pptx
This document discusses the classification and life cycles of various green algae (Chlorophyta) including Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Pediastrum, and Hydrodictyon. It describes their habitats, modes of asexual and sexual reproduction, and whether their life cycles are haplontic. Key details provided include that Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga that reproduces asexually through zoospores and sexually through isogamy or anisogamy. Volvox is a colonial green alga with different cell types, including vegetative, asexual, and sexual cells. Chlorella is a unicellular green alga that reprodu
12- Do all individual organisms evolve over time-l-a no- only groups c.pdf
12. Do all individual organisms evolve over time?l/a no, only groups can evolve/ib. no,
only individual characteristics can evolvel/c. yes, but only as a result of natural
selection//d. yes, most organisms do evolve over. time/le. yes, all living organisms evolve
over time 13. Evo-Devo refers to:/la. changes in DNA that are regularly occurring/b, the
combination of development with evolution and genetics/lc. a particular type of
development found in Deuterostomes//d. Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection/le, all of the above 14. Evolution:/a. can only happen when there is variation
between members of a population/b. happens in a single population over timel/e. occurs
when the environment determines which characteristies are successfal and therefore
remain in a population/d. does not happen to individuals/le. all of the above 15. The
diagram below, taken from DNA to Diversity, is an example of a.//a. cladogram/b map of
evolution//c: way of graphically organizing the variations that separate a busal group into
descendant groups/ld all of the above 16. What groyp is located at 16 , 3/ a . Bilateria/b.
Chonoflagellates//e. Deuterostomes //d. Metazoal/e. Protostomes 17. What group is
located at 17.2/a. Bilateria/b. Cbounoflagellates/ic. Deutcrostomes //d. Methroa/c.
Protostomes 18. What group is located at 18 . // a . Bilateria/b. Cboanoflagellates/ic.
Deuterostomes //d. Metazoa//e. Protostomes 19. What group is located at 19.2//a.
Bilateria/b. Choanoflageltated/e. Deuterostomes //d. Metizoa/c. Protostomes 20. What
group is located at 20.2//a. Bilateria/b. Chounoflagellates/c. Deuterostomes //d.
Metazoa/c. Protostomes 21. Fitness, in an evolutionary biological context, refers touli a.
having the largest muscles/b, being the fastest/c. having the largest body size//d. having
the most offippring that survive to reproduce themselves // e. all of the above 22. Hox 1
gene deternines the position of the:/la mouth/b. anus/c, tail/d. back//e, where the shoulder
develops 23. Hox genes determine://a, dorsal & ventral directions/b, anterior \& posterior
direetions//c. pinky \& thumb directions//d. lefinight directions /le. all of the above 24. In
this Evolution course we study mostly silent/e, all of the above 25. In this Evolution
course we study.f/a the changes in groups oforganisms over time/b, the evolution of the
genes that produce the structure of an organism during development c Darwin's theory of
evolution by natural selection//d. how to improve your success as a student/ c . all of the
above
1.
9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
- Multicellular life originated approximately 550 million years ago, arising quickly prior to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in an evolutionary explosion that resulted in most animal phyla.
- There are two main hypotheses for the origins of multicellularity - the colonial hypothesis, where dividing cells remained together, and the syncytial hypothesis, where plasma membranes formed within the cytoplasm of a large protist.
- Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals, consisting of loosely organized cells specialized for functions like pinacocytes on the outer surface, mesenchyme cells in the jellylike mesohyl, and choanocytes lining chambers for filter feeding. Sponges may have silica or calcium
Animal Development
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. Fate mapping reveals how specific regions of early embryos develop into particular structures later. Cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs help establish axes and cell differences, influencing pattern formation through inductive signals that vary by location.
Biology teacher
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. The role of cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs in establishing the body axes and cell fates is covered, as well as inductive signals that influence gene expression and lead to structure development.
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres.pdf
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the
vegetal pole within a blastula.
The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole
below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself,
forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.
The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal
pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic
membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placentain mammals and
the chorion in birds.
