2. Contents:
Emotions and regulation of internal body state
Neural control of emotional response pattern
Role of orbito-frontal cortex in social judgment and
emotions
Neural basis of the communication of emotions
Endocrine system and its role in emotions
3. EMOTION AN D REGULATION OF
INTERNAL BODY STATES
INTRODUCTION
PRESENTED BY
NAME: ROBEEL FATIMA
ROLL NO : 718
4. What is emotional regulation
Emotional regulation refers to the ability to control one's emotions.
We can control our emotions or our emotions can control us.
It may involve behaviors such as rethinking a challenging situation to reduce anger or anxiety,
hiding visible signs of sadness or fear, or focusing on reasons to feel happy or calm.
5. Where do emotions come from?
The limbic system is a group of interconnected structures located
deep within the brain.
It’s the part of the brain that’s responsible for behavioral and
emotional responses.
6. Hypothalamus.:
In addition to controlling emotional responses, the
hypothalamus is also involved in sexual responses, hormone
release, and regulating body temperature.
Hippocampus.
The hippocampus helps preserve and retrieve memories. It
also plays a role in how you understand the spatial dimensions of
your environment .
7. Amygdala.
The amygdala helps coordinate responses to things in your
environment, especially those that trigger an emotional response.
This structure plays an important role in fear and anger.
Limbic cortex.
This part contains two structures, the cingulate gyrus and
the parahippocampal gyrus. Together, they impact mood,
motivation, and judgement.
9. Emotions signal threats and rewards. Much like a compass that
guides us in the right direction, emotions have the power to guide
us to the right actions
Emotional regulation involves three components:
Initiating actions triggered by emotions.
Inhibiting actions triggered by emotions.
Modulating responses triggered by emotions.
10. Self-awareness
Noticing what we feel and naming it is a great step
toward emotional regulation. For example, when you
feel bad, ask yourself – Am I feeling sad, hopeless,
ashamed, or anxious?
11. PRESENTED BY:
NAME: MARIA GHAFFAR
ROLL NO: 740
CLASS; BS(PSYCHOLOGY)
Neural control of emotional
response pattern
12. Emotions
“Emotions consist of pattern of
physiological responses and species typical
behaviors.”
In human these responses are
accompanied by felling
Feelling + appropriate = Emotions
15. Emotions as response patterns
An emotions responses consists of three types of
components:
1. Behavioral components
2. Autonomic response
3. Hormonal response
16. Behavioral components:
The behavior components consists of
muscular movements that are appropriate
to situation that elicits them
For example, a dog defending its territory
against an intruder first adopts an
aggressive posture, growls , and shows its
teeth.
If the intruders do not leave, the defender
runs towards it and attacks.
17. Autonomic responses:
Autonomic responses facilitate the
behaviors and provide quick mobilization
of energy for vigorous movement.
The activity of the sympathetic branch
increase while that of the parasympathetic
branch decrease.
As a consequence, the heart rate increase ,
and circulation of the blood vessels shunt
the circulation of the blood away from the
digestive organ towards the muscles.
18. Hormonal responses:
Hormonal responses reinforce the
autonomic responses.
The hormones secretes be the adrenal
medulla, epinephrine and nor
epinephrine, increase blood flow to the
muscles and cause nutrients stored in
the muscles to be convert into glucose.
The adrenal cortex secretes steroids
hormones, which also help to make
glucose available to the muscles.
19. Charles Darwin and emotions:
Human expressions of emotions
evolved from similar expressions in
other animals.
Emotional expressions are innate,
unlearned responses consisting of a
complex set of movements,
principally of the facial muscles.
20. Charles Darwin:
Obtained evidence by observing his own
children.
Also studied across culture
Word used may be different because of
developing different language but the
emotional expressions are the same.
People in different culture used the same
pattern of movements of facial muscles to
express a particular emotional state.
21. Research Conclusion:
Expression were unlearned behavioral
patterns.
Different culture use different words but the
facial expressions are the same.
Words must be learned and not innate.
22. Another Research:
Compared the facial expressions of blind
and normally sighted children.
If expression of two groups are similar than
the expressions are natural and do not
require learning by imitation.
