bones the skull anatomy anterior view

1. ANTERIOR VIEW
Dr. ASAID HEZAM
PRESENTED BY:
THE SKULL
BONES

2. CONTENTS
CRANIALBONES
FRONTAL BONE
SPHENOID BONE
ETHEMOID BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
FACIAL BONES
NASAL BONE
VOMER BONE
INFERIOR BONE
MAXILLA BONE
MANDIBLE BONE

3. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• is a cranial bone that surrounds and protects the anterior
portion of brain.
FRONTAL BONE ( os frontale ) .

4. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE

5. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• It is divided into vertical and horizontal parts.
• The vertical or squamous part (squama frontalis) is a broad,
flattened extension that forms the forehead

6. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• The horizontal or orbital part (pars orbitalis) consists of two
plates that form the roofs of the orbits and nasal cavities

7. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• The Superciliary arch or supraorbital ridge (arcus superciliaris
frontalis) is a smooth, arched, elevation above the orbit, which
forms the eyebrow ridge.

8. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• The glabella (glabella frontalis) is a smooth prominence
located above the nasal bones (or nose) and between the
superciliary arches (or eyebrow arches).

9. CRANIAL BONES
• The supraorbital notch or foramen (incisura supraobitalis
frontalis; foramen supra-orbitae frontalis) is a notch or small
hole located along the superior margin of the orbit. It serves as
a passageway for the supraorbital vessels and nerve.
FRONTAL BONE

10. CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
• The orbital surface or plate (facies orbitalis frontalis) is a
horizontal extension that forms the roof of the orbit and nasal
cavity.

11. CRANIAL BONES
• The zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus frontalis) is an
inferior extension of the squamous part of the frontal bone that
joins with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone.
FRONTAL BONE

12. CRANIAL BONES
• The Frontal sinus (sinus frontalis) is a large cavity located
above the orbit and deep to the superciliary arch.
• The cavity secretes mucous into the nasal cavity, lightens the
skull, and resonates the voice.
FRONTAL BONE

13. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE (os sphenoidale ).
SPHENOID BONE
• The Sphenoid bone (os sphenoidale; Gr., sphen – wedge + eidos –
form) is a butterfly-shaped cranial bone that is located in the
middle of the skull between the frontal and temporal bones.
• Sphenoid bone primarily consists of a centrally positioned body,
which surrounds and protects the pituitary gland, and two sets of
lateral, wing-like extensions called the greater and lesser wings.
• A pair of pterygoid processes (processus pterygoideus) extends
from the inferior surface of the sphenoid bone, near the junction of
the body and greater wings. They provide attachment for some of
the chewing and swallowing muscles.

14. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE

15. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Body (corpus sphenoidalis) is the cuboid-shape center portion
of the sphenoid bone. It contains the sphenoid sinuses and a
large depression for the pituitary gland.

16. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Lesser wing (ala minor sphenoidalis) is the smaller of two
wing-like lateral extensions that arise from the sides of the
sphenoid body. The lesser wings are flattened, triangular in
shape, and located above and anterior to the greater wings.

17. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Greater wing (ala major sphenoidalis) is the larger of two
wing-like lateral extensions that arise from the sides of the
sphenoid body. The greater wings curve upward, laterally, and
backward to form a portion of the prominent middle cranial
fossa.

18. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Orbital surface of the greater wing (facies orbitalis
sphenoidalis) is the smooth, anterior portion the greater wing.
It is quadrilateral-shaped (four sides) and forms a portion of the
posterior wall of the orbit.

19. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Optic canal or foramen (canalis opticus or foramen opticum
sphenoidalis) is an opening in the lesser wing that transmits the
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.

20. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Superior orbital fissure (Fissura orbitalis superior sphenoidalis)
is an narrow opening between the lesser and greater wings in
the posterior orbit. It transmits the oculomotor, trochlear,
trigeminal, and abducens nerves.

21. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Foramen rotundum: is a round hole in the anteromedial portion
of the greater wing. It gives passage to the maxillary nerve
branch of the trigeminal nerve.

22. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Foramen ovale (foramen ovale sphenoidalis) is an oval hole in
the posterior portion of the greater wing. It is the passageway
for the mandibular nerve ( a branch of the trigeminal nerve),
accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve, and emissary
veins.

23. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Foramen spinosum (foramen spinosum sphenoidalis) is a small
opening posterior to the foramen ovale that transmits the
middle meningeal artery and the meningeal branch of the
mandibular nerve.

24. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Chiasmatic groove or sulcus (sulcus chiasmaticus or sulcus
prechiasmaticus sphenoidalis) is a narrow, transverse
depression that runs between the optic canals. The optic nerves
pass along this groove before they partially decussate (cross or
intersect) at the optic chiasm.

25. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Anterior clinoid process (processus clinoideus anterior
sphenoidalis) is a posterior projection from each lesser wing.
They are attachment sites for the tentorium cerebelli (dura
mater), which separates the cerebellum from the inferior
occipital lobes of the brain. The processes also help enclose
and protect the pituitary gland.

26. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Sella turcica (sella turcica sphenoidalis; L. Turkish saddle) is a
depression on the upper part of the body. It houses the pituitary
gland (hypophysis) and consists of the hypophyseal fossa,
dorsum sellae, tuberculum sellae, and posterior clinoid
processes.

27. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Hypophyseal fossa (fossa hypophysialis sphenoidalis) is the
depression in which the pituitary gland sits.

28. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Tuberculum sellae (tuberculum sellae sphenoidalis) is the
raised anterior edge of the sella turcica, which is located just
posterior the chiasmatic groove.

29. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Dorsum sellae (dorsum sallae sphenoidalis) is the square-
shaped posterior wall of the sella turcica.

30. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Posterior clinoid process (processus clinoideus posterior
sphenoidalis) is a small, lateral extension from each side of the
dorsum sellae. The left and right clinoid processes help enclose the
posterior wall of the sella turcica around the pituitary gland and
give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli region of the dura mater.

31. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Pterygoid process (processus pterygoideus sphenoidalis) is an
inferior extension from the junction of the sphenoid body and
greater wing. Each pterygoid process consists of two, thin, vertical
plates (Gr., pterygodes – wing shaped). The plates are fused
anteriorly and separated by a cleft posteriorly.

32. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Lateral pterygoid plate (lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei
sphenoidalis) is lateral of two plates that form the pterygoid
process. It is the attachment point for the lateral and medial
pterygoid muscles, which move the mandible while chewing.

33. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Medial pterygoid plate (lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
sphenoidalis) is the narrower, longer plate of pterygoid process.
Its medial surface gives support to the posterior opening of the
nasal cavity.

34. CRANIAL BONES
SPHENOID BONE
• Pterygoid hamulus (hamulus pterygoideus sphenoidalis) is a hook-like
inferior extension of the medial pterygoid plate. The hamulus acts like
a pulley for the gliding movements of the tendon for the tensor veli
palatini muscle. This muscle tenses or elevates the soft palate during
the swallowing process so food does not enter the nasopharynx.

35. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• The ethmoid bone (Gr., ethmos – sieve) is a spongy, cuboid-
shaped cranial bone located at the top of the nasal cavity and
between the two orbits.
• It primarily consists of two lateral masses (containing the
ethmoid air cells or ethmoid sinuses) and several projections
that extend into the nasal cavity and cranial floor.
ETHMOID BONE ( os ethmoidale ).

36. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE

37. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Orbital plate (or orbital lamina, lami-na papyracea) – thin plate
along the lateral margin of the ethmoid labyrinth (or lateral
mass); forms part of the medial wall of the orbit.

38. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Perpendicular plate – thin vertical plate that extends down into
nasal cavity; articulates with vomer bone to form bony nasal
septum.

39. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Middle turbinate (or middle concha, plural = conchae) – thin
plate that extends down into nasal cavity lateral to
perpendicular plate; covered with mucous membrane, which
warms, moistens, and cleans inhaled air.

40. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Superior turbinate – (or superior con-cha) – short, thin, plate
that extends down into the nasal cavity just above the middle
turbinate; serves same functions as middle turbinate.

41. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Lateral mass (or ethmoid labyrinth) – region of bone lateral to
perpendicular plate; contains many mucous-lined air cells (the
ethmoid sinuses) that open into nasal cavity.

42. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Cribriform plate (L., cribum = sieve) – a horizontal plate (or
lamina) in cranial floor and roof of nasal cavity that articulates
with the frontal bone.

43. CRANIAL BONES
ETHMOID BONE
• Crista galli (or L. crest of the cock) – thin vertical plate that
extends up from cribiform plate; attachment point for the falx
cerebri (= part of the connective tissues that surround and
protect the brain).

44. FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC BONE
• The zygomatic bones (Gr., zygoma – yoke) are two facial
bones that form the cheeks and the lateral walls of the orbits.
• They are also commonly referred to a as the cheekbones or
malar bones (L., mala – the cheek). Each zygomatic bone
articulates with the temporal bone, frontal bone, maxilla, and
sphenoid bones.
ZYGOMATIC BONE ( os zygomaticum).

45. FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC BONE

46. FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC BONE
• Frontal process (or frontosphenoidal process) – projection that
articulates with frontal and sphenoid bones.
• Frontal process (or frontosphenoidal process) – projection that
articulates with frontal and sphenoid bones.

47. FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC BONE
• Orbital process – projection that forms lateral wall (and part of
floor) of orbit.
• Temporal process – projection that articulates with zygomatic
process of temporal bone to form zygomatic arch.

48. FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC BONE
• Maxillary process – projection that articulates with maxilla
bone.
• Maxillary process – projection that articulates with maxilla
bone.

49. FACIAL BONES
LACRIMAL BONE
• The lacrimal bone (L., lacrima – tear) is a small facial bone
that forms a portion of the anterior medial wall of the orbit.
LACRIMAL BONE ( os lacrimale ).

50. FACIAL BONES
LACRIMAL BONE
• Lacrimal fossa (or lacrimal sulcus; fossa for lacrimal sac) –
depression along the junction of the lacrimal bone and maxilla
bone that holds the lacrimal sac; tears formed by the sac drain
through a duct into the nasal cavity.

51. FACIAL BONES
LACRIMAL BONE
• Orbital plate (or orbital surface) – thin plate of bone that forms
a portion of the medial wall of the orbit posterior to lacrimal
fossa.

52. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
NASAL BONE ( os nasale ).
INFERIOR TURBINATE ( concha nasalis inferior ).
VOMER BONE ( os vomer ).
• Compared to the maxilla and mandible, the image
descriptionother facial bones are relatively small and have few
distinctive markings.
• Some of the smallest are the two nasal bones, two inferior
turbinates (nasal conchae), and the single vomer bone.

53. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES

54. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• Nasal bones – are two small bones that form the bridge of the
nose.
• Vomer bone – a thin bone that runs vertically along the midline
of the nasal cavity.

55. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• Inferior tuberinates (or nasal conchae; sing., concha) – are two
thin bones that extend into the nasal cavity from the lateral
walls of the maxilla bones.

56. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• Vomer bone – (L., – plowshare) – a thin, plow-shaped bone.
The vertical plate of the vomer bone articulates with the
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the bony nasal
septum. The septum separates the nasal cavity into two halves
called nasal fossae.

57. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• Inferior turbinates – are two, small bones that extend into the nasal
cavity from the walls of the maxilla bones. Because of their curved
shape, the turbinates are also called nasal conchae (L., concha –
shell and Gr., konche – mussel or cockle). A thick layer of mucous
membrane lines the turbinates, and the secreted mucus helps warm,
humidify, and filter the air as it travels through the nasal cavity.

58. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• The vomer bone is primarily composed of a vertical plate and two
small horizontal extensions.
• The vertical plate divides the nasal cavity into left and right
chambers. It also partitions the posterior opening to the pharynx into
left and right choanae (singular; choana) or posterior nares (singular;
naris).

