SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Models and Paradigms
Dr. Ashwani Asthana
Models and Paradigms
Model :
• Orientation in an investigation
• Archaeologist’s explanation may be ecology-
oriented or diffusion-oriented, something else
oriented, etc, according to his perspective
• Taxonomical
• Some designate, these different orientation as
models eg. Colin Renfrew’s framework model.
Bruce Trigger’s Processual model
Actual meaning of the term ‘model’:
1. Two fundamental notions embedded
(i) Isomorphism
(ii) Idealization
2. Models are conceptual structures that (a)
organise and guide our thinking (heuristic-
serving or leading to find out; encouraging
the desire to find out depending upon
assumption based on past experience), (b)
describe the relationship between
variables (explanatory or legal), or (c)
describe a situation in graphic form
(illustrative)
3. Models are not mysterious. We all use
them in every day life
Paradigm (Greek): literally meaning
example showing certain pattern
1. Robert Metron in 1949 was the first to
introduce the word to the scientific area
by using it
2. Thomas S.Kuhn (1962) popularised the
word and discussed in detail the nature
and role of paradigm with the context and
its effect with the change in nature and
context
3. David Clarke further utilised the role of
paradigm in archaeology by the way of
his field investigations and publishing
works like Archaeology as Anthropology
(1962) and Analytical
Archaeology(1968)
4. It is very unfortunate that he died at the
age of 36 but his various papers are
remarkable for illustrating the
application of new methodology in
archaeology which are shining models of
British scholarship
5. Like Binford his work is also written in
jargon which according to him is
inevitable when scientific mythology is
employed in any discipline (1979)
• He commented that ‘yesterdays jargon
is tomorrow's prose’.
• Through his experience and field
research he gives the clearest possible
exposition of new archaeology, which
according to him consists of:
1. Morphological paradigm
2. Ecological paradigm
3. Anthropological paradigm
4. Geographical paradigm
1. Morphological Paradigm
1. It consists of detailed study of artefacts
assemblages using computer techniques
2. David Clarke successfully applied this
approach is archaeological situation.
• The technique involved with numeral,
statistical and taxonomical data identifies
fundamental archaeological entities
(attributes or traits)
• These entities are linked together on the
basis of hierarchy of various taxonomical
ranks, eg., artefacts, types, industry,
assemblages, cultures, and group of cultures
• These entities are conceived as system in
which the lowest place is assigned to the
attributes of artefacts
• Starting from the most basic unit, i.e.,
attributes, artefacts are defined as clusters of
attributes; assemblages as clusters of
industries; cultures as clusters of
assembleges and culture groups as clusters of
cultures
3. Using computer techniques and
employing the methods of numerical and
statistical taxonomy, phase pattern
regularities, time pattern regularities and
system pattern regularities of
archaeological entities are identified and
analysed.
4. David Clarke used this approach for his
dissertation on the Origin and
Development of British Beaker Pottery
2. Ecological Paradigm
1. Aims at reconstructing the dynamics of
ecological equilibrium which existed
between the prehistorical people and their
changing environmental contexts
• This approach has most remarkably been
followed by David Clarke in his work
Mesolithic Europe – The Economic Basis
1979
2. Earlier Senior Clarke (Graham) had
postulated that the Mesolithic economy
was based mainly on hunting fishing
3. But it was refuted by David Clarke who
on the basis of a variety of evidences,
convincingly established that 80% of the
subsistence of Mesolithic Europe was
based on vegetal food.
• This was supplemented by hunting and
fishing
• His observation was based upon the
functional analysis of microlithic blade
tools
• Similar experimentations were carried out
at Baghor in M.P.
3. Anthropological Paradigm
1. It derives it models mainly from ethnology
2. It is not a new paradigm at all and is being
utilized by prehistorians since the
beginning of the discipline itself
3. The hypothetico – deductive procedure,
characterises the new anthropological
paradigm of archaeology
4. David clarke reexamined the evidence
from Glastonbury excavation of early 20th
century
• He identified various structures and
located different activity areas
• He reinterpreted the data on the basis of
spatial, structural and artefact relationship
and successfully traced the development
of the site
• He could identify in each complex the
major house, minor house, temporary
shelter or hut, granaries, stable, etc.
5. The study began with a typological
analysis of buildings on the sites and a
structural analysis of their relationship
5. This procedure resulted in the
identification of male and female
activity areas, the socio-economic
position of the occupants, etc.
• From this, study expanded to consider
the site in regional context
6. The work is remarkable for showing
that how far-reaching conclusion can
be drawn
Geographical Paradigm
1. Borrows its models mainly from modern
geography or new geography
• It emphasises the study of within site and
between sites phase pattern regularities
2. The concept of site exploitation territory
is one of the basic concepts in this
paradigm
3. David Clarke’s work on ‘spatial
information in Archaeology is a superb
example of geographical paradigm
showing how far data can be interpreted
by the way of obtaining information
from spatial relationship
• This approach has also been applied on
various archaeological sites, eg., Jorwe
early-late phase

