Adolescent Life Style, Health and Well-being: A Study among Indian Adolescents

1. Adolescent Life Style, Health and Well-being:
A Study among Indian Adolescents
Arun Pratap Singh, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology,
Zakir Husain College,
University of Delhi,
Delhi
E-mail: jyotiarun13@gmail.com

2. Context of the Study
• Adolescent- major segment (21.4% of population)
• Traditionally perceived healthy, but their lives becoming
vulnerable
• Multiple changes: emerging culture - consumerism and
individualism, plethora of choices by persuasive media,
parental aspirations, peer time, availability of unhealthy items,
competition (Larson et al., 2002)
• Major concerns: diet, sleep, leisure, addiction, violence,
sexuality
• Most severely jeopardized by risky actions, than by germs,
viruses, degenerative diseases and the like (Verma &
Saraswathi, 2002)
• Situation alarming but systematic study lacked (Hans &
Majan, 1998; Kaila, 2003)

3. • Initiatives for life style changes by many developed countries
and WHO remain segmental (Larson, et al., 2002)
• In India, life style issues largely unattended (Hans, 1994)
• Need for cost-effective ways to provide health care to huge
adolescent population (Ponnuswami, 2000)
• Prevention & promotion need proactive and efficient strategies
• Plasticity and potential for change during adolescence offering
an opportunity (Newton, 1995)
• Potential of School interventions for health promotion (Perry
& Jessor, 1985; Tiwari et al., 2007; Yarcheski, Mahon &
Yarcheski, 1997)
• Relevance of eastern perspectives and practices for
promoting health (Abadi et al., 2008; Kakar, 2003;
Palsane, 1998; Sharma, Gupta & Bijlani, 2008; Sharma &
Sharma, 2008)

4. Objectives
• Understand adolescent life style concerns
• Investigate viability of life style related
predictors of adolescent health and well being
• Evaluate impact of positive life style changes on
their health and well being

5. Study I
• Purpose: describe prevalence and pattern of life
style among adolescents
• Hypothesis: There would be difference in pattern of
life style among male and female adolescents of
different age-groups from rural, urban and metro
settings.

6. Method of Study I: Participants
Background
Variables
Categories Number Percent
Gender Boy
Girl
750
750
50..0
50..0
Age-group 12-14
15-16
17-18
817
458
225
54..5
30..5
15..0
Ecological context Metro
Urban
Rural
500
500
500
33..3
33..3
33..3
Parent’s income Less than Rs 5000
Rs 5000-15000
More than Rs 15000
752
546
202
50..1
36..4
13..5
Religion Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
Jain
Baudha
Other
1121
172
47
126
23
5
6
74..7
11..5
3.1
8.4
1..5
..3
.4
Caste SC
S T
O B C
General
371
62
370
697
24..7
4.1
24..7
46..5
School grade VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
364
145
329
287
158
24..3
9.7
21...9
19..1
10..5

7. Method of Study I: Design
Groups Residential setting Total
Metro Urban Rural
Gender Boy 250 250 250 750
Girl 250 250 250 750
Total 500 500 500 1500

8. Method of Study I: Measures
• Background information sheet :setting, gender,
developmental stage, SES, caste, religion, class
• Indian Adolescent Life Style Survey: initial
drafting based on experiences of adolescents shared
during small group discussions, existing measures and
advice of experts including developmental
psychologists, school counselors, and practitioners of
Yoga and Ayurveda. pre-tested on a small sample (n
= 50)
It covered dietary habits, sleep habits, religiosity,
physical activity, leisure time use, daily routine,
physical violence, suicidal attempts, sexual risk,
substance abuse. Assessment limited to the usual or
last week, and preceding year to minimize recall
biases.