The development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilisation. Sperm entry can occur
anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis -
cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body
a. Males release so many sperm that the egg is covered by them.
b. The egg has a plasma membrane, a vitelline envelope, and a jelly coat.
c. Acrosome enzymes digest away the zona pellucida around the egg as it extrudes a filament
that attaches to a receptor on the vitelline jelly layer envelope.
d. This interaction between filament and receptor is a lock-and-key reaction that is species-
specific.
e. The egg plasma membrane and the sperm nuclear membrane fuse, allowing the nucleus to
enter.
f. Fusion takes place and the zygote begins development.
g. As soon as the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, the plasma membrane and the
vitelline envelope undergo changes that prevent entrance of any other sperm.
h. The vitelline envelope now becomes the fertilization envelope.
Early Developmental Stages
1. Development includes events and processes that occur as a single cell becomes a complex
organism.
2. All chordate embryos go through same early developmental stages: zygote, morula, blastula,
early and late gastrula.
3. The presence of yolk, dense nutrient material, affects how the embryonic cells complete the
first three stages.
4. Following fertilization, a zygote undergoes cleavage, cell division without growth.
a. DNA replication and mitosis occur repeatedly; the cells get smaller each division.
b. As deuterostomes, lancelets have a radial and indeterminate pattern of cleavage.
1) In radial cleavage, any plane passing through will divide the embryo into symmetrical halves.
2) In indeterminate cleavage, cells have not differentiated; if separated, each one develops a
complete organism.
5. Because the lancelet has little yolk, the cell divisions are equal in the resulting morula.
6. A cavity called the blastocoel develops forming the hollow ball called the blastula.
7. Gastrulation is invagination of some cells of the blastocyst into blastocoel to form three
primary germ layers.
a. The outer layer of cells becomes the ectoderm.
b. The inner layer of cells becomes the endoderm.
c.
Kingdoms
Classification systems help scientists communicate by arranging organisms into groups based on similar structures, behaviors, diets, and chemical makeup. There are five main kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Organisms can be further classified into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on distinguishing characteristics. The animal kingdom contains nine phyla including Chordata which contains seven classes - Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia - that differ in traits like temperature regulation, skeletal structure, and reproductive strategies.
Kingdoms
This document discusses the classification of organisms into kingdoms and describes some key characteristics of different kingdoms and phyla. It begins by explaining that organisms are classified based on their structures, behaviors, diets, and chemical makeup. It then provides brief summaries of the five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - noting some distinguishing features. The majority of the document focuses on describing different phyla within the kingdoms, highlighting examples and key traits like anatomy, respiration, digestion, and circulation.
4 Sponges.pptx
Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs. They have a basic body plan and five main cell types. While they lack complexity, sponges exhibit some characteristics of more complex animals like metazoans including cellular differentiation, complex sexual reproduction, and the ability to distinguish self from non-self. Placozoans may represent the simplest animal phylum and have only four cell types but cellular junctions that are similar to more complex animals. Debate remains around whether sponges and placozoans are the earliest branching animals or were secondarily simplified from more complex ancestors.
Cleavage 1
This document discusses cleavage, the process by which a fertilized egg undergoes cell division to form a multicellular embryo. It describes key terms related to cleavage such as furrow, morula, blastula, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastomere, and gastrula. It explains different types of cleavage including holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow extends through the entire egg, and meroblastic, where cleavage is incomplete. Within these categories are subtypes like radial, spiral, bilateral, discoidal, and superficial cleavage that describe the orientation and extent of the cell divisions. Factors like the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg influence the cleavage pattern.
prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler and smaller, lacking organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships where prokaryotes living inside host cells became permanent organelles.
Cells
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler and smaller, lacking organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships where prokaryotes living inside host cells became permanent resident organelles.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
Protists
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, fungi or bacteria. They include both single-celled and multi-cellular organisms, and exhibit characteristics of plants, animals and fungi. Protists are divided into groups based on these characteristics, including plant-like protists such as algae, animal-like protists such as protozoa, and fungus-like protists such as slime molds. They serve important ecological roles including as primary producers through photosynthesis and as decomposers.
