Community Health Nursing, Various Health Problems related to communicable disease, nutritional Problems, Medical Care problems, Population Problems & environmental Problems

1. ASTHA K. PATEL

2. ASTHA K. PATEL

3. INTRODUCTION
• Assessment of health status and health
problems is the first required for any
planned effort develop to health care
services.
• The data required for the analysis of health
situation and health problems comprise of
mortality , morbidity , demographic condition,
socioeconomic factors etc.
ASTHA K. PATEL

4. DEFINITION
• HEALTH PROBLEM :- it is a state in which
people are unable to function normally
( state of ill health, unhealthiness)
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5. MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS
Communicable disease problem
Nutritional problem
Environmental sanitation problem
Medical care problem
Population problem
ASTHA K. PATEL

6. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
PROBLEMS
• Communicable disease is one of the major health
problem in india.
• Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by
viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another
through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids,
blood products, insect bites, or through the air. There are
many examples of communicable diseases
ASTHA K. PATEL

7. Covid-19
• Coronaviruses are a group of RNA viruses that cause
diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds,
they cause respiratory tract infections that can range
from mild to lethal.
• Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of
the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses,
predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties
can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
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9. Pangolin
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10. • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
• Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will
experience mild to moderate respiratory illness
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11. Ebola
• Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD)
or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever
of humans and other primates caused by ebola viruses.
• A virus that causes severe bleeding, organ failure and can
lead to death.
• Humans may spread the virus to other humans through
contact with bodily fluids such as blood.
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14. • The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa
was the “largest, most severe and most complex Ebola
epidemic” in history, according to the World Health
Organization. More than 28,000 people were infected,
and over 11,000 people died.
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15. Hanta virus
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is an
uncommon respiratory disease caused by
hantaviruses,
• Though rare, HPS can be fatal.
• Deer mice are the primary carriers for the
virus though other rodents can carry the
virus as well.
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17. • The virus is shed in the droppings, urine, and
saliva of rodents.
• Humans can become infected when they
inhale the virus which can get into the air
when rodent droppings, urine, or nesting
materials are agitated.
• Humans cannot transmit the virus to one
another (e.g. close contact with or providing
healthcare to someone who is infected).
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21. Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable contagious disease
caused by the Hepatitis A virus. It causes acute
inflammation of the liver (hepatitis means inflamed liver)
and does not become a chronic condition unlike other
Hepatitis infections such as B, C or D.
• After an individual is infected with Hepatitis A they
cannot catch it again as the body develops antibodies to
protect against future exposures.
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22. Transmission by
 Household contact with an infected person
 sexual contact with an infected person
 eating or drinking contaminated food or water
 sharing eating utensils that are contaminated
 touching contaminated surfaces and then placing your
hands near or in the mouth
•
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23. Hepatitis B
• Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to acute or
chronic hepatitis B disease, both of which cause damage
to the liver.
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24. •
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29. LEPROSY :-
Leprosy is another major public health problem
in india.
It is contagious d’se.
Agent – Mycobacterium laprae
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31.  Pain areas: in the joints
 Skin: blister, loss of colour, rashes,
ulcers, or redness
 Sensory: reduced sensation of touch,
pins and needles, or loss of temperature
sensation
 Also common: nerve injury or weight
loss
ASTHA K. PATEL

32. AIDS :-
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-
threatening condition caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By
damaging your immune system, HIV
interferes with your body's ability to fight
infection and disease.
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33.  Pain areas: in the abdomen
 Cough: can be dry
 Whole body: fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, malaise,
night sweats, or sweating
 Gastrointestinal: nausea, persistent diarrhoea,
vomiting, or watery diarrhoea
 Throat: difficulty swallowing or soreness
 Groin: sores or swelling
 Mouth: ulcers or white tongue
 Also common: opportunistic infection, headache, oral
thrush (mouth thrush), pneumonia,, severe
unintentional weight loss, skin rash, or swollen lymph
nodes
ASTHA K. PATEL