9. Results of study 1: Prevalence
• Dietary habits:
bakery items (46.9%), fast foods (47.4%), cold
drinks (44%) > once/week;
Less intake of green salads (19.5%) seasonal
fruits(17.5%), green vegetables (10.9%),than milk
(25.2%), fruit juice (33.3%) for > once/week
Eating without appropriate hunger (74%), eating
hurriedly (58.6%)
• Sleep habits: common phenomenon late
sleeping (77.5%)
• Religiosity: visiting religious places (61.4%),
listening hymns (54.9%), reciting mantra (53.7%),
reading scriptures (53.3%), meditation (49.4%),
and attending satsanga (42.6%) performed
monthly or more

10. • Leisure time use:
(a) Inactive- chatting on mobile’(70.3%), surfing
internet (66.2%), listening fast music (63.1%),
watching TV/Cinema (58.1%), videogame
(57.3%), reading newspapers (54.4%), performed
>once/week but relaxed- listening classical music
(33.9%), participating cultural event (29.9%) >
once a week
• Daily routine: Yoga (37.7%), physical exercise
(39.6%), getting up before sunrise (61.7%) less
prevalent than bathing (87.4%)
• Physical fights: 93% often
• Sexual risk behaviors: sexual intercourse (7%),
using protective sex (3%)
• Substance abuse: Pan masala (5%), alcohol
(1.3%)

11. Study 1Results
Pattern of Life Style among
Adolescents: Residential differences
• Rural adolescence marked by higher consumption of
bakery items, TV viewing, fast music listening, least
intake of healthy food items and least cultural
participation
• Urban adolescence featured by greater use of internet,
videogame, least practice of Yoga and least intake of
fruits and fruit juice
• Metro adolescent lives marred by hurried eating,
irregular eating and sleep, physical fights, least
religious behaviors, late rising

12. Study 1Results
Pattern of Life Style among
Adolescents: Gender variations
• Female adolescent lives endangered by higher
consumption of bakery items, irregular sleep,
less participation in sports, games, Yoga and
physical exercise
• Male adolescent life characterized by listening
of fast music, violence, less religious behaviors
and cultural participation

13. Study 1Results
Pattern of Life Style among
Adolescents: Developmental concerns
• Early adolescent: TV viewing, physical
fights, less games and sports
• Middle adolescent: consumption of bakery
items, higher use of internet, inactive leisure,
• Late adolescent: excessive cold drink, late
sleeping, late rising, least religious
involvement,

14. Study 1
Risk Behaviors: X² Analysis
• Suicidal attempt prevalent more among rural
boys than their counterparts, among urban girls
than other girls
• Sexual victimization higher among urban girls
• Opposite gender friendship, pre marital sexual
intercourse, contraceptive – higher in metro
adolescents, and boys
• substance abuse higher among urban
adolescents

15. Discussion on Study 1
• Conspicuous prevalence of hurried eating,
consumption of unfavorable food items (bakery
items, fast food, cold drink), late sleeping, inactive
leisure (mobile, videogame, TV, internet), suicidal
attempts and violence –a regretful state
• In contrary, lesser prevalence of positive food items
in line with previous studies (Kapil et al., 1993;
Srivastava et al., 1997)
• Considerable proportions also engaged in substance
abuse, sexual risky behaviors (Hans & Mahajan,
1994; Mathai, et al., 1997)
•

16. Discussion on Study 1
• Socio-cultural influences shaping life style; rural
with traditional, urban in transition, metro with sense
of rapidity
• Late metro adolescents most susceptible
• gender variation reflects role of societal perceptions,
gender discrimination, importance of values in
rearing of female children
• Change towards less self-regulation spawned by
consumerism reflecting role of media, peer and
culture
• Possibility of different health outcomes related to life
style

17. Study II
• Objective: Examine significant life style
variables contributing for adolescent health and
well being
• Hypothesis: Positive life style would relate
positively and contribute to positive measures of
health and negatively associate and explain for
negative measures of health.
• Sample: 308 school adolescents from rural, urban
and metro settings.