E.coli as model organism and its life cycle.
E. Coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. It can exist harmlessly or cause food poisoning. E. Coli reproduces through cell division and genetic transfer between F+ and F- cells. The life cycle involves conjugation where the F plasmid transfers DNA between cells. E. Coli is widely studied due to its rapid reproduction, hardiness, and ability to accept foreign DNA, making it useful for biotechnology and protein production.
Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
8- Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chorda.pdf
8. Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chordata. a. All chordates
have a postanal tal at some stage in life. b. All chordates have pharyngeal slits that wit develop
into ancther structure. c. In all chordates, the notochord is replaced by the soinal column during
development. e. Both B and C are FALISE 9. Deuterostomes exhibit. a. Radial cleavage b. The
blastopore becomes an anus c. Diploblastic germ layers d. Both A and B e. A , B , and C are all
correct 10. Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from a. circulating water
through the sponge. b. stinging and capturing prey. c. secreting spongin to form the spenge body.
d. producing the supportive spicules. 11. How could a biologist distingaish an acoelomate
flatworm from a free-living nematode? a. The acoelomate worm would be solid throughout since
it lacks a true gut: b. The acoelomate worm would havo a nervous system. c. The nematode
would have a more primitive gut and nervous system. d) Only the acoelomate is triploblastic. 12.
Linnaeus lumped all of the worm-like animals into the category Vermes (Vermis is Latin for
worm). is this a vald classification scheme? a. No, because some worms are protists: b. Yes,
because all worms are members of the same kingdom and phylum. c. Yes, because all worm-like
animals are more closely related to each other than they are to other animals due to the
evolutionary history of this body plan. d. No, because the worm-like body plan has appeared
many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification. 13. Which of
the following terms is mismutched with its meaning or characteristics? a. Diploblastic-ectoderm
and mesoderm b. Triploblastic-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. Porifera-lacks symmetry
no tissues d. Chordate-an animal with notochord 14. The most diverse of the four eukaryotic
kingdoms is the: a. Protista Kingdom. b. Bacteria Kingdom. c. Plantae Kingdom. d. Animalia
kingdom. 15. Of the folowing features, which is the most widely shared in the animal kingdom?
a. protortome development b. radial cleavare c. inolring of a cuticle or exoskieleton d. a bady
gian with.iymmetry e. a triploblastic embryo.
What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of .pdf
what regulations have been specifically implemented to monitor managerial accountants.
Solution
The purpose of management accounting is to support decision making by collecting, processing,
and communicating information that helps management plan, control, and evaluate business
processes and company strategy. According to business schools, the role of management
accountant is to perform a series of tasks to ensure financial security of the company as well as
help to drive overall business and management strategy.
Traditionally the task of management accountant focused on the task of recording and reporting
the management account information. With the change in technology, business environment,
new production methods, global competition the role of management accountant has been
shifted. Companies need to plan their operating activities within a particular budget. The role of
management accountant now includes formulating strategic business plans and ensures corporate
governance process. Management accountants are required to ensure adequate internal control
system exists and also to [provide risk management. Technological advancement allows
management accountant to track performance that is beyond historical cost based information. E-
commerce has brought dramatic changes and role includes dealing with various ethical
dilemmas.
