2. SITE AREA
Jl. Puri Marina Raya, RT.9/RW.11, Ancol, Kec. Pademangan, Kota Jkt Utara,
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
(6°07'21"S 106°49'40"E)
3. Overall climatic condition of Jakarta:-
•The climate in Jakarta is hot, oppressive, and overcast. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically
varies from 74°F to 91°F and is rarely below 72°F or above 94°F.
•Based on the beach/pool score, the best time of year to visit Jakarta for hot-weather activities is from early
June to earlyOctober.
Jakarta, Indonesia.
4. Temperature
The temperature in Jakarta varies so little throughout the year that it is not entirely meaningful to discuss hot and
cold seasons.
•The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures.The
horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average
temperature for that hour and day.
6. Clouds
•In Jakarta, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the
course of the year.
•The clearer part of the year in Jakarta begins around May 26 and lasts for 4.5 months, ending around October 9.
On August 1, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 37% of the time,
and overcast or mostly cloudy 63% of the time.
•The cloudier part of the year begins around October 9 and lasts for 7.5 months, ending around May 26. On January
29, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 90% of the time, and clear, mostly clear,
or partly cloudy 10% of the time.
7. Precipitation
A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation.The chance of wet days in Jakarta varies
very significantly throughout the year.
The wetter season lasts 6.3 months, from October 28 to May 5, with a greater than 47% chance of a given day being a wet day.
The chance of a wet day peaks at 76% on January 27.
The drier season lasts 5.7 months, from May 5 to October 28.The smallest chance of a wet day is 17% on August 11.
Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. Based on this
categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability
of 76% on January 27.
8. Rainfall
To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day
period centered around each day of the year. Jakarta experiences extreme seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.
Rain falls throughout the year in Jakarta.The most rain falls during the 31 days centered around January 28, with an average
total accumulation of 11.9 inches.
The least rain falls around August 20, with an average total accumulation of 1.9 inches.
10. Sun
1. The length of the day in Jakarta does not vary substantially over the course of the year, staying within 29 minutes of 12
hours throughout. In 2021, the shortest day is June 21, with 11 hours, 46 minutes of daylight; the longest day is December 21,
with 12 hours, 29 minutes of daylight.
•The earliest sunrise is at 5:25 AM on November 13, and
the latest sunrise is 40 minutes later at 6:04 AM on July
18.The earliest sunset is at 5:43 PM on May 23, and
the latest sunset is 34 minutes later at 6:17
PM on January 31.
•Daylight saving time (DST) is not observed in Jakarta
during 2021.
12. Moon
The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2021.The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is
the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon.The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and
blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.
13. Humidity
We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin,
thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which
typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop
at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.
The perceived humidity level in Jakarta, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level
is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, staying within 1% of 99% throughout.
14. Wind
This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground.The wind
experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and
direction vary more widely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in Jakarta experiences mild seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The windier part of the year lasts for 3.2 months, from December 5 to March 11, with average wind speeds of more than 6.3 miles
per hour.The windiest day of the year is January 14, with an average hourly wind speed of 7.6 miles per hour.
The calmer time of year lasts for 8.8 months, from March 11 to December 5.The calmest day of the year is November 1, with an
average hourly wind speed of 5.0 miles per hour.
15. The predominant average hourly wind direction in Jakarta varies throughout the year.
The wind is most often from the east for 7.4 months, from April 6 to November 19, with a peak percentage
of 70% on July 13.The wind is most often from the west for 4.6 months, from November 19 to April 6, with a peak
percentage of 67% on January 1.
16. In this area of Indonesia, the climate can be defined as tropical
because there is a period with moderate or even poor rains. So, here
it is possible to find a best period, at least as regards to the rains,
while the heat can be intense anyway.