18. Measures
• Indian adolescent life style survey: as used in study 1
• Adolescent Health Questionnaire: 61 items measuring
illness, insomnia, digestibility, physical fitness, body
image, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, goal clarity,
adjustment, alienation, empathy, positive virtues,
academic competence, hopefulness and optimism.
Cronback Alpha=0.89 (N=100). sufficient correlation
with another scale of Quality of Life (WHOQOL)
0.55 as criterion for the validity of the scale.
• WHOQOL-BREF: 18 items used for evaluating
impact of intervention on positive feelings, negative
feelings, self esteem, financial resources, safety and
security, personal relationships, cognitive resources.
5-point scale

19. Results: Life style Predictors
Table. Summary of Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis for Dimensions of Life Style
Predicting the Different Components of Health, Well Being and Their Overall Scores
Criterion
Variables
Predictor
Variables β R
Adj.
R2 t
Chang
e in R2
F for
Chang
e in R2
Physical Health
Illness Model I. Dietary habit -.20 .20 .03 -2.66**
Model II. Dietary habit
Daily routine
-.13
-.19
.27 .05 -1.54
-2.34*
.03 5.47*
Insomnia Model I. Daily routine -.19 .19 .03 -2.51**
Physical fitness Model I. Sleep habit .16 .16 .02 2.22*
Model II. Sleep habit
Religiosity
.12
.17
.23 .04 1.46
2.10*
.03 4.44*
Model III. Sleep habit
Religiosity
Daily routine
.06
.10
.22
.31 .08 .69
1.33
2.70
.04 7.32**

20. Table. Summary of Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis for Dimensions of Life Style
Predicting the Different Components of Health, Well Being and Their Overall Scores
Criterion
Variables
Predictor
Variables β R
Adj.
R2 t
Chang
e in R2
F for
Chang
e in R2
Psychological
Health
Negative body image
Model I. Dietary intake
Model II. Dietary intake
Sleep habit
-.23
-.16
-.23
.23
.32
.05
.09
-3.12**
-2.00*
-2.90**
.04 8.44**
Self esteem Model I. Dietary intake .22 .22 .04 2.96**
Model II. Dietary intake
Sleep habit
.15
.21
.29 .08 1.91*
2.68**
.04 7.23**
Depression Model I. Dietary intake -.16 .16 .02 -2.06*
Model II. Dietary intake
Daily routine
-.03
-.30
.32 .09 -.30
-3.76***
.08 14.15***
Anxiety Model I. Sleep habit -.21 .20 .04 -2.79**
Model II. Sleep habit
Daily routine
-.14
-.19
.28 .06 -1.79
-2.40
.03 5.76**
Goal clarity Model I. Sleep habit .19 .20 .03 2.62**
Social Health
Adjustment Model I. Religiosity .19 .04 .03 2.58**
Empathy Model I. Dietary intake .19 .20 .03 2.60**
Alienation Model I. Dietary habit
Model II. Dietary habit
Dietary intake
Model III. Dietary habit
Dietary intake
Religiosity
-.19
-.10
-.28
-.04
-.24
-.16
.19
.32
.35
.03
.09
.11
-2.47**
-1.35
-3.61***
-.51
-3.08**
-2.00*
.07
.02
13.05***
4.02*
Academic
Competence
Academic competence
Model I. Dietary intake
Model II. Dietary intake
Sleep habit
.25
.19
.17
.25
.29
.06
.08
3.40***
2.50**
2.12
.02 4.52*