There are no specific regulations have been implemented to monitor managerial accountants
however it the duty of managerial accountant to follow these rules and regulations
1 Establish and maintain financial policies and management information system
2 Provide high quality support
3 Prepare periodic financial statements
4 Formulating business strategies
5 Analyzing the financial implications of business decision
6 Liaising with other business managers and providing suggestions wherever required
7 Implementing corporate governance procedures, risk management and internal control.
8 Negotiating on major projects and loans
9 Interpreting and communicating financial data to other departments
10 They help in analyzing financial performance and adapt to changing circumstances.
Cell_Organelle_Notes.ppt
Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke who observed "holes" in cork under a microscope which he called cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed single-celled organisms in pond water. In the 1850s, scientists observed that cells only come from preexisting cells, leading to the formulation of the cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells like bacteria which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which make up plants, animals and fungi and contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
Extra embryonic membranes amniotes
The document discusses the four extraembryonic membranes - the amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac - that form in amniote embryos like reptiles, birds and mammals. These membranes allow the embryo to develop on land by mediating gas exchange, waste disposal, nutrition and preventing desiccation. Specifically, the amnion contains fluid to prevent drying out, the chorion facilitates gas exchange, the allantois stores waste, and the yolk sac provides nutrition from the yolk in early development. Together, these extraembryonic membranes enable amniote vertebrates to reproduce via shelled eggs laid on land.
IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells
1. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and cells contain the basic components necessary for life.
2. Cells vary in size but have limitations based on their surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their ability to exchange materials decreases. Multicellular organisms overcome this through specialized tissues, organs and circulatory systems.
3. Cells carry out the basic functions of life including metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, growth, response to stimuli, waste removal and nutrition. Unicellular organisms carry out all life functions
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS.pptx
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes the key characteristics used to classify organisms into these kingdoms, such as cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within the kingdoms, organisms are further classified into subordinate taxonomic groups like phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The last part of the document focuses on describing the characteristics of the five vertebrate classes - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Ch 28
This document provides information on protists, including their characteristics, models of eukaryotic origins, evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis, candidate kingdoms of protists, life cycles of various protist groups, and the evolution of multicellularity. It addresses topics such as amoeboid movement, the life cycle of Plasmodium, conjugation in Paramecium, classification of algae, and differences between plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Asexual reproduction in amoeba occurs through binary fission. The amoeba cell divides through mitosis to form two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell is an exact clone of the parent cell. Binary fission allows for rapid multiplication of amoeba in favorable environmental conditions. The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the amoeba's water content through osmosis, as the cell takes in more water than its surroundings. It repeatedly swells and bursts to expel excess water from the cell.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
A joumal entry containing more than one debit or more than one credit.pdf
A department uses the FIFO method of process costing. All direct materials are added when
conversion costs are 17% complete. This department has the following data for this month.
212 units in beginning WIP (52% complete with respect to conversion costs).
11,570 units started
136 units in ending WIP (46% complete with respect to conversion costs).
$2,124 beginning WIP direct materials costs
$2,082 beginning WIP conversion costs
$82,571 current month direct materials costs
$106,710 current month conversion costs
What is the department's direct material cost per equivalent unit for this month (round final
answer to nearest cent if necessary)?.
A is only found on the surface of B cells B- Is found in blood but is.pdf
A couple plans to save for their child's college education. What principal must be deposited by the parents when their
child is born to have $42,000 when the child reaches the age of 18? Assume the money earns 8% interest
compounded quarterly. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)
You deposit $8.200 in a 2-year certificate of deposit (CD) earning 2.4% annual interest compounded daily. At the end
of the 2 years, you reinvest the compound amount plus an additional $8,200 in another 2-year CD. The annual
interest rate on the second CD is 2.7%, compounded daily. What is the compound amount when the second CD
matures? (Assume all years have 365 days. Round your answer to the nearest cent.).
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Similar to 8- Chcanoflagellates are thought to be similar to the ancestors of ani.pdf
Kingdoms
This document discusses the classification of organisms into kingdoms and describes some key characteristics of different kingdoms and phyla. It begins by explaining that organisms are classified based on their structures, behaviors, diets, and chemical makeup. It then provides brief summaries of the five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - noting some distinguishing features. The majority of the document focuses on describing different phyla within the kingdoms, highlighting examples and key traits like anatomy, respiration, digestion, and circulation.
