It deals right from the basic entities and till the end which covers every entity in detailed explanation which will help a candidate or a learner to understand the concept of Supply Chain Management.

1. FUNDAMENTALS
OF
SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT
1
ASHU JOSHI
FR.CONCEICAO RODRIGUES COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING

2. Sr.no Pg. no. Contents
1 3-5 What is a Supply Chain??
2 6-9 Major Stages in SCM
3 10 Push/Pull Supply Chain
4 11-13 Strategic Fit
5 14-19 Other parts in SCM
6 20-21 Aggregrate Planning
7 22-24 Effect of lack of coordination
in SCM
2

3.  A Supply Chain is an array which consists of all parties(stages)involved, directly or
indirectly, fulfilling a customer request.
 A supply chain does not include only manufacturer and a customer.But, also includes
many other stages in between such as
suppliers,transporters,warehouses,retailers,marketing and market
research,Sales,Finance,Customer service,Quality Control and Management team.
 These all intergral parts in an array combine to from a network.This, network is called as
the Supply Chain Network/Supply Web or simply, a Supply Chain.
 So What we understand is , A supply chain transfers information,product,finance among
various stages of supply chain to fulfill customer’s demand.
1)What is a Supply Chain?
3

4. SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATIONS
4
Procurment
1.Supplier relations
2.Inbound logistics
3.Purchase order
4.Inventory
5.Storage
Warehouse
management
1.Picking
2.Handling unit
3.Intersite
Transfer
Outsourcing/part
nership
1.Subcontracting
Its a part of
procurement.
Outsourcing=proc
urement+producti
on+logistics
Manufacturing
1.Storage
2.Planning
3.Production
Invoicing
generation
Demand
Planning

5.  The primary/main purpose of any supply chain network is to satisfy customer need
and, in process generate profit for itself.However it is very important to visualize
information,funds,product flows along both directions of this chain.
 In the Indian context , materials constitute almost 60% of the cost of finished good.So, it
is very essential to design and implement efficient supply chain network in order to
gain appropriate profit.
5

6. 2)Major Stages of a Supply Chain
Network
Sourcing, Procurement and Supply Management
 We clearly understand that the quality of the product plays a very important role
among all the parameters of a product.The quality of the product cannot be
downgraded due to hike in the prices of the raw materials procured from any
supplier, as this eventually destroys the fame of the industry among the customers
and may greatly affect upon the business.
 The industries realized that in order to overcome this situation, increasing sales is a far
better option OR appointing a purchase specialist by the Top management to look
for an alternative supplier of the same quality.
 We understand that inflow of inputs and economic procurement into the enterprise
and efficient control over the flow of funds out of the industry is very necessary.
6

7. Materials Management
 Material Management came to be recognized by the businesses in 1970.Efficient management
is the route to cost reduction and thereby to profitability.The selection of material inputs is done
by a purchase specialist.
Logistics
 Logistics, It’s a part of which involves transfer of raw material,finished goods into the company or
out of the company or within the company.
 Transportation is just a part of the logistics.Cost of transportation,it being General/Unimodal or
Multimodal transport, is nearly 50% of the total logistics cost.
 In India, Small scale industries work with unimodal mode of transportation.For Eg. Food Parcel
Delivery App-Swiggy,Zomato.(Mid-size Firm)They use only scooters/bikes(Roadways) as their only
mode of transport for delivering food from the restaurant to the
customer.Whereas,Amazon,Flipkart(Large-size Firm) uses trucks(Roadways),Cargo aeroplane
jets(Airways),Cargo ships(Seaways) to deliver a product from warehouse to the customer.
7

8. Types of Logistics
I. Inbound Logistics.
II. Outbound Logistics.
III. In-house Logistics.
1. Inbound Logistics-
Flow of raw materials Or Finished goods into the company is called as the
Inbound Logistics.
2. Outbound Logistics-
Flow of finished goods out of the company is called as the Outbound Logistics.
3. Inhouse Logistics-
Flow of raw material/finished goods within the company is called as the Inhouse
Logistics.
8

9. 9

10. 3)Push or Pull Supply Chain
The only difference between Push and Pull Supply Chain is, the time execution of a
customer demand.
At the time of execution of a pull process,customer demand is known with certainity
whereas in push supply chain,demand of the customer is not known and so,The industry has
to forecast the customer’s demand which is near or sometimes equal to the actual
demand of the customer.
However the demand is often constrained by the management team in a push
phase.Major difference in, demand and estimated figure in push phase will result in
increase in industry inventory.
10

11. 11

12. 4)Strategic Fit
A Strategic fit is the company’s ability to balance between responsiveness and effieciency that
best matches with the needs of it’s customers.
Some of the obstacles which disturbs the strategic fit are below.We will understand them one
by one-
1. Increasing variety of products.
2. Increasingly demanding customers.
3. Globalization
12

13. Increasing variety of products
 Increasing variety of products complicates the supply chain by making forecasting much
more difficult.Developing fashion has made to manufacture many varieties of same
segment of product.
 Increased variety tends to raise uncertainity and increased uncertainity hurts both,efficiency
and responsiveness within the supply chain.
Increasingly demanding Customers
 Customers are constantly demanding improvement in delivery lead times,cost and product
performance.If they do not receive these improvements, they shift to new supplier.
 These tremendous growth in demands means that supply chain must be reconsidered and
improved to maintain its business.
13