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is located on the north side of Java,
which is sheltered from the south-west monsoon. Here, the weather
is hot and humid, with stable temperatures all year round. Owing to
the so-called urban heat island effect, the heat is more intense within
the big city, while sea breezes bring a bit of relief especially in the
neighbourhoods close to the coast. Rainfall amounts to 1,800 mm (70
in) per year; the rains are abundant from December to March, with a
maximum of 300 mm (12 in) in January and February.The driest
period, which is therefore the best one, is from June to September.
TROPICAL CLIMATE
23. Buildings in the Dominican Republic
➢The corrugated iron sheet roof is extremely hot in the daytime.
➢Palm leaf roofs and MCR roofs perform similarly.
➢The vault roof is warm in the morning, evening and night, and similar to MCR and palm leaf roofs in the daytime.
➢The measured differences are smaller than subjectively perceived, probably because the variation of the surface temperatures
are higher.
❖Geographical location and climatic characteristics:-
The monitored houses are in the south of the Dominican Republic (Province of San Juan) where the climate is semi-arid with hot
and strong winds.
The diurnal temperature range is extremely wide. In the hot season the temperature rises up to 50°C and drops at night to
about 20 to 30°C, in the cool season it fluctuates between 30 to 35°C in the daytime and around 20°C at night.
24. ❖The monitored buildings:-
The indoor air temperatures in four different houses were monitored:-
House A : Palm leaves
A simple hut which is typical for the poor segment of the population, with walls wooden of wickerwork plastered with mud and
a roof of palm leaves.The wind blows rather freely through the house.
House B : CGI
A house with walls of wooden boards and roofed with corrugated galvanized iron sheeting.The wind blows rather freely
through the house.
House C :Vault
The "Sofonias Project House" consisting of massive walls of stone or brick masonry with a 8 cm thick vault roof made of bricks
House D : MCR
A house with masonry walls roofed with micro-concrete tiles.
27. ❖Conclusions:-
This section illustrates clearly the influence of different roofing materials.
It is not surprising that the metal roof performs worst, being clearly the hottest in the daytime and the coldest at night.
The difference between the other three materials appears not to be very significant. Palm leaf and MCR roofs are very similar.
The palm leaf roof is slightly warmer, most probably because of the generally poor quality of the building.
The brick vault roof keeps the house much warmer at night, and the time lag in the evening is clearly seen. In daytime it
performs similarly to the palm leaf and MCR roof, although subjective feelings would suggest that it is cooler in daytime.The
reason might be that the surface temperature of the vault is lower.
The diurnal temperature swing in the vault house is smallest, but still much larger than in the examples in Chapter 4.1 and 4.4.
This can be explained by the rather thin brick structure of 8 cm .
29. Buildings in Kathmandu, Nepal
➢In buildings with adequate storage mass, insulation and control of solar radiation, the temperature is acceptable in summer
and winter, except for cold nights where an additional heating source is required.This is in sharp contrast to poorly-designed
buildings.
➢A well-designed building is up to 7ºC cooler in summer than the poorly-designed "concrete box".
➢A floor heating system with passive solar collectors - the collectors measuring 1/3rd of the floor area - increases the
temperature in winter by 10°C.
❖Geographical location and climatic characteristics:-
Kathmandu lies at an altitude of 1350 m and a latitude of 28o-North. It is situated in a wide valley of about 20 km circumference,
surrounded by hills reaching up to 3000 m height.
30. ❖The climate is characterized by three main seasons:
➢In winter-time temperatures are relatively low, ranging between 0°C at night and 15 to 20°C in the daytime. Sometimes light
frost appears over clear nights.The cold air lake phenomenon, which is typical for a valley location like Kathmandu, keeps
temperatures between December and February uncomfortably low. However, the frequent and strong solar radiation, which is
common during this season, improves the situation and provides an excellent opportunity for passive solar room conditioning.
➢The pre-monsoon season is hot and dusty, mainly in May and the first half of June.Temperatures rise up to 35°C in daytime
and drop to around 20°C at night.The solar radiation is often intense, and protection is required. During this season dusty
storms are frequent.