4 Sponges.pptx
Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs. They have a basic body plan and five main cell types. While they lack complexity, sponges exhibit some characteristics of more complex animals like metazoans including cellular differentiation, complex sexual reproduction, and the ability to distinguish self from non-self. Placozoans may represent the simplest animal phylum and have only four cell types but cellular junctions that are similar to more complex animals. Debate remains around whether sponges and placozoans are the earliest branching animals or were secondarily simplified from more complex ancestors.
Cleavage 1
This document discusses cleavage, the process by which a fertilized egg undergoes cell division to form a multicellular embryo. It describes key terms related to cleavage such as furrow, morula, blastula, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastomere, and gastrula. It explains different types of cleavage including holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow extends through the entire egg, and meroblastic, where cleavage is incomplete. Within these categories are subtypes like radial, spiral, bilateral, discoidal, and superficial cleavage that describe the orientation and extent of the cell divisions. Factors like the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg influence the cleavage pattern.
prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler and smaller, lacking organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships where prokaryotes living inside host cells became permanent organelles.
Cells
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are simpler and smaller, lacking organelles. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum allow eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through endosymbiotic relationships where prokaryotes living inside host cells became permanent resident organelles.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
Protists
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, fungi or bacteria. They include both single-celled and multi-cellular organisms, and exhibit characteristics of plants, animals and fungi. Protists are divided into groups based on these characteristics, including plant-like protists such as algae, animal-like protists such as protozoa, and fungus-like protists such as slime molds. They serve important ecological roles including as primary producers through photosynthesis and as decomposers.
E.coli as model organism and its life cycle.
E. Coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. It can exist harmlessly or cause food poisoning. E. Coli reproduces through cell division and genetic transfer between F+ and F- cells. The life cycle involves conjugation where the F plasmid transfers DNA between cells. E. Coli is widely studied due to its rapid reproduction, hardiness, and ability to accept foreign DNA, making it useful for biotechnology and protein production.
Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
8- Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chorda.pdf
8. Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chordata. a. All chordates
have a postanal tal at some stage in life. b. All chordates have pharyngeal slits that wit develop
into ancther structure. c. In all chordates, the notochord is replaced by the soinal column during
development. e. Both B and C are FALISE 9. Deuterostomes exhibit. a. Radial cleavage b. The
blastopore becomes an anus c. Diploblastic germ layers d. Both A and B e. A , B , and C are all
correct 10. Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from a. circulating water
through the sponge. b. stinging and capturing prey. c. secreting spongin to form the spenge body.
d. producing the supportive spicules. 11. How could a biologist distingaish an acoelomate
flatworm from a free-living nematode? a. The acoelomate worm would be solid throughout since
it lacks a true gut: b. The acoelomate worm would havo a nervous system. c. The nematode
would have a more primitive gut and nervous system. d) Only the acoelomate is triploblastic. 12.
Linnaeus lumped all of the worm-like animals into the category Vermes (Vermis is Latin for
worm). is this a vald classification scheme? a. No, because some worms are protists: b. Yes,
because all worms are members of the same kingdom and phylum. c. Yes, because all worm-like
animals are more closely related to each other than they are to other animals due to the
evolutionary history of this body plan. d. No, because the worm-like body plan has appeared
many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification. 13. Which of
the following terms is mismutched with its meaning or characteristics? a. Diploblastic-ectoderm
and mesoderm b. Triploblastic-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. Porifera-lacks symmetry
no tissues d. Chordate-an animal with notochord 14. The most diverse of the four eukaryotic
kingdoms is the: a. Protista Kingdom. b. Bacteria Kingdom. c. Plantae Kingdom. d. Animalia
kingdom. 15. Of the folowing features, which is the most widely shared in the animal kingdom?
a. protortome development b. radial cleavare c. inolring of a cuticle or exoskieleton d. a bady
gian with.iymmetry e. a triploblastic embryo.
What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of .pdf
what regulations have been specifically implemented to monitor managerial accountants.
