yufhjgkjhkm nm

1. AJ@YXFT 6
AJ@YXFT 6
MLXTBHVAXMBL XB C@AXBTM@K HFQMOLQ
MLXTBHVAXMBL XB C@AXBTM@K HFQMOLQ
MJQ@L YT@X@G@ T
MJQ@L YT@X@G@ T
EVKM@L CMNTM @
EVKM@L CMNTM @

2. HFCMLMQM H@L YTMLQMY H@Q@T
HFCMLMQM H@L YTMLQMY H@Q@T
Qfa`r` ugug, hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k p`kmlo fcmsmfl ultun eflms fnspfrmgfl gfkmd`tn`l stuhm tflt`lo fcfn
Qfa`r` ugug, hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k p`kmlo fcmsmfl ultun eflms fnspfrmgfl gfkmd`tn`l stuhm tflt`lo fcfn
h`m hu` `t`u kfdmj c`ntbr. Gms`kly`, emn` `h` tmlon`t c`ntbr @ h`l tmlon`t c`ntbr D, sftm`p uk`lo`l
h`m hu` `t`u kfdmj c`ntbr. Gms`kly`, emn` `h` tmlon`t c`ntbr @ h`l tmlon`t c`ntbr D, sftm`p uk`lo`l
dfrmsm
dfrmsm sfgu`
sfgu` nbgdml`sm
nbgdml`sm pfrk`nu`l
pfrk`nu`l `d.
`d. Nftmn`
Nftmn` c`ntbr-c`ntbr
c`ntbr-c`ntbr hm`tur
hm`tur h`k`g
h`k`g hfs`ml
hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k,
c`ntbrm`k, sfrmlo
sfrmlo
hmn`t`n`l dfrsmk`lo`l.
hmn`t`n`l dfrsmk`lo`l.
Abltbj p`h` O`gd`r 6.0. Fnspfrmgfl c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr hflo`l nfhu` c`ntbr hfs`ml p`h` hu`
Abltbj p`h` O`gd`r 6.0. Fnspfrmgfl c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr hflo`l nfhu` c`ntbr hfs`ml p`h` hu`
tmlon`t, gflyfdut kfvfk mlm "rflh`j" h`l "tmloom" sfrt` g`smlo-g`smlo hmk`gd`lon`l hflo`l ‛-" h`l
tmlon`t, gflyfdut kfvfk mlm "rflh`j" h`l "tmloom" sfrt` g`smlo-g`smlo hmk`gd`lon`l hflo`l ‛-" h`l
"+". Fcfn ut`g` h`rm c`ntbr @ h`k`g hfs`ml hu` tmlon`t mlm h`p`t hm`loo`p sfd`o`m pfrdfh``l `lt`r`
"+". Fcfn ut`g` h`rm c`ntbr @ h`k`g hfs`ml hu` tmlon`t mlm h`p`t hm`loo`p sfd`o`m pfrdfh``l `lt`r`
r`t`-r`t` rfspbl p`h` kfvfk @ y`lo rflh`j h`l rfspbl r`t`-r`t` p`h` kfvfk @ y`lo tmloom. Emn` c`ntbr
r`t`-r`t` rfspbl p`h` kfvfk @ y`lo rflh`j h`l rfspbl r`t`-r`t` p`h` kfvfk @ y`lo tmloom. Emn` c`ntbr
gulauk p`h` kfdmj h`rm hu` tmlon`t, prbsfhur hm `t`s j`rus hmgbhmcmn`sm n`rfl` `h` a`r` k`ml ultun
gulauk p`h` kfdmj h`rm hu` tmlon`t, prbsfhur hm `t`s j`rus hmgbhmcmn`sm n`rfl` `h` a`r` k`ml ultun
gflfltun`l pflo`ruj
gflfltun`l pflo`ruj su`tu c`atbr.
su`tu c`atbr.
Qfa`r` lugfrmn 7
Qfa`r` lugfrmn 7

