2. What is Ethics & research?
Research Ethics
Why it is important?
There are following research
ethical issues
1) Protecting participants from
harm
2) Informed Consent
3) Ensuring Confidentiality of
research data
4) Right to discontinue
5) Respect the participant’s
time
6) Non-Discrimination
7) Animal Care & Human
Subjects Protection
8) Debriefing
9) Plagiarism
How plagiarism occurs?
types of plagiarism:
Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism
Consequences of plagiarism
References
3. Ethics is about what
people should do
(Schultz, 2005:1). So
it is about the
concerns on morality,
value and justice. It is
evaluated regarding
the goodness of
things and justness of
institutions.
4. Research is composed of two syllables, a prefix re
and a verb search.
Re means again, anew, over again.
Search means to examine closely and carefully, to
test and try, to probe.
The two words form a noun to describe a careful
and systematic study in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles.
Research is an organized and systematic way of
finding answers to questions
5. Research ethics provides guidelines for the
responsible conduct of educational research. In
addition, research ethics educates and monitors
researcher conducting research to ensure a high
ethical standard. Ethics generally are considered
to deals with beliefs about what is right or wrong,
proper or improper, good or bad. Naturally, there is
some degree of disagreement about how to define
what is ethically correct in research. Many
professional and governmental groups have
studied ethical issues in depth and have published
guidelines for planning and conducting research in
such a way as to protect the rights and welfare of
the subjects.
6. First, norms promote the aims of research,
such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of
error.
Second, since research often involves a
great deal of cooperation and coordination
among many different people in different
disciplines and institutions, ethical standards
promote the values that are essential to
collaborative work, such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect.
7. Third, ethical norms in research also help
to build public support for research.
People are more likely to fund a research
project if they can trust the quality and
integrity of research. Finally, many of the
norms of research promote a variety of
other important moral and social values,
such as social responsibility, human rights,
animal welfare , health and safety.
8. Protecting participants from harm
Informed Consent
Ensuring Confidentiality of research data
Right to discontinue
Respect the participant’s time
Non-Discrimination
9. Animal Care & Human Subjects
Protection
Debriefing
Plagiarism
10. The most important ethical
consideration of all , it is
fundamental responsibility
of every researcher to do
all in his or her power to
ensure that participants in a
research study are
protecting from physical or
psychological harm,
discomfort , or danger that
may arise due to research
procedures.
11. The second research ethic is to get information
from the people who are going to be your
participants. You cannot work with them unless.
You have their consent you get their consent by
informing them what you are going to do? You give
this information through & informed consent from
which is on the official letter, letter paid & carries
the followings.
What is the purpose of the research?
Who you are?
What you are doing?
How long will the participant be involves?
12.
CONSENT TO SERVE AS A SUBJECT IN RESEARCH
I consent to serve as a subject in the research investigation entitled;------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------
The nature and general purpose of the research procedure and the known risks
involved have been explained to me by -------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------.
The investigator is authorized to proceed on the understanding that I may terminate
my service as a subject in this research at any time I so desire.
I understand the known risks are ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------
I understand also that it is not possible to identify all potential risks in an
experimental procedure, and I believe that reasonable safeguards have been taken to
minimize both the known and the potential but unknown risks.
Witness----------------------------------- Signed----------------------------
------------------
Date ---------------------
------------------------
To be retained by the
principal investigator.
13. Once the data in a study have been collected,
researchers should make sure that no one else
(other than perhaps a few key research assistants)
has access to the data.
All subjects should be ensured that any data
collected from or about them will be held in
confidence. The names of individual subjects
should never be used in any publications that
describe the research. And all participants in a
study should always have the right to withdraw
from the study or to request that data collected
about them not be used.
14. Ethical research practice requires the
researcher to respect the participant’s
right to discontinue at any time. This
is an important safeguard, particularly
when individuals feel that ethical
principles have been or may be
violated. It is frequently used by filling
out questionnaires (who merely leave
offensive questions blank or do not
return the questionnaire), But is not
as easily exercised by persons who
are captive in a group such as a
school class.
15. It is unethical to waste the
participant’s time by
asking him or her to
complete irrelevant
questions or participate in
studies which by their
nature cannot lead to
significant results.
17. Show proper respect and
care for animals when
using them in research. Do
not conduct unnecessary
or poorly designed animal
experiments. When
conducting research on
human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy.