Solution
The purpose of management accounting is to support decision making by collecting, processing,
and communicating information that helps management plan, control, and evaluate business
processes and company strategy. According to business schools, the role of management
accountant is to perform a series of tasks to ensure financial security of the company as well as
help to drive overall business and management strategy.
Traditionally the task of management accountant focused on the task of recording and reporting
the management account information. With the change in technology, business environment,
new production methods, global competition the role of management accountant has been
shifted. Companies need to plan their operating activities within a particular budget. The role of
management accountant now includes formulating strategic business plans and ensures corporate
governance process. Management accountants are required to ensure adequate internal control
system exists and also to [provide risk management. Technological advancement allows
management accountant to track performance that is beyond historical cost based information. E-
commerce has brought dramatic changes and role includes dealing with various ethical
dilemmas.
There are no specific regulations have been implemented to monitor managerial accountants
however it the duty of managerial accountant to follow these rules and regulations
1 Establish and maintain financial policies and management information system
2 Provide high quality support
3 Prepare periodic financial statements
4 Formulating business strategies
5 Analyzing the financial implications of business decision
6 Liaising with other business managers and providing suggestions wherever required
7 Implementing corporate governance procedures, risk management and internal control.
8 Negotiating on major projects and loans
9 Interpreting and communicating financial data to other departments
10 They help in analyzing financial performance and adapt to changing circumstances.
Cell_Organelle_Notes.ppt
Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke who observed "holes" in cork under a microscope which he called cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed single-celled organisms in pond water. In the 1850s, scientists observed that cells only come from preexisting cells, leading to the formulation of the cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells like bacteria which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which make up plants, animals and fungi and contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
Extra embryonic membranes amniotes
The document discusses the four extraembryonic membranes - the amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac - that form in amniote embryos like reptiles, birds and mammals. These membranes allow the embryo to develop on land by mediating gas exchange, waste disposal, nutrition and preventing desiccation. Specifically, the amnion contains fluid to prevent drying out, the chorion facilitates gas exchange, the allantois stores waste, and the yolk sac provides nutrition from the yolk in early development. Together, these extraembryonic membranes enable amniote vertebrates to reproduce via shelled eggs laid on land.
IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells
1. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and cells contain the basic components necessary for life.
2. Cells vary in size but have limitations based on their surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their ability to exchange materials decreases. Multicellular organisms overcome this through specialized tissues, organs and circulatory systems.
3. Cells carry out the basic functions of life including metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, growth, response to stimuli, waste removal and nutrition. Unicellular organisms carry out all life functions
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS.pptx
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes the key characteristics used to classify organisms into these kingdoms, such as cell structure, nutrition, and body organization. Within the kingdoms, organisms are further classified into subordinate taxonomic groups like phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The last part of the document focuses on describing the characteristics of the five vertebrate classes - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Ch 28
This document provides information on protists, including their characteristics, models of eukaryotic origins, evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis, candidate kingdoms of protists, life cycles of various protist groups, and the evolution of multicellularity. It addresses topics such as amoeboid movement, the life cycle of Plasmodium, conjugation in Paramecium, classification of algae, and differences between plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Asexual reproduction in amoeba occurs through binary fission. The amoeba cell divides through mitosis to form two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell is an exact clone of the parent cell. Binary fission allows for rapid multiplication of amoeba in favorable environmental conditions. The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the amoeba's water content through osmosis, as the cell takes in more water than its surroundings. It repeatedly swells and bursts to expel excess water from the cell.
IB Biology Option D.5: Phylogeny and systematics
This document provides information about phylogeny and systematics in biology. It discusses the value of classifying organisms, including identification, showing evolutionary links, and predicting characteristics. It explains the evidence for common ancestry from universal DNA and protein structures. Variations in specific molecules like cytochrome c can indicate phylogeny. Biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Clades are groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor, and cladistics uses clades to classify organisms. The document contrasts homologous and analogous characteristics and outlines constructing and analyzing cladograms to show phylogenetic relationships. Classification systems are related to cladograms and monophyletic groups.