3. H`k`g pfrabd``l, gulonml gflfgun`l d`jw` pfrdfh``l rfspbls `lt`r` tmlon`t s`tu c`ntbr tmh`n s`g` hm
H`k`g pfrabd``l, gulonml gflfgun`l d`jw` pfrdfh``l rfspbls `lt`r` tmlon`t s`tu c`ntbr tmh`n s`g` hm
sfgu` tmlon`t c`ntbr k`mlly`. Nftmn` tfre`hm, `h` mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr-c`ntbr tfrsfdut. Qfd`o`m abltbj,
sfgu` tmlon`t c`ntbr k`mlly`. Nftmn` tfre`hm, `h` mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr-c`ntbr tfrsfdut. Qfd`o`m abltbj,
pfrj`tmn`l fnspfrmgfl c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr y`lo hmtuleun
pfrj`tmn`l fnspfrmgfl c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h` O`gd`r 6.4.
n`l p`h` O`gd`r 6.4.
Y`h` tmlon`t rflh`j c`ntbr D (`t`u D-), fcfn @ `h`k`j
Y`h` tmlon`t rflh`j c`ntbr D (`t`u D-), fcfn @ `h`k`j
@7 69 - 49 7 19
@7 69 - 49 7 19
h`l p`h` tmlo
h`l p`h` tmlon`t tmloom c`ntbr D (`t`u
n`t tmloom c`ntbr D (`t`u D+), fcfn @
D+), fcfn @ `h`k`j
`h`k`j
@7 04 - 89 7 -4:
@7 04 - 89 7 -4:
Dfs`rly` fcfn mltfr`nsm `h`k`j sfkmsmj r`t`-r`t` nfhu` fcfn @ mlm, `t`u @D 7 (-4: - 19)/4 7 -4=. Efk`s,
Dfs`rly` fcfn mltfr`nsm `h`k`j sfkmsmj r`t`-r`t` nfhu` fcfn @ mlm, `t`u @D 7 (-4: - 19)/4 7 -4=. Efk`s,
mltfr`nsm dfs`r h`k`g pfrabd``l mlm.
mltfr`nsm dfs`r h`k`g pfrabd``l mlm.

4. Mhf-mhf mlm h`p`t hmmkustr`smn`l
Mhf-mhf mlm h`p`t hmmkustr`smn`l sfa`r` or`cms. O`gd`r 6.1 gfgpkbt h`t`
sfa`r` or`cms. O`gd`r 6.1 gfgpkbt h`t` rfspbls p`h` O`gd`r 6.0
rfspbls p`h` O`gd`r 6.0 tfrj`h`p c`ntbr @
tfrj`h`p c`ntbr @
ultun nfhu` tmlon`t c`ntbr D. Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw` o`rms D- h`l D+ nmr`-nmr` sfe`e`r, gfluleunn`l nur`loly`
ultun nfhu` tmlon`t c`ntbr D. Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw` o`rms D- h`l D+ nmr`-nmr` sfe`e`r, gfluleunn`l nur`loly`
mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr @ h`l D. Hfgmnm`l puk`, O`gd`r 6.8
mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr @ h`l D. Hfgmnm`l puk`, O`gd`r 6.8 pkbt h`t` rfspbl p`h`
pkbt h`t` rfspbl p`h` O`gd`r 6.4.
O`gd`r 6.4.
H`p`t hmkmj`t d`jw` o`rms D- h`l D+ tmh`n sfe`e`r. J`k mlm gfluleunn`l mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr @ h`l D. Or`cmn
H`p`t hmkmj`t d`jw` o`rms D- h`l D+ tmh`n sfe`e`r. J`k mlm gfluleunn`l mltfr`nsm `lt`r` c`ntbr @ h`l D. Or`cmn
mltfr`nsm hu` c`ntbr sfpfrtm mlm sfrmlon`km s`lo`t dfroul` h`k`g gfl`csmrn`l mltfr`nsm y`lo smolmcmn`l h`l h`k`g
mltfr`nsm hu` c`ntbr sfpfrtm mlm sfrmlon`km s`lo`t dfroul` h`k`g gfl`csmrn`l mltfr`nsm y`lo smolmcmn`l h`l h`k`g
gfk`pbrn`l j`smk nfp`h` pfrsblfk y`lo tmh`n tfrk`tmj sfa`r` st`tmstmn. L`gul, tmh`n dbkfj hmoul`n`l sfd`o`m s`tu-
gfk`pbrn`l j`smk nfp`h` pfrsblfk y`lo tmh`n tfrk`tmj sfa`r` st`tmstmn. L`gul, tmh`n dbkfj hmoul`n`l sfd`o`m s`tu-
s`tuly` tfnlmn `l`kmsms h`t`
s`tuly` tfnlmn `l`kmsms h`t` n`rfl` mltfrprft`smly` sudefntmc h`l pfl`gpmk`lly` sfrmlo gflyfs`tn`l.
n`rfl` mltfrprft`smly` sudefntmc h`l pfl`gpmk`lly` sfrmlo gflyfs`tn`l.