18. Once the data are collected,
ethical practice suggests
that the investigator informs
participants about the
experiment & clarifies any
questions which may arise.
The debriefing also permits
the researcher to provide
additional information which
if given in advance may
have biased the results.
19. Plagiarism
"taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of
another, without acknowledgment and with the intention
that they be taken as the work of the deceiver." American
Association of University Professors (September/October,
1989).
20. It can take many forms:-
•Quoting someone’s words but not properly citing the
author’s information.
• Paraphrasing an idea and not citing the source.
• Using someone’s image, audio, video etc without
proper citation.
• Buying or submitting some else’s research paper.
• Using all or parts of a speech found on the Internet
without citing.
• Citing a source with fake bibliographic information.
Style of referencing is also a legal issue because
references give complete information.
21. Deliberate plagiarism
This needs little explanation because it is
the simple - and totally wrong - act of
attempting to pass off someone else's
work as your own.
22. Paraphrasing involves taking a set of facts or
opinions and rewording them. When
paraphrasing, it is important to keep the
original meaning and to present it in a new
form. Basically, you are simply writing
something in your own words that expresses
the original idea. Paraphrasing usually makes
the passage shorter than the original.
23. ORIGINAL PARAPHRASE
Giraffes like Acacia
leaves and hay, and they
can consume 75 pounds
of food a day.
Any trip to Italy should
include a trip to Tuscany
to sample its exquisite
wines.
A giraffe can eat up to 75
pounds of Acacia leaves
and hay every day.
Be sure to include a
Tuscan wine-tasting
experience when visiting
Italy.
24. Much as above,
except that you've
read and stolen from
more books and
'patched' them
together - easily
detectable, deliberate
and definitely
deceitful, aided and
abetted by online
plagiarism!
25. Reading texts, selecting
key phrases and then
writing around them so
that they seem different
but are actually the
same - this type of
plagiarism is bluffing in
the worst way because
you are pretending
ownership of ideas in
order to fool others into
thinking you know more
than you do.
26.
27. •Every time you print out material from the Internet, always make
sure that you get the full source so that you can cite it later. If you use
note cards when you read books and journal articles, take the time to
list the full source including page numbers on the passages that you
copy.
•Avoid minor changes in wording from a source. Changing one or two
words is not sufficient, you must rewrite in your words.
•Use MLA, APA or other required styles.
•Mention where did you get the information.
•Use online tools to check for plagiarism. For example ( Turnitin)
•Institutional policies should be developed against plagiarism.
28.
29. If you doubt the severity of the consequences
of
plagiarism, consider the following:
Plagiarism can get you expelled from your
course
Plagiarism can result in your work being
destroyed
Plagiarism can result in expulsion from your
academic institution
Plagiarism can result in legal action.
30. The consequences of plagiarism could
seriously endanger your academic career
because your record will follow you, and
should you be compelled to leave your
course of study.
143 university students in the UK were
expelled in 2007 for plagiarism offences.
31. In a survey at 93 UK higher education
institutions, a total of 9,229 cases were
recorded in one year.
ISLAMABAD: The PhD thesis of the Pro
Rector of Comsats Institute of Information
Technology (CIIT) and chief executive officer
of the National Testing Service has been
found to be over 70 per cent plagiarized.
32. The thesis, “Parallel Scientific Applications
Scheduling on Distributed Computing
System”, was submitted with Preston
University in 2006.
The original thesis was submitted at Hamdard
University in the PhD programme in 2004 by
Rafiqul Zaman Khan titled “Empirical Study of
Task Partitioning, Scheduling and Load
Balancing Strategies for Distributed Images of
Computing System.”
Haroon has been the recipient of Sitara-e-
Imtiaz in the previous Pakistan Peoples Party
government and has been working with
Comsats for over five years.
33. A Gary & A Nancy, Fundamentals of educational
research, 2nd ed.(Taylor & Francis Group London
and New York).
Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2009. Responsible
Conduct of Research, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford
University Press).
Howe, K. & Moses, M. (1999). Ethics in
educational research.( Howe, K. & Moses, M.
(1999). Ethics in educational research.).
C.Louis, M. Lawrence & M.Keith, Research
Methods in Education, Fifth edition, (London and
New York)
Jak R. Fruenkel, Norman E. Wallen. second
edition . How to Design and Evaluate Research in
Education, Multan-Line Books Regal chowk Hall
Lahore. pp 35,36