➢During the monsoon season temperatures hardly reach 30°C and the diurnal differences are less. Periods of pouring rain and
heavy clouds alternate with periods of clear sky and glaring sunshine.The humidity is high and proper ventilation is required.
❖Design response:-
➢Considering the climatic conditions which change drastically with the seasons, the design concept of a building should
respond to these differences.
31. ❖Cold season requirements:-
➢Passive solar heat gain is welcome during the cold season.The main rooms and the large windows should be south oriented.
To provide an acceptable indoor climate in winter, buildings usually require active heating as well, unless they are very well
designed and equipped with special passive solar heating devices.The heat storage capacity should be moderate, not too
excessive; otherwise the space becomes non-heatable. Airtight construction is another important aspect; it is more important
than the thermal insulation properties. Inner surfaces should not be highly conductive which would result in low surface
temperature and uncomfortably high conductive heat losses from the human body when in contact.
❖Hot season requirements:-
➢During the hot season protection against solar radiation is necessary.Windows should be shaded and a proper cross-
ventilation should allow accumulated heat to escape in the evening. Here again, a moderate heat storage capacity is
appropriate, keeping the daytime indoor temperature at tolerable levels.
➢Special care is required in the design of the roof. Its inner surface should not heat up too much and it should not store much
heat.The worst solution is the plain concrete roof slab, which is a common solution these days. It heats up to extreme
temperatures and makes living conditions during the evening unbearable.
➢During the monsoon period the most important factor is cross-ventilation
32. ❖Building A:-
➢A modern residential house, located on a southern slope with mainly south-oriented rooms.The main windows also face
south and are partly protected by overhangs from the summer sun.The walls consist of 35 cm thick solid brick masonry; fair-
faced outside and inside, with lime white wash on the inside.The floors are made of timber beams supporting brick vaults,
covered with clay flooring tiles.The roof is pitched, covered with clay tiles and with timber panelling inside.
➢The windows are made of specially well seasoned timber (timber from a dismantled old building) and are built with double
grooves for air tightness, equipped with imported fittings.
➢An interesting feature is the solar floor heating system in the living room which works entirely passively as a thermo-syphon,
even without a regulatory mechanism.The system is described in more detail at the end of this chapter.
33. ❖Building By:-
➢This is an office building, hence only the thermal performance in daytime is of relevance. Of special importance is a increased
temperature during the winter mornings, when most buildings are freezing cold and non-heatable, thus it becomes extremely
difficult to work in.
➢As a consequence, all offices are located on the main front which is oriented south-south-east.This elevation is designed in
such a way that all windows receive winter sun, from sunrise to sunset. During summer an overhanging curved slab shades the
windows entirely. Deciduous trees in front of the building help to control the effects of the sun.
➢The walls consist of 35 cm solid brickwork, the floor slabs are of concrete and the flat roof is additionally covered with a 5 to 10
cm thick screeding and clay tiles.
35. ❖The solar space heating system:-
➢House A is equipped with a passive floor heating system. It heats the main living room during the unpleasantly cool winter
months.The system consists of a flat water heating solar collector situated in front of the room at a lower level. It works entirely
passively on a thermosyphonic basis, without a pump and even without regulating instruments.As experiences over 10 years
have shown, the system works extremely reliably and gives no problems with regard to maintenance.
➢The total collector surface measures 9 m², that is 28% of the floor area of the heated room. In January the total solar energy
received by the collector amounts to about 5 kWh/m² per day with a peak of 900W/m².
➢The collector is divided into 8 elements, each working independently with a separate steel pipe loop laid in the floor of the
room.These 8 loops, although covering the entire floor area, are short and thus guarantee a reliable circulation of heated water.
The only mechanical parts of the system are the three-way valves which are necessary to switch from winter to summer
operation. Each of the 8 collector elements can be individually controlled; thus a fine regulation of the system is possible.
➢During the warm seasons the collected heat is diverted by these valves to a boiler which is equipped with a heat exchanger,
providing pre-heated water to the electric drinking water boiler.