5. @h` a`r` k`ml ultun gfloo`gd`rn`l nblsfp mltfr`nsm. Gms`kn`l nfhu` c`ntbr hfs`ml n`gm `h`k`j
@h` a`r` k`ml ultun gfloo`gd`rn`l nblsfp mltfr`nsm. Gms`kn`l nfhu` c`ntbr hfs`ml n`gm `h`k`j
nu`ltmt`tmc (sfpfrtm suju, tfn`l`l, w`ntu, hkk.). Nfguhm`l rfprfsflt`sm gbhfk rforfsm h`rm fnspfrmgfl
nu`ltmt`tmc (sfpfrtm suju, tfn`l`l, w`ntu, hkk.). Nfguhm`l rfprfsflt`sm gbhfk rforfsm h`rm fnspfrmgfl
c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr h`p`t hmtukms sfd`o`m5
c`ntbrm`k hu` c`ntbr h`p`t hmtukms sfd`o`m5
y `h`k`j rfspbls, `h`k`j p`r`gftfr y`lo lmk`mly` `n`l hmtfltun`l.
y `h`k`j rfspbls, `h`k`j p`r`gftfr y`lo lmk`mly` `n`l hmtfltun`l.
x0 `h`k`j v`rm`dfk y`lo gfw`nmkm c`ntbr @.
x0 `h`k`j v`rm`dfk y`lo gfw`nmkm c`ntbr @.
x4 `h`k`j v`rm`dfk y`lo gfw`nmkm c`ntbr D.
x4 `h`k`j v`rm`dfk y`lo gfw`nmkm c`ntbr D.
s `h`k`j sunu nfs`k`j`l `a`n.
s `h`k`j sunu nfs`k`j`l `a`n.
S`rm`dfk x0 h`l x4 hmhfcmlmsmn`l p`h` sn`k` nbhf h`rm -0 s`gp`m +0 (tmlon`t rflh`j h`l tmloom h`rm @
S`rm`dfk x0 h`l x4 hmhfcmlmsmn`l p`h` sn`k` nbhf h`rm -0 s`gp`m +0 (tmlon`t rflh`j h`l tmloom h`rm @
h`l D), h`l x0x4 gfw`nmkm mltfr`nsm `lt`r` x0 h`l x4.
h`l D), h`l x0x4 gfw`nmkm mltfr`nsm `lt`r` x0 h`l x4.

6. O`gd`r 6.6 gfly`emn`l rfprfsflt`sm or`cms h`rm gbhfk mlm. Y`h` O`gd`r 6.6` nmt` gfgmkmnm pkbt dmh`lo lmk`m-
O`gd`r 6.6 gfly`emn`l rfprfsflt`sm or`cms h`rm gbhfk mlm. Y`h` O`gd`r 6.6` nmt` gfgmkmnm pkbt dmh`lo lmk`m-
lmk`m y y`lo hmj`smkn`l bkfj dfrd`o`m nbgdml`sm x0 h`l x4. Or`cmn tmo` hmgflsm mlm hmsfdut pkbt pfrgun``l
lmk`m y y`lo hmj`smkn`l bkfj dfrd`o`m nbgdml`sm x0 h`l x4. Or`cmn tmo` hmgflsm mlm hmsfdut pkbt pfrgun``l
rfspbl. O`gd`r 6.6d gfluleunn`l o`rms nbltur h`rm rfspbl nblst`l y p`h` dmh`lo x0, x4. Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw`
rfspbl. O`gd`r 6.6d gfluleunn`l o`rms nbltur h`rm rfspbl nblst`l y p`h` dmh`lo x0, x4. Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw`
n`rfl` pfrgun``l rfspbls `h`k`j dmh`lo, pkbt nbltur dfrmsm o`rms kurus
n`rfl` pfrgun``l rfspbls `h`k`j dmh`lo, pkbt nbltur dfrmsm o`rms kurus p`r`kfk.
p`r`kfk.

7. O`gd`r 6.3 gfly`emn`l pfrgun``l rfspbls h`l pkbt nbltur ultun gbhfk
O`gd`r 6.3 gfly`emn`l pfrgun``l rfspbls h`l pkbt nbltur ultun gbhfk
(Gfgdm`rn`l fcfn mltfr`nsm gfle`hm r`t`-r`t` h`rm hu` fcfn ut`g`.) Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw` fcfn mltfr`nsm y`lo
(Gfgdm`rn`l fcfn mltfr`nsm gfle`hm r`t`-r`t` h`rm hu` fcfn ut`g`.) Yfrj`tmn`l d`jw` fcfn mltfr`nsm y`lo
smolmcmn`l "gfgut`r" dmh`lo p`h` O`gd`r 6.3`. Yut`r`l pfrgun``l rfspbls mlm gfloj`smkn`l o`rms nbltur
smolmcmn`l "gfgut`r" dmh`lo p`h` O`gd`r 6.3`. Yut`r`l pfrgun``l rfspbls mlm gfloj`smkn`l o`rms nbltur
gfkflonulo h`rm rfspbls nblst`l p`h` dmh`lo x0, x4, sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h` O`gd`r 6.3d. Hflo`l
gfkflonulo h`rm rfspbls nblst`l p`h` dmh`lo x0, x4, sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h` O`gd`r 6.3d. Hflo`l
hfgmnm`l, mltfr`nsm `h`k`j dfltun nfkflonulo`l h`k`g gbhfk pfrgun``l rfspbls y`lo
hfgmnm`l, mltfr`nsm `h`k`j dfltun nfkflonulo`l h`k`g gbhfk pfrgun``l rfspbls y`lo gflh`s`rm fnspfrmgfl.
gflh`s`rm fnspfrmgfl.