Results confirmed the naturalness of
expressions.
23.
24. Emotional recognition and
brain:
Right hemisphere plays an
important role in
comprehensive of emotions.
High activity of pre frontal cortex.
Comprehensive of emotion only
by tone of voice increased the right
pre frontal cortex activity.
25. Role of amygdale in emotional
recognition:
Role in emotional responses
Role in emotional recognition
High activity of amygdale in cases of
fear
Only small increase in case of
happiness.
26.
27. Lesions of the amygdale impair people
ability to recognize facial expressions of
emotions expression of fear.
Lesions don’t appear to affect people ability
to recognize emotions in tone of voice.
Amygdale receives visual info that we use to
recognize facial expressions of emotions
directly from the thalamus and not from the
visual association cortex.
28. Cont.…..
Amygdale receives visual info from two
sours
1. Sub cortical
2. Cortical
The superior colliculus and pulvinar gives
input to the sub cortical and because of
this even some people with blindness
caused by damage to the visual cortex can
recognize facial expressions.
29.
30.
31. Moebius syndrome
Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital
(present at birth) condition that results
from underdevelopment of the facial nerves
that control some of the eye movements and
facial expressions.
The condition can also affect the nerves
responsible for speech, chewing and
swallowing
32. Causes:
Moebius syndrome is a rare birth defect
caused by the absence or
underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th
cranial nerves(The cranial nerves are a set of 12
paired nerves in the back of your brain)
which control eye movements and facial
expression.
Many of the other cranial nerves may also
be affected, including the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 9th,
11th and 12th
33. People suffering in Mobius syndrome:
It is estimated that there are only between
10,000 to 25,000 cases of Moebius syndrome
worldwide
34. Sign and symptoms :
Moebius Syndrome Symptoms
Weakness or complete paralysis of the facial
muscles.
Trouble swallowing or sucking.
Difficulties with speech and frequent
drooling.
Inability to form facial expressions, including
smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows,
puckering lips or closing eyes.
Cleft palate.
Dental problems
35.
36. Treatments:
There is no specific course of treatment for
Moebius syndrome.
Treatment is supportive and in accordance with
symptoms.
Infants may require feeding tubes or special
bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition.
Surgery may correct crossed eyes and improve
limb and jaw deformities
37. Presented by:
Name: ASIA
Roll no: 746
Class: BS(Psychology)
Role of orbito -frontal cortex in social judgmental
and emotional
Neural basis of the communication of emotions
38. Role of orbital frontal cortex in
emotions and social judgment
Orbital frontal Cortex:
The orbital frontal cortex is the area of the prefrontal cortex
that sits just above the orbits (also known as the eye sockets)
It is the found at the very front of the brain and has extensive
connections with sensory areas as well as limbic system
structure involved in emotion and memory
39. Example:
Humans suffering damage to the orbital frontal cortex are often described
as impulsive. The most famous example is Phineas Gage a railway worker
who in 1948 suffered extreme frontal lobe damage when a long iron road
was projected through his skull after an accident explosion.
Some cognitive functions commonly associated with the orbital frontal cortex
include:
Impulsive control
Value based decision making
Emotional reactions
Social behavior.
Symptoms of Orbital frontal cortex damage:
The following are some behavior changes you might notice in a person with orbitalfrontal Cortex damage
Impulsive behavior
. People with this symptom with display inappropriate behavior.
For example: they may share personal information too freely or make rude remark They may even become aggressive .
40. Division Making:
The orbital frontal cortex also helps people make decisions based on the value of
each option. However the orbital frontal might do more than adjust help with
basic decisions. Recent research shows that the OFC helps make predictions about
decisions based on prior experience.
Therefore when it becomes damaged people tend to make poor decisions even if
they know what will happen.
This fact may explain why most people with orbital frontal cortex damage seem blind
to consequences and motivated by immediate gratification only
Decreased Emotional response:
Damage to the OFC can change the way the body respond to emotions which may contribute to impulsivity and poor decision making.
For Example:
When making a risky decision healthy patients showed physical signs of anxiety such as sweaty palms . Healthy patients also made fewer
risky choices.