Similar to 8- Chcanoflagellates are thought to be similar to the ancestors of ani.pdf (20)
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
8- Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chorda.pdf
8- Which of the following statements are FALSE about the phylum Chorda.pdf
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What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of .pdf
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11,570 units started
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disclosed the following information:
Assets Liabilities
Cash $ 20 000 Accounts payable $50 000
Inventories 60 000 Provision for annual leave 8 000
Plant 200 000
Accumulated depreciation (20 000)
Additional information:
The plant was acquired on 1 July 2022. Depreciation for accounting purposes was 10% (straight-
line method), while 20% (straight-line) was used for tax purposes. The tax rate is 30%. The
deferred tax liability is (hint: use worksheet):
a.
$2 400
b.
$6 000
c.
$8 000
d.
$20 000
e.
None of the above
.
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A consulting firm submitted a bid for a large research project. The firm's management initially
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critical success factors (CSFs) can be used to evaluate the prospective countries. Ellis used a
rating system of 1 (least desirable country) to 5 (most desirable) to evaluate each CSF. a) Based
on the given information, the best location for Chris Ellis is , with a total weighted score of
(Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.) b) Political unrest in Taiwan results in a
lower score, 3 , for Political and legal aspects. The best location for Chris Ellis is with a total
weighted score of (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.).
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have $3 , 000 available to service the debt. The collateral is worth $500 , 000 . Will the bank
make the loan? No, because the loan to value ratio is > 0.8 Yes, because the loan to value ratio is
0.8 yes, because the debt service coverage ratio is > 1.20 No, becsuse the debt service coverage
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A committee has six members. There are two members that currently serve as the board's
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Two members are randomly selected and assigned to be the new chairman and ranking member.
What is the probability of randomly selecting the two members who currently hold the positions
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The probability is.
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a. Technology Risk
b. Market Risk
c. Insolvency Risk
d. Operational Risk.
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A C corporation earns
$4.6
per share before taxes. The corporate tax rate is 35%, the personal tax rate on dividends is 20%,
and the personal tax rate on
nondividend
income is 39%. What is the total amount of taxes paid if the company pays a
$3
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A building that is temporary, permanent, or mobile, and contains a device or system that conveys
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amusement arranged, so that the egress path is not readily apparent due to visuals or audio
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Describe the findings in sonographic terms. What is the diagnosis based on the
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normal blood sugar. Upon evaluation in the ED, the patient denied chest pain, palpitations, or
shortness of breath. However, he reported a month-long history of body aches and a mild cough.
He had a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection diagnosed in 2005 but was
not on treatment until 2010 , when he was diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma of the skin and
pneumocystis pneumonia. Antiretroviral therapy was subsequently initiated, but the patient had
discontinued his medication 8 months prior. The patient denied any recent travel, but he had
traveled to Thailand approximately 12 months prior to presentation. he patient reported a slight
nonproductive cough but denied chest pain or shortness of breath, though his chest X -ray
showed left lower lobe consolidation consistent with pneumonia. At the time of admission, his
HIV load was 135,000 copies / ml , and he had a CD4 count of 12 cells/mm3. Cultures of the
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for bacteria and acid-fast bacilli were negative for growth.
However, fungal cultures were positive on inhibitory mold agar after 3 days of incubation at 3 0
C . A diffusible deep red pigment was observed after 4days of growth. Refer to the pictures
below: (a) Fungal cultures on inhibitory mold agar after 3 days of incubation 3 0 C . (b) Tape
preparation of the colonies grown 3 0 C (c) Colonies when incubated at 3 7 C (d) Microscopic
examination of the colonies grown at 3 7 C GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. What is the most probable
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morphology of both. b. 3 0 C c. d..
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A 24-year-old student with an acute intestinal viral syndrome develops a new onset of
intolerance to dairy products. The student had never experienced an intolerance to milk products
prior to the infection. Which of the following recommendations would you include for this
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Permanent avoidance of fruitD) Temporary avoidance of dairy productsE) Temporary avoidance
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