8. NFVLXVLO@L H@TM C@NXBTM@K
NFVLXVLO@L H@TM C@NXBTM@K
Nfultulo`l h`rm hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k h`p`t hflo`l guh`j hmmkustr`smn`l. Gms`kn`l nmt` gfgmkmnm hu` c`ntbr @ h`l
Nfultulo`l h`rm hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k h`p`t hflo`l guh`j hmmkustr`smn`l. Gms`kn`l nmt` gfgmkmnm hu` c`ntbr @ h`l
D, g`smlo-g`smlo p`h` hu` tmlon`t. Xmlon`t c`atbr hmly`t`n`l hflo`l @-, @+, D-, h`l D+. Mlcbrg`sm tflt`lo
D, g`smlo-g`smlo p`h` hu` tmlon`t. Xmlon`t c`atbr hmly`t`n`l hflo`l @-, @+, D-, h`l D+. Mlcbrg`sm tflt`lo
nfhu` c`ntbr tfrsfdut h`p`t
nfhu` c`ntbr tfrsfdut h`p`t hmpfrbkfj hflo`l gfgv`rm`smn
hmpfrbkfj hflo`l gfgv`rm`smn`l c`ntbr s`tu
`l c`ntbr s`tu pfr s`tu,
pfr s`tu, sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h`
sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h`
O`gd`r 6.?. Yflo`ruj pfrud`j`l c`ntbr @ hmdfrmn`l bkfj @+D- ‘ @-D-, h`l pflo`ruj pfrud`j`l c`ntbr D
O`gd`r 6.?. Yflo`ruj pfrud`j`l c`ntbr @ hmdfrmn`l bkfj @+D- ‘ @-D-, h`l pflo`ruj pfrud`j`l c`ntbr D
hmdfrmn`l bkfj @-D+ ‘ @-D-. N`rfl` `h` nfs`k`j`l fnspfrmgflt`k, hmmlomln`l ultun gflo`gdmk hu`
hmdfrmn`l bkfj @-D+ ‘ @-D-. N`rfl` `h` nfs`k`j`l fnspfrmgflt`k, hmmlomln`l ultun gflo`gdmk hu`
pflo`g`t`l
pflo`g`t`l,
, p`h`
p`h` sftm`p
sftm`p nbgdml`sm
nbgdml`sm pfrk`nu`l
pfrk`nu`l h`l
h`l gfgpfrnmr`n
gfgpfrnmr`n`l
`l fcfn
fcfn h`rm
h`rm c`ntbr-c`ntbr
c`ntbr-c`ntbr gflooul`n
gflooul`n`l
`l
t`loo`p`l r`t`-r`t`. Hflo`l hfgmnm`l, tbt`k fl`g
t`loo`p`l r`t`-r`t`. Hflo`l hfgmnm`l, tbt`k fl`g pflo`g`t`l hmpfrkun`l
pflo`g`t`l hmpfrkun`l.
.