➢Except for the three-way valves, all parts of the system are produced in a local workshop.This suggests a low technological
level resulting in a probably somewhat lower efficiency, compensated by the dimensioning of the collector surface. On the
other hand, this has kept costs down to a reasonable level.
➢The adjoining structural elements are also of local manufacture, without imported insulation materials.The floor structure
consists of a layer of boulders covered by a 40 cm thick layer of brick waste collected from the construction site. On top of this
the heating pipes were laid in sand and carefully levelled to avoid backslope. Clay flooring tiles laid in a concrete screed form the
floor finish.
➢This structure provides a moderate heat insulation and a large thermal mass resulting in a very inert thermal performance.
Overheating of the room and also of the floor surface is avoided.The floor surface temperature never rises above 30°C.
38. Cement:-
National cement sales amounted to 55.0 million tonnes in 2012 after rising rapidly from 48.0 million tonnes in 2011
and 40.8 million tonnes in 2010, according to figures from the IndonesianCement Association (ASI). Some 41.6
million tonnes were sold in the first nine months of 2013, up 5.3% on the year. Despite a more difficult
macroeconomic environment, the ASI expected full-year sales to continue growing in 2013, albeit at a slower rate
than the 14.5% increase seen in 2012. Demand in Eastern provinces is growing much faster, rising by more than
50% in 2012, though volumes are still low.Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower
sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction.Cements of this kind are finely
ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration,
which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-
like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will
even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements.The most important of these is portland
cement.
Iron, Steel and Aluminium:-
Indonesian steelworks are set to be among the main beneficiaries of rising construction activity, while aluminium is
becoming an increasingly popular building material (See Metal Mining; Foreign Investment More Necessary than
Ever).
39. Ceramics, Glass, Plastics and Paints:-
Apart from the cement and steel industries, makers of glass, ceramics, plastics and paints are banking on a bright
future in Southeast Asia’s largest economy. In 2012, Indonesia was the world’s 6th largest ceramics producer, with
more than three quarters of output going to the local market. Readily available deposits of clays, feldspar and silica
sand support the industry, while low per-capita consumption leaves ample space for expansion.
A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and
then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware,
porcelain, and brick.
GLASS:-
Glass, an inorganic solid material that is usually transparent or translucent as well as hard, brittle, and impervious
to the natural elements. Glass has been made into practical and decorative objects since ancient times, and it is still
very important in applications as disparate as building construction, housewares, and telecommunications. It is
made by cooling molten ingredients such as silica sand with sufficient rapidity to prevent the formation of visible
crystals.
Plastic can be manufactured into forms such as; pipes, cables, coverings, panels, films, sheets and so on; and can
be formed or expanded to create low-density materials; and be dissolved in solvents or dispersed as emulsions
40. TIMBER:-
➢Timber is used in doors, windows, cabinet, cupboards, shelves, tables and railings etc.Timber is also popularly
used in the form of plywood & raw wood. Products like ply blocks and ply boards. Heavy patterned doors and
windows are made of solid wood/Timber to provide the strength, toughness and durability.
BAMBOO:-
➢ Bamboo as a building material has high compressive strength and low weight has been one of the most used
building material as support for concrete, especially in those locations where it is found in abundance.
➢ Bamboo as a building material has high compressive strength and low weight has been one of the most used
building material as support for concrete, especially in those locations where it is found in abundance.
➢ Bamboo as a building material is used for the construction of scaffolding, bridges and structures, houses.
➢ Due to a distinctive rhizome-dependent system, bamboos are one of the fastest-growing plants in the world
and their growth is three times faster than most other species of plants.They are renewable and extremely
versatile resource with multi-purpose usage. Among many uses of bamboo, Housing is one of the major areas
applications especially in the wake of residential shortages around the globe.
➢ Bamboo as a building material is conventionally associated with the region of Southeast Asia and South
America where climate is best suitable for its cultivation. In many of the nations, bamboo is used to hold up
suspension bridges or simply make places of dwelling.