More Related Content

Similar to - Models and Paradigms In Archaeology

still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docx
still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docxstill contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docx
still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docxrjoseph5
 
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed Research
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed ResearchCuantitative,Qualitative and mixed Research
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed ResearchJairo Gomez
 
05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and design05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and designELIMENG
 
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)ELIMENG
 
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdfNicoleBoyce6
 
Positivism and scientific research
Positivism and scientific researchPositivism and scientific research
Positivism and scientific researchAmeer Al-Labban
 
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...actividadestransversales
 
Ordering architecture
Ordering architectureOrdering architecture
Ordering architectureFatima Junaid
 
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchIns and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchAndrew Hugill
 
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchIns and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchMartin Rieser
 
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptx
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptxphilosophies in architectural history and theory.pptx
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptxSaeedJuniorAkannah
 
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2Sean Surio
 
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiri
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiriInterpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiri
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
 

Similar to - Models and Paradigms In Archaeology (20)

still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docx
still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docxstill contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docx
still contains sentences that are hard to understand, such as Evo.docx
 
Twenty two qualitative data methods
Twenty two qualitative data methodsTwenty two qualitative data methods
Twenty two qualitative data methods
 
Twenty Two Qualitative Data Methods
Twenty Two Qualitative Data MethodsTwenty Two Qualitative Data Methods
Twenty Two Qualitative Data Methods
 
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed Research
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed ResearchCuantitative,Qualitative and mixed Research
Cuantitative,Qualitative and mixed Research
 
05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and design05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and design
 
05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and design05 chap 4 research methodology and design
05 chap 4 research methodology and design
 
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)
 
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf
219073317-Sociology-Unit-1-Notes.pdf
 
Ethnography
EthnographyEthnography
Ethnography
 
Positivism and scientific research
Positivism and scientific researchPositivism and scientific research
Positivism and scientific research
 
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...
Unit: Concept, characteristics and subject of scientific research. The scient...
 
Ordering architecture
Ordering architectureOrdering architecture
Ordering architecture
 
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchIns and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
 
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary researchIns and outs of transdisciplinary research
Ins and outs of transdisciplinary research
 
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptx
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptxphilosophies in architectural history and theory.pptx
philosophies in architectural history and theory.pptx
 
The Conduct of Inquiry in IR
The Conduct of Inquiry in IRThe Conduct of Inquiry in IR
The Conduct of Inquiry in IR
 
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
 
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiri
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiriInterpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiri
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithiri
 
Grounded theory
Grounded theoryGrounded theory
Grounded theory
 
Nicolò Friedman
Nicolò Friedman Nicolò Friedman
Nicolò Friedman
 

More from Dr. Ashwani Asthana

Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...
Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...
Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Management of Archaeological sites.pptx
Management of Archaeological sites.pptxManagement of Archaeological sites.pptx
Management of Archaeological sites.pptxDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Integration of culture with environment
Integration of culture with environmentIntegration of culture with environment
Integration of culture with environmentDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Antiquity theft (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)
Antiquity theft  (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)Antiquity theft  (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)
Antiquity theft (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)Dr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati ananalysis
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati   ananalysisHeritage of rigvedic saraswati   ananalysis
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati ananalysisDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from India
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from IndiaLoaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from India
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from IndiaDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological Study
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological StudyOrigin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological Study
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological StudyDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal context
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal contextAn archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal context
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal contextDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati
 Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati
Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic SaraswatiDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan period
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan periodMethods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan period
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan periodDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
Mother goddess in Harappan Culture
Mother goddess in Harappan CultureMother goddess in Harappan Culture
Mother goddess in Harappan CultureDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South AsiaDr. Ashwani Asthana
 
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
 
–Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...
 –Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ... –Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...
–Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
 
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW) Culture
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW)    Culture– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW)    Culture
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW) CultureDr. Ashwani Asthana
 

More from Dr. Ashwani Asthana (20)

Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...
Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...
Excavations, recordings, preservation and interpretation of archaeological si...
 
SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY.pptx
SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY.pptxSALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY.pptx
SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY.pptx
 
Management of Archaeological sites.pptx
Management of Archaeological sites.pptxManagement of Archaeological sites.pptx
Management of Archaeological sites.pptx
 
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...
Display, presentation, interpretation and communication of objects in on site...
 