21. Table. Summary of Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis for Dimensions of Life Style
Predicting the Different Components of Health, Well Being and Their Overall Scores
Criterion
Variables
Predictor
Variables β R
Adj.
R2 t
Chang
e in R2
F for
Chang
e in R2
Well Being
Hopefulness Model I. Dietary habit .19 .19 .03 2.59**
Model II. Dietary habit
Daily routine
.12
.17
.25 .05 1.55
2.14*
.02 4.58*
Optimism Model I. Dietary
intake
.19 .19 .03 2.57**
Model II. Dietary
intake
Daily routine
.11
.19
.26 .06 1.34
2.33*
.03 5.43*
Quality of Life Model I. Dietary habit
Model II. Dietary habit
Sleep habit
Model III. Dietary habit
Sleep habit
Daily routine
.23
.18
.16
.07
.12
.43
.23
.28
.50
.05
.07
.24
3.70***
2.74**
2.39*
1.13
1.92*
7.30***
.02
.17
5.71*
53.31***
Total Health and Well
being
Model I. Dietary habit
Model II. Dietary habit
Dietary intake
Model III. Dietary habit
Dietary intake
Sleep habit
Model IV. Dietary habit
Dietary intake
Sleep habit
Daily routine
.17
.08
.28
.02
.22
.20
-.06
.12
.14
.34
.17
.31
.36
.47
.02
.09
.12
.20
2.22*
1.10
3.62***
.33
2.88**
2.54*
-.78
1.53
1.92
4.31
.07
.03
.09
13.16***
6.47**
18.59***

22. Discussion on study II
• Dietary habit predicted hope, quality of life, global
health index, alienation, illness
• Food consumption predicted self-esteem, empathy,
academic competence, optimism, global health index,
body image, depression and alienation.
• Sleep habits predicted fitness, self esteem, goal clarity,
academic competence, quality of life, global health
index, body image and anxiety
• Religiosity predicted fitness adjustment and alienation
• Daily routine predicted illness, insomnia, depression,
anxiety, fitness, hope, optimism, quality of life, and
global health index

23. Study III
• Objectives:
Evaluate effect of positive life style changes on measures
of health and well being
Assess persistence of positive life style changes through a
follow-up inquiry
• Setting: a residential school due to (a) manipulation of
routine of the students (b) accommodation facilities for
proper conduct of the intervention (c) opportunity for
individual monitoring of life style changes (d) support of the
school staff. In a residential school located in a semi-urban
setting.
• Design of the study: 2X2, type of the group (experimental
and control group) X Gender matched Pretest-Posttest
Control-group design

24. Sample
Table1. Socio-demographic Characteristics of the participants (N=100)
Variables Number Percent
Gender Boy
Girl
50
50
50
50
Age-range 12-14
15-16
17-18
44.0
24.0
32.0
44.0
24.0
32.0
Ecological
setting
Urban
Rural
40
60
40
60
Parent’s
income
< Rs 5000
Rs 5000-15000
> Rs 15000
40.0
48.0
12.0
40.0
48.0
12.0
Religion Hindu
Muslim
92.0
8.0
92.0
8.0
Caste SC
ST
OBC
General
20.0
8.0
4.0
68.0
20.0
8.0
4.0
68.0
School grade VII
VIII
IX
XI
28.0
16.0
8.0
48.0
28.0
16.0
8.0
48.0

25. Measures
• Adolescent Health Questionnaire: as used in
study II
• WHOQOL-BREF: as used in study II
• Life Style Change Inventory: consisted life
style variables covered by intervention
programme, indicate frequency during a usual
week on 7-point scale
• Semi-structured interview schedule: items
related to relationships, health concerns, life
style related experiences, perceptions, reasons
for participation

26. Development of LSIP
• objectives
(a) inform for role of life style
(b) persuade and assist for life style change,
(c) administer feasible Yoga training programme
(d) evaluate the efficacy of LSIP
• Integrated module based on the insights from
research literature, personal experiences, and
learning during the course of two studies
• Involved practical issues; school routine, availability
and capability of students
• Procedure based on theoretical insights