This suggest that the orbital frontal Cortex that provides signals help people know when they are about to make a poor decision.
41. Therefore if it becomes damaged the person doesn’t receive warning when making a decision which can
read to risky choice.
Personality changes:
Finally damage to the orbitalfrontal cortex can cause personality changes.
The connection between the front love damage and personality changes was discovered in the mid 1800s
with the case of Phineas Gage.In 1848 Gage a railroad worker was using a teming iron to pack explosives
into a drill hole when the powder accidentally detonated.
While most TBI patients don’t experience as extreme a personality shift as Gage many family members do
report that their loved one seems different after their injury.
Some common personality changes associated with orbital damage include:
Childish behavior
Apathy or low motivation
Disinhibition
Aggressive behavior
42. Some possible treatments that a therapist might recommend include:
Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT):
CBT helps people develop positive strategies to avoid harmful actions.It can be especially helpful for patients
who struggle with impulsivity.
Social skills training:
Social skills training can help you improve your social interactions and learn proper behavior.
Medications:
While there are no specific drugs to treat orbitalfrontal damage there are medications that can treat the most
harmful symptoms.
For Example:
ADHD drugs such as methylphenidate can reduce impulsive behavior.
43. Role of orbitalfrontal cortex in emotions:
Introduction:
In the past few years emotional neuroscience invesigated the neural network underlying emotion induction and emotion
regulation.
Key structure of the emotional brain are located with in the limbic system especially the amygdala.
Besides these key structures of emotional processing there are additional regions in the prefrontal cortex which are involved in
emotional processing.
Role in emotion:
The prefrontal cortex is like a control center helping to guide our actions and therefore this area is involved during emotion regulation.
Both the amygdala and prefrontal cortex are part of the emotion.
Treatments for mood and anxiety:
A key step in the development of more effective treatment for mood and anxiety disorders is to identify the brain circuits critically
involved in the regulation of emotion.
A predominant neurobiological model of emotion regulation supported by animal and functional imaging data.
44. Public Health relevance:
Depression and anxiety disorders afflict millions of Americans, yet the standard treatment such as antidepressant
drugs and counseling, have had limited success.
A better understanding of the brain circuits underlying human emotions is an important step in developing more
effective treatments.
The proposed research will provide new information about how the brain function to regulate negative emotion.
Limbic system and amygdale :
The limbic system and especially the amygdale have been identified as key structure in emotions
induction and regulation
Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing I
the limbic system and amygdale.
Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex is involved not only in emotion but also in
emotion regulation.
45. Methods:
In some the preset study consist of three experimental condition.
Emotion induction by viewing fearful pictures
Emotion regulation by reappraising fearful pictures
Viewing neutral pictures .
With this design we are able to investigate whether the prefrontal brain activation during emotion processing
described in previous FNIRS studies were caused by automatic emotional regulation strategies.
46. NEURAL BASIS OF THE COMMUNICATION OF
EMOTIONS
PRESENTED BY:
NAME :AYSHA MUNSSAB
ROLL NO. 751
47. Introduction To Neural Basis Of Communication Of
Emotion
▶ The neural basis of emotion consist of recognition and
expression the right hemisphere of brain plays an
important role in recognition.
▶ It is responsible for the acoustic and visuospatial analysis
of emotion the non verbal communicative representation
of emotion and comprehension of emotion.
48. Neural basis of communication of
emotion
Definition:
The basic emotion theory proposed that each emotion has its own
dedicated neural circuity that is architecturally distinct.
For Example:
▶ Fear is a kind of emotion that produce subjective feeling through
separate neural pathways of the central nervous system, or peripheral
nervous system.
Neural Basis in Psychology:
▶ The neural basis self is the idea of using modern concept of
neuroscience to describe and understand the biological processes that
underlie humans perception of SE self understanding.
49. Neural Mean:
▶ Neural Mean of relating or affecting a nerve or the
nervous system.
▶Situatedin the region of or on the same side of the body as
the brain and spinal cord :dorsal.Other words from neural
example sentence phrases containing neural learn more
about neural.