Integration of culture with environment
Integration of culture with environmentIntegration of culture with environment
Integration of culture with environment
 
Antiquity theft (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)
Antiquity theft  (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)Antiquity theft  (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)
Antiquity theft (Documentation, Registration and Retrival)
 
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati ananalysis
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati   ananalysisHeritage of rigvedic saraswati   ananalysis
Heritage of rigvedic saraswati ananalysis
 
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from India
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from IndiaLoaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from India
Loaning of Queen Ketevan relics to Georgia from India
 
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological Study
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological StudyOrigin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological Study
Origin to Decadence of Saraswati River- A Glacio - Archaeological Study
 
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal context
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal contextAn archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal context
An archaeological investigation on the cult of mother goddess in Glogal context
 
Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati
 Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati
Literary and archaeological heritage of Rigvedic Saraswati
 
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan period
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan periodMethods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan period
Methods of Disposal of the dead in Vedic /Harappan period
 
Copper Hoard
 Copper Hoard Copper Hoard
Copper Hoard
 
Mother goddess in Harappan Culture
Mother goddess in Harappan CultureMother goddess in Harappan Culture
Mother goddess in Harappan Culture
 
Origin of Brahmi
Origin of BrahmiOrigin of Brahmi
Origin of Brahmi
 
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South Asia
 
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...
– How Inscriptions tell a story : Broad overview Political and Economic histo...
 
–Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...
 –Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ... –Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...
–Regional Cultures Central India And Deccan-Malwa, Jorwe, Kayatha. 2 Copper ...
 
–Potteries
 –Potteries    –Potteries
–Potteries
 
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW) Culture
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW)    Culture– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW)    Culture
– PAINTED GREY WARE (PGW) Culture
 

Recently uploaded

Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for BeginnersSabitha Banu
 
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxEPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxRaymartEstabillo3
 
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdf
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdfPharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdf
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdfMahmoud M. Sallam
 
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdfFraming an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdfUjwalaBharambe
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxNirmalaLoungPoorunde1
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTiammrhaywood
 
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of management
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of managementHierarchy of management that covers different levels of management
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of managementmkooblal
 
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...M56BOOKSTORE PRODUCT/SERVICE
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxSayali Powar
 
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...jaredbarbolino94
 
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxTypes of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxEyham Joco
 
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,Virag Sontakke
 
Roles & Responsibilities in Pharmacovigilance
Roles & Responsibilities in PharmacovigilanceRoles & Responsibilities in Pharmacovigilance
Roles & Responsibilities in PharmacovigilanceSamikshaHamane
 
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developer
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developerinternship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developer
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developerunnathinaik
 
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxIntroduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxpboyjonauth
 
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxFinal demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxAvyJaneVismanos
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course  for BeginnersFull Stack Web Development Course  for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
 
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini  Delhi NCR
9953330565 Low Rate Call Girls In Rohini Delhi NCR
 
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptxEPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
EPANDING THE CONTENT OF AN OUTLINE using notes.pptx
 
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdf
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdfPharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdf
Pharmacognosy Flower 3. Compositae 2023.pdf
 
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdfFraming an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
 
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPTECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT - LONG FORM TV DRAMA - PPT
 
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri  Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri  Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
 
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of management
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of managementHierarchy of management that covers different levels of management
Hierarchy of management that covers different levels of management
 
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...
KSHARA STURA .pptx---KSHARA KARMA THERAPY (CAUSTIC THERAPY)————IMP.OF KSHARA ...
 
OS-operating systems- ch04 (Threads) ...
OS-operating systems- ch04 (Threads) ...OS-operating systems- ch04 (Threads) ...
OS-operating systems- ch04 (Threads) ...
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
 
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
Historical philosophical, theoretical, and legal foundations of special and i...
 
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptxTypes of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
Types of Journalistic Writing Grade 8.pptx
 
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,
भारत-रोम व्यापार.pptx, Indo-Roman Trade,
 
Roles & Responsibilities in Pharmacovigilance
Roles & Responsibilities in PharmacovigilanceRoles & Responsibilities in Pharmacovigilance
Roles & Responsibilities in Pharmacovigilance
 
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developer
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developerinternship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developer
internship ppt on smartinternz platform as salesforce developer
 
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptxIntroduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
Introduction to AI in Higher Education_draft.pptx
 
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdfTataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
 
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptxFinal demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
Final demo Grade 9 for demo Plan dessert.pptx
 