27. Theoretical Framework of LSIP
Stages/ steps Strategy Activities Process Goal
(1) Preparation
(a) Rapport
Formation
(b) Formation of
awareness
---------
Providing
cognitive
input
-----------
Discourse
dealing with
unhealthy and
healthy life style
practices in the
light of current
concerns
------------
Cognitive
dissonance
---------
Making the
participants to
know about
positive effects
of changing their
life style
(2) Introduction
(a)Persuasion Observational
learning
Showing the
films, and power
point
presentations
about role
models (i.e.,
actors, sport
persons)
Modeling Persuading the
adolescents to
consider the
change
(b)Orientation Perceptual
change
Addressing the
pros and cons of
benefits and
barriers of
changing life
style,
Motivated
Reasoning
Inducing the
readiness for
change in the life
style
(3)
Implementation
(a) Training
Reward for
change
Giving positive
personal regards
for participating
in the
intervention
Reinforcement Compliance for
change
(b)Persistence Approval Vedio recording
of last session,
participation of
principal and
teachers of the
school, appraisal
by principal
Recognition and
affiliation
Continue with
change in the life
style

28. Module of Life Style Intervention
Table The Components of LSIP, Duration and Mode of Checking Compliance
Components Duration Number of days Mode of checking
compliance
Dietary habits
1.Proper chewing of food NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
2. Avoiding Water during meals NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
Dietary Intake
3. Avoiding tea/coffee NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
4. Avoiding fast foods and cold
drinks
NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
Sleep Habits
5. Sleeping before 10 p.m. NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
6. Waking before sunrise NA 15 *Self and personal monitoring
Yoga
7. Physical postures (Asana) 5 minutes 15 * Self and attendance
8. Deep breathing 5 minutes 15 *Self and attendance
9. Meditation and relaxation 10 minutes 15 *Self and attendance
Religiosity 15 minutes 15 *Self and attendance
10. Chanting Mantras 5 minutes 15 *Self and attendance

29. Components of Yoga Training Programme
I. Initial Exercises- warm ups: starting from the toes. Ankle rotation, Knees rotation,
Waist movement, Finger movements, Arm rotation, Elbow movements, Wrist
movements, Neck rolls, Shoulder rotation,
II. Quick Relaxation in Shavasana (Corpse pose)
III. Asanas
1. Kati Mardanasana No.1 (spinal rotation)
2. Kati Mardanasana No. 2 (spinal rotation)
IV. Quick Relaxation in Shavasana (Corpse Pose)
V
.
Pranayama
1. Nadi Shodhan (Alternate nostril breathing)
2. Kapalbhati Pranayama (rapid exhalation)
VI. Quick Relaxation in Shavasana (Corpse Pose)

30. Procedure
• Phase I: Pretest (n = 40)
• Phase II ( main study)
Introduction -formal permission from authorities -
introduced during prayer session - informal interaction-
opening and interest
Preparation: discourse on current trends of positive life
style – presentation on acceptance of Yoga among
celebrities - asked for willingness and discussed pros and
cons of life style change - recruitment for the study –
matching for age, sex and grade- baseline assessment-
Implementation: training run for six days in a week for one
hour in school premises, attendance, monitoring, feedback-
video recording, control group engaged in dialogue for
same duration -Post test
In addition, 5 participants interviewed in-depth
• Phase III, follow-up after 3 months of LSIP (n = 46)

