The document summarizes several wireless network standards and technologies: - AMPS was the first analog cellular standard developed in 1983 using FDMA. It used half of the signal for sending and half for receiving. - IS-95 and IS-136 were 2G digital standards, with IS-95 using CDMA and IS-136 using TDMA. GSM is a widely used global 2G standard using TDMA. - GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, and CDMA2000 were 3G standards providing faster data speeds and packet-switched networks, with WCDMA and CDMA2000 being the main 3G technologies.

1. WIRELESS NETWORKS BS 7TH Prepared By: Salahuddin
Lecturer in GC Upper Dir
______________________________________________________________________________
Common Air Protocol
AMPS:
Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) was a standard for analog cellular phone system
developed by Bell Labs and officially introduced by AT&T in 1983.
Features
• It is an analog system based on the initial electromagnetic spectrum allocation for cellular
service by the Federal Communications Commission.
• It uses frequency division multiple access (FDMA) for multiple simultaneous
conversations.
• Frequency ranges within the 800 and 900 MHz are allocated for cellular telephones in
AMPS. Half of the signal is used for sending signals and half is used for receiving signals.
• It has a high bandwidth requirement particularly when the number of conversations is
very high.
• It was the first system to use hexagonal cells. So, the pioneers of AMPS had coined the
term coined cellular.
• The cells in AMPS are 10km to 20 km across.
• Since, it was an analog technology, it suffered from noise and eavesdropping.
Companies that used Analog
AMPS are -
• Verizon Wireless
• Alltel
• Bell Mobility
• Telus Mobility
• Coastel Offshore Cellular
• AT&T Mobility

2. WIRELESS NETWORKS BS 7TH Prepared By: Salahuddin
Lecturer in GC Upper Dir
______________________________________________________________________________
IS-95:
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) is a second generation (2G) mobile telecommunications standard
based on code division multiple access (CDMA) technology, which guarantees multiple access
when sending voice and data between mobile phones and cell sites. IS-95 operates in the 800
MHz and 1900 MHz frequency bands.
IS-95 is also known as TIA/EIA-95. It is marketed under the brand name CDMA One (cdmaOne).
IS-136:
(Interim Standard-136) The second generation of the TDMA digital cellular system. TDMA
operates in North America in the 800 MHz band and 1.9 GHz PCS band. First introduced in
1994, IS-136 is also known as "Digital AMPS" and "D-AMPS."
D-AMPS transmits in the same 30 kHz frequency bands as analog AMPS, which results in a
smooth transition from an analog to a digital system. Voice data is compressed, allowing
partitioning into three timeslots. The voice capacity per channel is thus tripled.
DifferencebetweenIS-136andIS-95
IS-136 uses TDMA multiple access, while IS-95 uses CDMA multiple access techniques.
IS-136 channel bandwidth is about 30 KHz and IS-95 channel bandwidth is about 1250 KHz.
IS-136 uses pi/4(DQPSK) and IS-95 uses QPSK modulation techniques in physical layer.
IS-136 uses speech coding technique VSELP and IS-95 uses QCELP.
IS-136 frame duration is about 40ms and IS-95 frame duration is about 20ms.
IS-136 supports 832 duplex channels and IS-95 supports 20 channels.
GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology used
for transmitting mobile voice and data services. Important facts about the GSM are given below
−
• The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories
in the early 1970s.

3. WIRELESS NETWORKS BS 7TH Prepared By: Salahuddin
Lecturer in GC Upper Dir
______________________________________________________________________________
• GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common
European mobile telephone standard.
• GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented
globally.
• GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz
time-slots. GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz
in most parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.
• GSM owns a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's digital cellular
subscribers.
• GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for
transmitting signals.
• GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates.
• Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210
countries throughout the world.
• GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including roaming service.
Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.
GPRS
General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-generation step toward internet
access. GPRS is also known as GSM-IP that is a Global-System Mobile Communications Internet
Protocol as it keeps the users of this system online, allows to make voice calls, and access
internet on-the-go. Even Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) users benefit from this system
as it provides packet radio access.
GPRS also permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol (IP) based core
architecture for integrated voice and data applications that will continue to be used and
expanded for 3G services.
Who owns GPRS ?
The GPRS specifications are written by the European Telecommunications Standard Institute
(ETSI), the European counterpart of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).
Key Features
Following three key features describe wireless packet data:
• The always online feature - Removes the dial-up process, making applications only one
click away.

4. WIRELESS NETWORKS BS 7TH Prepared By: Salahuddin
Lecturer in GC Upper Dir
______________________________________________________________________________
• An upgrade to existing systems - Operators do not have to replace their equipment;
rather, GPRS is added on top of the existing infrastructure.
• An integral part of future 3G systems - GPRS is the packet data core network for 3G
systems EDGE and WCDMA.
EDGE
EDGE stands for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. This technology, also termed as
Enhanced GPRS. This is a technology that uses the same equipment as GSM with only a few
minor modifications to provide faster data speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone
towards 3G thus it is called 2.5G. EDGE gives the users the inimitable chance to increase the
throughput capacity and the data speed at least 3 to 4 times higher to what GPRS offers. EDGE
is a digital mobile phone technology but GPRS is a mobile data service. It is a 3G Radio
technology and GPRS or General Packet Radio Service is essentially packet oriented.
Benefits of EDGE
• Short-term benefits − Capacity and performance,
• Easy implementation on a GSM/GPRS network,
• Cost effective,
• Increases the capacity and triples the data rate of GPRS,
• Enables new multimedia services,
• Long-term benefit − Harmonization with WCDMA.
WCDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
Wideband CDMA is a third-generation (3G) wireless standard which utilizes one 5 MHz channel
for both voice and data, initially offering data speeds up to 384 Kbps. WCDMA was the 3G
technology used in the US by AT&T and T-Mobile.
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) version of IMT-2000 specifications
developed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
It includes a group of standards for voice and data services −
• Voice − CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
• Data − CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

5. WIRELESS NETWORKS BS 7TH Prepared By: Salahuddin
Lecturer in GC Upper Dir
______________________________________________________________________________
Features
• CDMA2000 is a family of technology for 3G mobile cellular communications for
transmission of voice, data and signals.
• It supports mobile communications at speeds between 144Kbps and 2Mbps.
• It has packet core network (PCN) for high speed secured delivery of data packets.
• It applies multicarrier modulation techniques to 3G networks. This gives higher
data rate, greater bandwidth and better voice quality. It is also backward
compatible with older CDMA versions.
• It has multi-mode, multi-band roaming features.