- Models and Paradigms In Archaeology

  • 1. Models and Paradigms Dr. Ashwani Asthana
  • 2. Models and Paradigms Model : • Orientation in an investigation • Archaeologist’s explanation may be ecology- oriented or diffusion-oriented, something else oriented, etc, according to his perspective • Taxonomical • Some designate, these different orientation as models eg. Colin Renfrew’s framework model. Bruce Trigger’s Processual model
  • 3. Actual meaning of the term ‘model’: 1. Two fundamental notions embedded (i) Isomorphism (ii) Idealization 2. Models are conceptual structures that (a) organise and guide our thinking (heuristic- serving or leading to find out; encouraging the desire to find out depending upon assumption based on past experience), (b) describe the relationship between variables (explanatory or legal), or (c) describe a situation in graphic form (illustrative)
  • 4. 3. Models are not mysterious. We all use them in every day life Paradigm (Greek): literally meaning example showing certain pattern 1. Robert Metron in 1949 was the first to introduce the word to the scientific area by using it 2. Thomas S.Kuhn (1962) popularised the word and discussed in detail the nature and role of paradigm with the context and its effect with the change in nature and context
  • 5. 3. David Clarke further utilised the role of paradigm in archaeology by the way of his field investigations and publishing works like Archaeology as Anthropology (1962) and Analytical Archaeology(1968) 4. It is very unfortunate that he died at the age of 36 but his various papers are remarkable for illustrating the application of new methodology in archaeology which are shining models of British scholarship
  • 6. 5. Like Binford his work is also written in jargon which according to him is inevitable when scientific mythology is employed in any discipline (1979) • He commented that ‘yesterdays jargon is tomorrow's prose’. • Through his experience and field research he gives the clearest possible exposition of new archaeology, which according to him consists of:
  • 7. 1. Morphological paradigm 2. Ecological paradigm 3. Anthropological paradigm 4. Geographical paradigm
  • 8. 1. Morphological Paradigm 1. It consists of detailed study of artefacts assemblages using computer techniques 2. David Clarke successfully applied this approach is archaeological situation. • The technique involved with numeral, statistical and taxonomical data identifies fundamental archaeological entities (attributes or traits)
  • 9. • These entities are linked together on the basis of hierarchy of various taxonomical ranks, eg., artefacts, types, industry, assemblages, cultures, and group of cultures • These entities are conceived as system in which the lowest place is assigned to the attributes of artefacts • Starting from the most basic unit, i.e., attributes, artefacts are defined as clusters of attributes; assemblages as clusters of industries; cultures as clusters of assembleges and culture groups as clusters of cultures
  • 10. 3. Using computer techniques and employing the methods of numerical and statistical taxonomy, phase pattern regularities, time pattern regularities and system pattern regularities of archaeological entities are identified and analysed. 4. David Clarke used this approach for his dissertation on the Origin and Development of British Beaker Pottery
  • 11. 2. Ecological Paradigm 1. Aims at reconstructing the dynamics of ecological equilibrium which existed between the prehistorical people and their changing environmental contexts • This approach has most remarkably been followed by David Clarke in his work Mesolithic Europe – The Economic Basis 1979 2. Earlier Senior Clarke (Graham) had postulated that the Mesolithic economy was based mainly on hunting fishing
  • 12. 3. But it was refuted by David Clarke who on the basis of a variety of evidences, convincingly established that 80% of the subsistence of Mesolithic Europe was based on vegetal food. • This was supplemented by hunting and fishing • His observation was based upon the functional analysis of microlithic blade tools • Similar experimentations were carried out at Baghor in M.P.
  • 13. 3. Anthropological Paradigm 1. It derives it models mainly from ethnology 2. It is not a new paradigm at all and is being utilized by prehistorians since the beginning of the discipline itself 3. The hypothetico – deductive procedure, characterises the new anthropological paradigm of archaeology 4. David clarke reexamined the evidence from Glastonbury excavation of early 20th century
  • 14. • He identified various structures and located different activity areas • He reinterpreted the data on the basis of spatial, structural and artefact relationship and successfully traced the development of the site • He could identify in each complex the major house, minor house, temporary shelter or hut, granaries, stable, etc. 5. The study began with a typological analysis of buildings on the sites and a structural analysis of their relationship
  • 15. 5. This procedure resulted in the identification of male and female activity areas, the socio-economic position of the occupants, etc. • From this, study expanded to consider the site in regional context 6. The work is remarkable for showing that how far-reaching conclusion can be drawn
  • 16. Geographical Paradigm 1. Borrows its models mainly from modern geography or new geography • It emphasises the study of within site and between sites phase pattern regularities 2. The concept of site exploitation territory is one of the basic concepts in this paradigm
  • 17. 3. David Clarke’s work on ‘spatial information in Archaeology is a superb example of geographical paradigm showing how far data can be interpreted by the way of obtaining information from spatial relationship • This approach has also been applied on various archaeological sites, eg., Jorwe early-late phase