31. A Picture: Students participating in
a Yoga session of LSIP

32. Results of Study III: ANOVA Main effects
Variables Type of Group Gender Testing occasions
INT CON MS F (1,99) B G MS F
(1, 99)
PRE POST MS F
(1, 99)
Illness 20.24
(4.33)
21.26
(5.25)
13.00 1.15 21.76
(5.02)
19.74
(4.43)
51.00 4.52* 11.27
(3.02)
9.48
(2.86)
160.20 38.75***
Insomnia 7.24
(2.39)
8.08
(2.98)
8.82 2.37 7.78
(2.77)
7.54
(2.69)
.72 .19 4.18
(1.74)
3.48
(1.56)
24.50 15.2***
Digestion 14.02
(2.97)
13.72
(3.55)
1.12 .21 13.74
(3.45)
14.00
(3.10)
.84 .15 6.69
(1.99)
7.18
(1.85)
12.00 6.27*
Fitness 22.30
(3.95)
21.50
(3.96)
8.00 1.00 21.90
(3.99)
21.90
(3.96)
.00 .00 10.32
(2.72)
11.58
(2.36)
79.38 17.23***
Negative
body image
15.70
(3.93)
17.32
(4.94)
32.80 3.27 17.12
(4.54)
15.90
(4.45)
18.60 1.85 8.75
(2.94)
7.76
(2,85)
49.00 9.509**
Self-esteem 22.74
(3.61)
20.96
(4.13)
39.60 5.17* 21.60
(3.90)
22.10
(4.05)
3.12 .41 10.51
(2.49)
11.34
(2.31)
34.44 10.39**
Depression 14.84
(2.89)
16.08
(3.33)
19.22 3.90 15.22
(3.54)
15.70
(2.74)
2.88 .58 7.96
(1.99)
7.50
(1.65)
10.58 6.17*
Anxiety 15.06
(4.15)
15.46
(4.25)
2.00 .22 15.48
(4.92)
15.04
(3.33)
2.42 .27 8.30
(2.58)
6.96
(2.39)
89.78 26.91***
Goal Clarity 14.36
(3.29)
13.76
(3.01)
4.50 .89 13.70
(3.54)
14.42
(2.70)
6.48 1.29 6.82
(1.93)
7.24
(1.98)
8.82 4.04*
Adjustment 24.54
(3.54)
23.76
(3.94)
7.60 1.06 23.90
(3.97)
24.40
(3.53)
3.12 .43 11.68
(2.40)
12.47
(2.15)
31.20 10.25**

33. Results of Study III: ANOVA Main effects
Variables Type of Group Gender Testing occasions
INT CON MS F (1,99) B G MS F
(1, 99)
PRE POST MS F
(1, 99)
Alienation 13.54
(3.51)
14.60
(4.64)
14.04 1.63 14.14
(4.62)
14.00
(3.62)
.24 .03 7.49
(2.32)
6.58
(2.59)
41.40 14.08***
Empathy 14.24
(2.76)
12.92
(2.71)
21.78 5.87* 14.04
(2.72)
13.12
(2.84)
10.58 2.85 6.36
(1.67)
7.22
(1.76)
36.98 20.94***
Positive virtues 57.44
(8.25)
58.12
(8.38)
5.78 .16 58.96
(6.76)
56.60
(9.49)
69.62 2.02 27.87
(5.35)
29.91
(4
.1
5)
208.08 19.07***
Academic
competence
28.46
(4.73)
28.28
(5.91)
.40 .03 28.12
(5.96)
28.62
(4.66)
3.12 .21 13.29
(3.26)
15.08
(3.04)
160.20 33.49***
Hopefulness 29.48
(4.60)
28.12
(6.22)
23.12 1.51 29.08
(5.93)
28.52
(5.05)
3.92 .25 13.74
(3.28)
15.06
(3.08)
87.12 19.15***
Optimism 43.48
(4.79)
39.60
(6.10)
188.18 12.52** 41.34
(6.70)
41.74
(4.77)
2.00 .13 19.88
(3.43)
21.66
(3.45)
158.42 24.49***
Quality of Life 131.96
(12.05)
131.68
(13.46)
.98 .01 131.2
6
(13.5
3
)
132.3
8
(11.95
)
15.68 .19 63.06
(7.92)
68.76
(7.57)
1624.5
0
61.15***
Global Health 434.30
(39.40)
417.40
(40.19)
3570.1
2
4.42 424.3
8
(40.7
6
)
427.3
(40.58
)
108.0
4
.13 207.17
(25.23)
218.68
(23.72)
6624.0
0
27.99***