9. Emn` pfrabd``l c`ntbrm`k tfk`j hmk`nun`l, nbgdml`sm pflobd`t`l t`gd`j`l,@+D+, `n`l hm`gdmk. Qfn`r`lo,
Emn` pfrabd``l c`ntbrm`k tfk`j hmk`nun`l, nbgdml`sm pflobd`t`l t`gd`j`l,@+D+, `n`l hm`gdmk. Qfn`r`lo,
j`ly` hflo`l fgp`t pflo`g`t`l, hu` pfrnmr``l fcfn @ h`p`t hmdu`t5 @+ D- ‘ @-D- h`l @+ D+ ‘ @-D+.
j`ly` hflo`l fgp`t pflo`g`t`l, hu` pfrnmr``l fcfn @ h`p`t hmdu`t5 @+ D- ‘ @-D- h`l @+ D+ ‘ @-D+.
Hfgmnm`l puk`, hu` pfrnmr``l fcfn D h`p`t hmdu`t. Nfhu` pfrnmr``l h`rm g`smlo-g`smlo fcfn ut`g` mlm h`p`t
Hfgmnm`l puk`, hu` pfrnmr``l fcfn D h`p`t hmdu`t. Nfhu` pfrnmr``l h`rm g`smlo-g`smlo fcfn ut`g` mlm h`p`t
hmr`t`-r`t`n`l ultun gfloj`smkn`l fcfn ut`g` r`t`-r`t` y`lo s`g` pfrsmsly` hflo`l y`lo dfr`s`k h`rm
hmr`t`-r`t`n`l ultun gfloj`smkn`l fcfn ut`g` r`t`-r`t` y`lo s`g` pfrsmsly` hflo`l y`lo dfr`s`k h`rm
fnspfrmgfl c`ntbr tuloo`k, tft`pm j`ly` fgp`t pflo`g`t`l tbt`k y`lo hmpfrkun`l h`l n`gm `n`l gflo`t`n`l
fnspfrmgfl c`ntbr tuloo`k, tft`pm j`ly` fgp`t pflo`g`t`l tbt`k y`lo hmpfrkun`l h`l n`gm `n`l gflo`t`n`l
d`jw` fcmsmflsm rfk`
d`jw` fcmsmflsm rfk`tmc h`rm hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k tf
tmc h`rm hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k tfrj`h`p pfrabd``l s
rj`h`p pfrabd``l s`tu c`ntbr p`h` w`nt
`tu c`ntbr p`h` w`ntu `h`k`j (3/8) 7 0,6. Qfa`
u `h`k`j (3/8) 7 0,6. Qfa`r`
r`
ugug, fcmsmflsm rfk`tmc mlm `n`l gflmlon`t hflo`l dfrt`gd`jly` eugk`j c`ntbr, sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h`
ugug, fcmsmflsm rfk`tmc mlm `n`l gflmlon`t hflo`l dfrt`gd`jly` eugk`j c`ntbr, sfpfrtm y`lo hmtuleunn`l p`h`
O`gd`r 6.:.
O`gd`r 6.:.

10. Qmlon`tly`, d`jw` hfs`ml c`atbrm`k gfgmkmnm dfdfr`p` nfuloouk`l 5
Qmlon`tly`, d`jw` hfs`ml c`atbrm`k gfgmkmnm dfdfr`p` nfuloouk`l 5
Kfdmj fcmsmfl h`rmp`h` fnspfrmgfl s`tu c`ntbr p`h` s`tu
Kfdmj fcmsmfl h`rmp`h` fnspfrmgfl s`tu c`ntbr p`h` s`tu w`ntu.
w`ntu.
Hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k hmpfrkun`l nftmn` mltfr`nsm gulonml `h` ultun gflojmlh`rm nfsmgpuk`l y`lo gflyfs`tn`l.
Hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k hmpfrkun`l nftmn` mltfr`nsm gulonml `h` ultun gflojmlh`rm nfsmgpuk`l y`lo gflyfs`tn`l.
Hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k gfgulonmln`l fcfn h`rm su`tu
Hfs`ml c`ntbrm`k gfgulonmln`l fcfn h`rm su`tu c`ntbr ultun hmpfrnmr`n`l p`h` dfdfr`p` tmlon`t
c`ntbr ultun hmpfrnmr`n`l p`h` dfdfr`p` tmlon`t c`ntbr k`mlly`,
c`ntbr k`mlly`,
gfloj`smkn`
gfloj`smkn`l nfsmgpuk`l y`lo
l nfsmgpuk`l y`lo v`kmh p`h`
v`kmh p`h` dfrd`o`m nblhmsm fnspfrmgflt`k.
dfrd`o`m nblhmsm fnspfrmgflt`k.

11. K@LON@J VEM @LBS@ HV@ C@NXBT
K@LON@J VEM @LBS@ HV@ C@NXBT

12. 4. Gfk`nun`l Vem Qt`tmstmn
4. Gfk`nun`l Vem Qt`tmstmn

13. VT@M@L TVGVQ5
VT@M@L TVGVQ5
Hmg`l` dd `h`k`j eugk`j d`rms, nn `h`k`j eugk`j nbkbg h`l XX `h`k`j tbt`k lmk`m
Hmg`l` dd `h`k`j eugk`j d`rms, nn `h`k`j eugk`j nbkbg h`l XX `h`k`j tbt`k lmk`m
pflo`g`t`l
pflo`g`t`l.
.