14. Globalization
 Supply Chains today are more likely than ever to global.Earlier there were fewer industries to
manufacture same product and customer tolerated longer delivery days but
now,globalization has made evolution of many other industries which now compete with
others.
 This puts strain on supply chain network performance.So, to remain in competition,rethink
and improve your supply chain network to satisfy customer demands of early deliveries.
14

15. 5)Other parts of supply chain
management are-
1. Inventory
2. Transportation
3. Sourcing
4. Warehouse
We will go through first 2 sub-topics one by one in order.
15

16. INVENTORY
What is an Inventory?
 Inventory is a space in industry where stock of raw materials (used to produce goods in near
future), partially finished goods and finished goods.
 Inventory exists in the supply chain because of mismatch between supply and demand.
 Inventory has a major impact on responsiveness and supply chain.For eg. You walk-in a large
retails store suppose,Reliance Trends store.You find out a shirt of your choice but the size is
small.So, you asked the manager to look out in their stocks(here this space is called inventory
and not warehouse).The manager checks the stock of apparel section.The manager finally
gets the size you are requested for.This is called as immediate responsiveness.This action
shown by the manager is called as the Immediate Reponsiveness.
 Inventory has a significant impact on the material flow in the industry.
16

17. Three Types of inventories are-
1.Cycle Inventory.
2.Safety Inventory.
3.Seasonal Inventory.
17

18. 1.Cycle Inventory
 Cycle Inventory is the average amount of inventory used to satisfy demand between receipts of
supplier shipments.
 It is caused when production,transportation or purchase of raw material is made in large lots at
single launch.
But, Why we buy in large lots at a single time?.Because of,
1. Economies exploit of scale in production,transportation and purchasing.
2. Uncertainity in supply and demand
Major problem faced by the managers is the carrying cost of inventory when demand is low.
2.Safety Inventory
 It is the inventory held in case demand exceeds the forecast.It is held to counter uncertainity.
 It is kept since the demand is uncertain and unpredictable at some time.
 Sometime, the company faces losses due to carrying cost of having too much inventory and
cost of losing sales when a customer required product is not available in inventory.
18

19. Seasonal Inventory
 It is built up to counter predictable variability in demand over specific period of
time.Companies use seasonal inventory in period of low demand and store it for period of
high demand when they will not have capacity to produce all that is demanded at that
time.
 Managers play an important role in forecasting how much seasonal inventory should be
built up.
19

20. TRANSPORTATION
 Transportation,It moves product between different stages in a supply chain network.
 Faster Transportation allow a supply chain to be more rensponsive but reduces its
efficiency.
 The Type of transportation also affects the inventory and the cost of supply chain.
 To increase responsiveness and efficiency.It’s necessary to find balance between
transportation and inventory.
TRANSPORTATION BY AIR,SHIP,TRUCKS,SCOOTER,MINI VANS
20

21. 6)AGGREGRATE PLANNING
 Aggregrate planning is a process by which, a industry determines ideal levels of
capacity,production,subcontracting,inventory,stockouts and even pricing over a specified
time horizon.
 The goal of aggregrate planning is to satisfy the demand while maximizing profit.
 It determines the total production level in a plant for a given month.
 Good forecast requires collaboration of management team of the industry with the
downstream partners.Without this,its not possible to predict a value.
 The plan for production of goods is prepared 6-8 months in advance by the aggregrate
planners, so that management plans the process accordingly.
 It gives time to management team to determine what quantity of materials and other
resources have to be procured,how much labour is required and when, so that total cost of
operations of the industry is minimum and the industry gains maximum profit.
21

22. Aim of Aggregrate planning
 Minimize cost/Maximize profits
 Minimize cost of inventory
 Maximimze utilization of plant and machineries.
 Maximize Customer Satisfaction.
 Minimize changes in production rates.
 Minimize workforce.
22

23. 7)LACK OF COORDINATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN
 Supply chain coordination improves if all stages of the chain takes action that together
increase the total supply chain profits.
 Supply chain coordination requires each stage of the supply chain to take into the acoount,
the impact of its actions have on other stages.
 Lack of coordination occurs when stages of the supply chain has objectives that conflicts or
information moving between stages is delayed and distorted.
 Conflicts in objectives occurs as stages have different owners and each owner tries to
maximize its own profit.
23

24. EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE DUE TO
LACK OF COORDINATION
1.Manufacturing Cost
 Lack of informations between supply chain stages causes increase in manufacturing cost
of a good.Difference between the actual number of goods asked and inaccurate data
transmitted within a supply chain will affect the supply chain.
 For eg.Customer orders 200 water filters in a day.But the company manufactures only 100
in first two shifts and remaining water filters are to be manufactured in the last shift.This
ultimately increases stress on the supply chain and the supply chain has to give maximum
efforts to cover up remaining in the last time.This overall increases production rate,cost of
operation as more machines are run simultaneously,which overall increases the
manufacturing cost of that product.
2.Inventory Cost
 Lack of Coordination increases the cost of supply chain.Due to increased variability in
demand, A company has to hold higher level of inventory.Lack of co-ordination will
affect the sales and warehousing cost.
24

25. 3.Transportation cost
 It increases with lack of coordination.The transportation
requirements over a time and its suppliers are related with the
orders of the customers generated.Lack of information between
the management team and the transportation team increases the
cost of transportation.
25

26. Thank You!
26