34. Results of Study III: ANOVA Interaction effects

35. Results of Study III: ANOVA Interaction effects

36. Follow-up resultsTable. The Percentage of Participants Complying for Different Components of Positive Life
Style during the Follow-up Period
Life Style
Behaviours
Boys (%) Girls (%) Total (%) X2 Values*
Avoiding water during
meals
3.138 (.371)
Never 33.3 21.7 27.3
1-2 days / week 19.0 8.7 13.6
3-4 days / week 9.5 26.1 18.2
5 to 7 / week 38.1 43.5 40.9
Avoiding fast foods 4.017(.134)
Never
1-2 days / week 8.7 4.5
3-4 days / week 8.7 4.5
5 to 7 / week 100.0 82.6 90.9
Avoiding Tea 4.518(.211)
Never 9.5 4.3 6.8
1-2 days / week 23.8 21.7 22.7
3-4 days / week 19.0 47.8 34.1
5 to 7 / week 47.6 26.1 36.4
Getting up before
sunrise
9.228(.026)
Never 21.7 11.4
1-2 days / week 2 4.5
3-4 days / week 1 17.4 11.4
5 to 7 / week 18 60.9 72.7
Sleeping before 10 pm 5.346(.148)
Never 42.9 13.0 27.3
1-2 days / week 9.5 17.4 13.6
3-4 days / week 9.5 21.7 15.9
5 to 7 / week 38.1 47.8 43.2
Yoga 2.577(.462)
Never 23.8 30.4 27.3
1-2 days / week 23.8 21.7 22.7
3-4 days / week 19.0 4.3 11.4
5 to 7 / week 33.3 43.5 38.6
Reciting mantra 1.818(.611)
Never 14.3 4.3 9.1
1-2 days / week 19.0 13.0 15.9
3-4 days / week 23.8 30.4 27.3
5 to 7 / week 42.9 52.2 47.7

37. Discussion on Study III
• Empirical evidence for holistic enhancement
in positive and reduction in negative
measures of health and well-being
• Positive Life Style changes promotive and
protective
• No gender difference in impact of life style
• Utility of intervention in a residential school
setting
• Role of context in intervention

38. General Discussion
Relevant baseline information on adolescent life style
Worrisome prevalence of inappropriate dietary habits,
unhealthy consumption (Srivastava et al., 1997), irregular
sleeping habits, less activity, inactive forms of leisure
(Archana, 2004), inappropriate daily routine, sexual
behaviors and substance abuse (Hans & Mahajan, 1994)
Distinctive concerns viewed in different contexts having
serious implications for adolescent health and well being
Gender roles reflected in some life style concerns
Residential setting mediating many life style issues but
consumerism influencing across settings
Late metro adolescent boys are highly vulnerable
dietary habit, food consumption, sleep, daily routine
major predictors

39. • LSIP effective in case of plethora of problems
related to negative body image, academic
competence, adjustment problems, and in
developing positive psychological qualities
• Follow-up indicated that higher proportion of
adolescents complied with intervention during
follow-up

40. Concluding Comments
• Adolescent life style, health and well-being in transition
• Health risks variegated but pronounced in metro
adolescents
• Adolescent health and well-being situated in eco-social
context systematically linked with life style concerns
• Need for extending the scope of adolescent health
programmes
• LSIP practical and feasible in terms of delivery and cost.
• Potential of LSIP to make unique contribution
• Effectiveness of school based intervention
• Implications planning interventions and need for
incorporating life style in school health policy
• Humble attempt illustrates feasibility of life style change

41. • Some future directions
Need for thorough investigation of role of diet and sleep
habits, religiosity
Need to include parental perspectives,
Need of integrated teaching-learning programme
Need of prospective study on life style diseases
Exploring process, barriers, attitudes underlying
compliance for change
• Life style changes persistent
• Need for cautioned interpretation; lack of randomization,
self-report, observational
• However, point to school wide intervention
• Emergence of life style counseling
• Supplements life skills education