50. Neurons are responsible for emotions
▶ Amygdala. The amygdala helps coordinate responses to
things in your environment, especially those that trigger an
emotional response. This structure plays an important role in
fear and anger.
51. Emotions Communicate
▶When we communicate our emotions, we call
attention to ourselves and provide information to
others that may inform how they should react.
▶ For example, when someone we care about
displays behaviors associated with sadness, we
are likely to know that we need to provide
support.
52. Emotion Expression Function Of Communication
▶ Emotional expression is part of the emotion
regulation process and functions as a way to
communicate internal states to others. Emotional
expression can include behavioral, nonverbal,
and/or verbal expressions (Gross, 1998a).
Emotional expression can be beneficial when
adaptive and fit to a given situation.
53. Basic Function Of Communication
▶ The most basic functions of communication in an
organization are
▶ T
o inform
▶ Persuade
▶ Motivate.
54. Four Major Function Of Communication
▶ Communication serves four major functions within a group
or organization:
▶ Control
▶ Motivation
▶ Emotional expression
▶ Information.
55. Basic Function Of Communication
▶ The most basic functions of communication in an
organization are
▶ T
o inform
▶ Persuade
▶ Motivate.
56. Endocrine system and
role in emotion
PRESENTED BY:
NAME : MAAZ KHALIL
ROLL NO. 710
CLASS : BS(PSYCHOLOGY)
57. Endocrine system:
The hormones created and released by the glands
in your body's endocrine system control nearly all
the processes in your body. These chemicals help
coordinate your body's functions, from metabolism
to growth and development, emotions, mood,
sexual function and even sleep
58. Glands in endocrine system
There are following glands in endocrine
system:
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Adrenal gland
4. Pancreases
5. gonads
59. Pituitary gland
The main function of your pituitary gland is to
produce and release several hormones that help
carry out important bodily functions, including:
Growth. Metabolism (how your body transforms and
manages the energy from the food you eat)
60. Problem in pituitary gland
People with intracranial organic lesions,
including pituitary tumours, may manifest initially
as a psychiatric disorder, such as depression,
emotional disturbance, anxiety, apathy,
neurobehavioral disturbance, cognitive
dysfunction and personality disturbance.
61. Thyroid glands
The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It
plays a major role in the metabolism, growth
and development of the human body. It helps to
regulate many body functions by constantly
releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones
into the bloodstream.
62. Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease can affect your mood — primarily
causing either anxiety or depression. Generally, the
more severe the thyroid disease, the more severe the
mood changes. If you have an overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroidism), you may experience: Unusual
nervousness.
63. Adrenal glands
•It helps a person cope with physical and emotional stress
This hormone helps the body respond to a stressful situation
by increasing the heart rate and force of heart contractions
•Epinephrine or adrenalin released by medulla of the adrenal
glands, surges at the time of panic and emergency. It
provokes stress response and brings out the arousal of
extreme emotions like fear, anger or amusement.
64. Pancreases
The pancreas is located across the back of the abdomen,
behind the stomach. The pancreas plays a role in digestion,
as well as hormone production. Hormones produced by the
pancreas include insulin and glucagon, which regulate
levels of blood sugar. This helps in controlling our appetite
(eating behavior). not major function in emotion controland
e can survive without it. Now, it is possible for people to
live without a pancreas.
65. Gonads:
Gonadal hormones are known to influence the regulation of
emotional responses and affective states. Whereas
fluctuations in progesterone and estradiol are associated with
increased vulnerability for mood disorders, testosterone is
mainly associated with social dominance, aggressive, and
antisocial behavior.
66. When testosterone levels are low and cortisol levels are
comparably high, resulting behaviors can include anger,
hostility, anxiety, and overall irritability.
Having low levels of testosterone can affect you on an
emotional level. The condition can lead to feelings of sadness
or depression
67. Happy hormones
There are following hormones
1.Serotonin
2. dopamine,
3.Oxytocin
4.endorphins
are famously happy hormones that promote positive
feelings like pleasure, happiness, and even love.
68. A new study has found that the hormone
oxytocin, also known as the "love
hormone," which affects behaviors such
as trust, empathy and generosity, also
affects opposite behaviors, such as
jealousy and gloating.