34. STD
• sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer to
a condition passed from one person to another through
sexual contact.
ASTHA K. PATEL

35. Types of STD
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Most Common
• An infection that causes warts in various parts of the
body, depending on the strain.
• 2. Genital Herpes
• A common sexually transmitted infection marked by
genital pain and sores.
• Caused by the herpes simplex virus, the disease can
affect both men and women.
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36. • 3. Chlamydia
• A common, sexually transmitted infection that may not
cause symptoms.
• Chlamydia affects people of all ages but is most
common in young women.
• Many who have chlamydia don't develop symptoms, but
they can still infect others through sexual contact.
Symptoms may include genital pain and discharge from
the vagina or penis.
•
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37. • 4. Gonorrhoea
• Also called: the clap
• A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if
untreated, may cause infertility.
• Symptoms include painful urination and abnormal
discharge from the penis or vagina. Men may experience
testicular pain and women may experience pain in the
lower stomach.
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38. 5. Syphilis
• > A bacterial infection usually spread by sexual
contact that starts as a painless sore.
• Syphilis develops in stages and symptoms vary with
each stage.
 The first stage involves a painless sore on the
genitals, rectum or mouth. After the initial sore
heals, the second stage is characterised by a
rash.
 Then, there are no symptoms until the final stage
which may occur years later. This final stage can
result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes or
heart.
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39. Flu
• Influenza (the Flu) is a serious disease spread by
coughs and sneezes and caused by influenza A or B
viruses, mainly during the winter season.
• Signs and symptoms
 fever,
 cough,
 headache,
 muscle aches, and weakness.
 A sore throat,
 runny nose
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40. Kala Azar
• A disease caused by infection with leishmania parasites.
• Visceral leishmaniasis is spread by sandfly bites. This
type of leishmaniasis affects the internal organs, usually
the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
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42. Filaria
• Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection
with roundworms.
• These are spread by blood-feeding insects such as black
flies and mosquitoes.
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43. Shigellosis
• Shigellosis is an intestinal illness caused by a group of
bacteria called Shigella.
• Common symptoms include diarrhea (sometimes
bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever.
Symptoms usually begin within 2 days after exposure to
Shigella and typically last for 5 to 7 days.
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44. • Shigella is very infectious and spreads easily. An
infected person sheds Shigella bacteria in their stool
while they are sick.
• It can spread the bacteria if they do not wash their hands
well after using the toilet.
• Shigella spreads from person-to-person by close
personal contact (such contacts to infected diapered
children)
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45. West Nile Virus
• West Nile virus (WNV) is a potentially serious illness.
• WNV is transmitted to humans and animals through a
mosquito bite. Mosquitoes become infected when they
feed on infected birds.
• Human-to-human transmission of WNV does not occur.
However, human WNV infections have been associated
with blood transfusions and organ transplants.
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47. Zika fever
• Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an
infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes
aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions.
• Aedes mosquitoes usually bite during the day, peaking
during early morning and late afternoon/evening. This is
the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya
and yellow fever.
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48. • Zika virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during
pregnancy, through sexual contact, transfusion of blood
and blood products, and organ transplantation.
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67.  Air Pollution
 Water pollution
 Noise Pollution
 soil Pollution
 Deforestations
 Forest & Agriculture land degradation
 Resources depletion- water,Minerals,Forest
etc
 Poor water supply and sanitation issues
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68. • Natural Hazards like Floods, annual Rainfall due to
deforestation
• Loss of biodiversity
• Global warming
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69. MEDICAL CARE PROBLEM
Inadequate financial sources.
 Inadequate reach of basic healthcare services
 shortage of medical personnel
Uneven distribution
Aggravated like overcrowding in hospital,
inadequate staffing.
Scarcity of certain drugs and medicine.
 quality assurance
ASTHA K. PATEL

70. The population problem is one of the biggest
problems the country with its inevitable consequences
on all aspects of development, especially employment,
education, housing, health care, sanitation and
environment.
ASTHA K. PATEL