42. • References
• Singh, A.P. (2018). Yogic care for neuro-developmental
rehabilitation. In S. Venkatesan & S.K. Gupta (Ed.) Handbook of
Research on Psychosocial Perspectives of Human Communication
Disorders (pp.249-263). Hershey, P.A., U.S.A: IGI Global. doi:
10.4018/978-1-5225-7004-2.ch013
• Singh, A.P. (2018). Lifestyle intervention at school: a review of
effectiveness, barriers, facilitators and strategies. In G. Misra (Ed.),
Psychosocial Interventions for Health and Wellbeing (pp.137-144).
New Delhi: Springer.
• Singh, A.P. & Misra, G. (2018). How to Facilitate Practice of Yogic
Life style among School Going Adolescents? Some Psychological
Learnings. International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology
and Parapsychology, 6(1), 4-9. doi:10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_27_17
• Singh, A.P & Misra, G. (2016). Gender Difference in Life Style:
Results of a Survey among Indian School Adolescents. Social
Change ,46(3) , 1-16 . doi: 10.1177/0049085716654816.

43. Refrences
• Singh, A.P. & Misra, G. (2015).Pattern of Leisure-Lifestyles in Indian
School Adolescents: Contextual influences and implications for
health concerns. Cogent psychology, 2(1), 1-11. doi:
10.1080/23311908.2015.1050779.
• Singh, Arun Pratap (2013). Life Style Counseling: Emerging
Challenges, Missing Opportunities and Future Directions for
Research. Asia Pacific Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy,
4(2), 153-162.doi: 10.1080/21507686.2013.812972.
• Singh, A.P. (2013). Yoga and parapsychology: empirical research
and theoretical studies, edited by Koneru Ramakrishna Rao. Asia
Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 103-105.
doi: 10.1080/21507686.2013.77143 .
• Singh,A.P.& Misra,G.(2012).Adolescent lifestyle in India: Prevalence
of risk and health-promotive factors. Psychology & Developing
Societies, 24(2), 145-160. doi: 10.1177/097133361202400203

44. Refrences
• Singh, A. P., & Misra, G. (2012).
Adolescent Life Style Survey [Database
record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS.
doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t28857-000

45. Refrences
• Singh, Arun Pratap (2015). Efficacy of a 4-week yogic lifestyle
education for promoting holistic health in Indian school adolescents.
Yog Mimamsa, 47(1), 22-29. doi: 10.4103/0044-0507.195455.
• Sawle, J.P., Lehakpure, R., Singh, A.P. & Jha, A.K. (2015).
Development of self-control in Gandhian Life. Indian Journal of
Social Science and Organizational Behaviour, 4 (1), 63-72.
• Singh, Arun Pratap (2015). Holism in Yoga: Some Reflections from
Yoga-sutra. International Journal of Yoga and Allied Sciences, 3(2),
61-66.
• Singh, Arun Pratap (2015). Positive Life style and Spiritual Health:
Results of a Field Experiment among School Adolescents. Indian
Journal of Social Sciences and Organizational Behavior, 3(1 & 2),
45-54.

46. Refrences…
• Singh, Arun Pratap & Jha, Arbind Kumar (2015). Adolescent health
education in India: demographic travails, contextual influences and
implications for health concerns. Indian Educational Review ,53(1),
25-38.
• Singh, A.P. & Misra, G. (2013). Life Style Counselling in School:
Emerging Implications and Future Directions. In Guidance and
Counselling: New Directions (edited by Dr. Sandhy Ojha, O.P.
Chaudhary, and Shambhu Upadhyaya).New Delhi: Shree
Publications. ISBN: 978-81-8329-522-2.

47. • Singh, A.P. (2012). Pattern of Health Behaviors among Indian
School Adolescents. Indian Journal of Social Science and
Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 9-16. ISSN: 2278-568X.
• Singh, A.P. & Misra, G.(2011). Lifestyle and Positive Health: Results
of 15-day Life Style Intervention Programme among Indian
School Adolescents. In S.K.Yadav and S.B.Yadav (Ed.) Positive
Psychology (p.269-282). New Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House.