59. FACIAL BONES
NASAL, VOMER, AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (CONCHA) BONES
• The alae (singular; ala) are small, wing-like horizontal (or
lateral) plates that articulate with the sphenoid bone.

60. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• The two maxilla or maxillary bones (maxillae, plural) form the
upper jaw (L., mala, jaw).
• Each maxilla has four processes (frontal, zygomatic, alveolar,
and palatine) and helps form the orbit, roof of the mouth, and
the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
MAXILLA BONE ( os maxilla ).

61. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE

62. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Body – central portion of maxilla.
• Orbital surface (process) – posterior extension from body that
forms much of orbit floor.

63. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Frontal process – upward extension from body that projects
toward frontal bone.
• Zygomatic process – lateral extension from body that projects
toward zygomatic bone.

64. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Infraorbital foramen – prominent hole located inferior to orbit;
passageway for infraorbital nerve and blood vessels.
• Inferior orbital fissure – slit-like opening that runs along floor of
orbit between maxilla and sphenoid bones; passageway for
maxillary nerve and infraorbital vessels.

65. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Anterior nasal spine – small anterior projection from floor of
nasal cavity.
• Alveolar process (margin, ridge, bor-der) – inferior extension
that contains sockets (alveoli) for teeth.

66. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Maxillary sinuses – two large, pyramidal-shape cavities located
in the body of the maxilla bone. Each is lined by mucous
membrane, and the mucous secretions drain into the mid-lateral
wall of the nasal cavity through a small opening called an ostium.

67. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Palatine process – horizontal plate that forms anterior a portion
of the hard palate (= nasal cavity floor / roof of mouth.

68. FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA BONE
• Incisive fossa – depression along the junction of the two maxillae
bones, just posterior to the incisors. It is the opening for the small
incisive canals (or foramina) that carry the nasopalatine nerves
and branches of greater palatine arteries into the nasal cavity.

69. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• The Mandible (L., mandere – to chew) is the facial bone that
forms the lower jaw and contains the lower teeth.
• It consists of right and left halves that fuse together early in
life. The anterior portion of the mandible, called the body, is
horseshoe-shaped and runs horizontally.
• At the posterior ends of the body are two vertical or
perpendicular extensions called rami (singular; ramus).
MANDIBLE BONE ( os mandibula ).

70. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE

71. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Ramus – the posterior vertical portion of mandible.
• Body – the horseshoe-shaped, anterior portion of mandible.
• Angle – the region of mandible where the ramus and body join.

72. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Condylar (condyloid) process – the posterior extension of the
mandibular ramus, consisting of a narrow neck and a rounded
head.

73. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mandibular condyle – rounded head of the condylar process;
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone at
the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

74. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Coronoid process – sharply angled anterior extension from the
mandibular ramus; attachment point for the temporalis muscle.

75. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mandibular notch – prominent down-ward curvature between
the condylar and coronoid processes.

76. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mandibular foramen – opening on the medial surface of the
ramus; passageway for the inferior alveolar nerve and artery,
which supply the lower teeth.

77. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mylohyoid ridge (line) – ridge along medial surface of body
and lower ramus; attachment point for the mylohyoid muscle.

78. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Alveolar process (margin, ridge, border) – superior aspect of
the body that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the lower teeth.
• Alveolar process (margin, ridge, border) – inferior extension
that contains sockets (alveoli) for lower teeth.

79. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mental foramen – hole on the anterior aspect of mandible
below the second premolar; passageway for the mental nerves
and vessels, which exit and supply the chin and low lip.

80. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mental protuberance – raised, triangular-shaped eminence on
the lower anterior surface.

81. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mental tubercle – raised bases of the mental protuberance.
• Mental foramen – hole on the anterior aspect of the bone below
the second premolar; passageway for the mental nerve and
vessels.

82. FACIAL BONES
MANDIBLE BONE
• Mental foramen – hole on the anterior aspect of the bone below
the second premolar; passageway for the mental nerve and
vessels.

83. REFERNCES
• Human anatomy,
• head & neck anatomy,
• atlas anatomy.
• Getbodysmart.com
• netter`s head and neck anatomy.