Long-term incorporation of manure with chemical fertilizers reduced total nitrogen loss in rain-fed cropping systems. The study examined nitrogen distribution changes in soil profiles over 19 years with different fertilization regimes at three sites in China. Results showed that treatments with manure (NPKM and 1.5NPKM) increased soil nitrogen content the most while minimizing nitrogen loss to the environment compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. Higher nitrogen use efficiency was also observed with manure applications, demonstrating that incorporating manure with chemical fertilizers is an effective strategy to improve soil fertility and reduce nitrogen pollution in cropping systems.

1. Long-term incorporation of manure with
chemical fertilizers reduced total nitrogen
loss in rain-fed cropping systems
Presentation created By
Areesha Ahmad
Microbiologist

4. • Use of nitrogen fertilizers as to
increase crop yield.
• After 1990’s over fertilization results in
environmental degradation.
• Greater use of fertilizers causing more
loss of nitrogen.
• Nitrogen loss is determined for the
evaluation of NUE and environmental
impact.

6. Impact of Manure on soil
•Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by
adding organic matter and nutrients , such as
nitrogen , that are trapped by bacteria in the
soil.

7. Study purpose
• Examine the N distribution changes in soil
profiles
• Evaluate the fate of N in the pathway of
soil accumulation and crop uptake
• Evaluation of total environment loss using
a mass balance approach after 19 years of
different field fertilization regimes

8. Methods and
Materials

9. Estimation of
total N loss
to the
environment
from
fertilization
Experimental
design and
fertilization
management
Cropping
system
Soil and
plant
sampling
and analysis
Experimental
location, soil
property, and
climate
Statistical
analysis.

10. Experimental location,soil
property, and climate
• 3 agricultural regions selected
Urumqi
• Northwest
• Arid mountain-
oasis ecosystem,
with a high
temperature
Zhengzhou
• Central
• continental
monsoon
climate
Qiyang
• South
• subtropical
monsoon
climate

11. Geographic,climate and soil conditions(0-25cm)of
the three long-term experimental sites in China
• Soil parameters were measurements for soil samples collected before the field experiment
establishment in 1990

12. Cropping system
• 3 year Mono
cropping
system
Urumqi
• An annual
double
cropping
system
Zhenghue
& Qiyang

13. Contd..
• Corn (May -October first year)
• spring wheat (mid April – July
second year)
• winter wheat (late September
in the second year to mid-July
third year
Urumqi
• Corn (early June to mid-
September)
• winter wheat (early October-
June the following year)
Zhengzhou
and Qiyang

14. Experimental design and fertilization
management

15. Eight treatments
Unfertilized
CK(Control)
N(Nitrogen)
NP (Nitrogen &
Phosphorous)
NPKM
(Chemical
fertilizer
+Manure)
NPK(Nitrogen,
phosporous &
pottasium)
NK(Nitrogen
& Pottasium)
1.5NPKM(1.5
times of
NPKM)
NKPS
(chemical
fertilizer+straw)

16. Contd..
• For NPKS treatment at Qiyang and Zhengzhou,
only corn stover
• At Urumqi, both corn stover and wheat straw
• For NPKM 30% N was used as urea & remaining
as manure
• Half of the N  basal fertilizers prior to seeding
• Remaining N fertilizer  top dressing during the
growing season

17. Annual application rate (kg ha−1yr−1) of chemical fertilizers and
manure for various treatments during the long-term (1990–2009)
experiment at three study sites….
• The lower application rate was used in1991 and adjusted to the higher rate
from 1992 to 2009 at the Zhengzhou experimental site

18. How Treatments applied???
• Chemical fertilizers and the manure were
applied by banding at a depth of 10cm,
followed by sowing of each crop and then
covering with surface soil
• Treatments were completely randomized for
first year but the same treatment was applied to
the same plot in the following years

19. How Treatments applied??

20. Soil and plant sampling and analysis….
Nitrogen storage  Kjeldahl method
Bulk Density was also noted down
Crop yield was determined
(N uptake/Total biomass of crop)
20 core samples were collected from each plot
At depth of 0-20,20-40,
40-60,60-80, & 80-100 cm
5 samples were taken for
measurement
Surface soil samples were collected each year
at 15th day after crop harvest

21. Core Samplers….

22. Estimation of total N loss to the
Environment From Fertilization
• Nitrogen balance used as an indicator for potential N
loss
NL=NF+NE-NS-NP
where NL=N loss to the environment, NF=application
rate from the fertilizer & manure, NE=supplied from
the environment, NS= changes in soil and NP=plant
uptake
• Changes in Soil was calculated by:
NS=N2009-N1990

23. Contd…

24. Statistical analysis
• A mixed model
• The student Newman Keuls method  for multiple
comparison to determine the significant difference
in among mean soil profile
• Fate of nitrogen was determine by two way
ANOVA
• N uptake by crops & Nitrogen loss to environment
was performed by Turkey Kramer method

25. RESULTS

26. Changes in Nitrogen content
• More Nitrogen accumulated for manure
treatments (NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) than for
urea
• Considerable increase in soil Nitrogen content
in the NPKM treatment at Urumqi and
Zhengzhou
• No significant increase for chemical treatments
at Urumqi and Qiyang

27. 1.5 NPKM
TREATMENT
RESULTS

28. At Urumqi
• Increase in the soil Nitrogen content at 0.13Mg ha-
1yr-1

29. At Zhengzhou…….
• Soil Nitrogen content increased at 0.05 Mg ha−1yr−1

30. At Qiyang…..
• Soil Nitrogen content increased at 0.07 Mg ha−1yr−1

31. Changes in Nitrogen content in
top 100cm….
• Nitrogen content was highest for 1.5 NPKM treatment
• Considerable difference between CK and NPKM
• No significant difference among chemical treatments
• Higher Nitrogen content in 0-20 cm

32. NITROGEN
CONTENT IN SOIL
PROFILES

33. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 60-80 cm 80-100 cm
Urumqi
N content in 1990 CK NK NPK NPKM 1.5 NPKM

34. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 60-80 cm 80-100 cm
Zhengzhou
N content in 1990 CK NK NPK NPKM 1.5 NPKM

35. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 60-80 cm 80-100 cm
Qiyang
N content in 1990 CK NK NPK NPKM 1.5 NPKM

36. `

37. Comparison with Nitrogen content in 1990
• Manure treatments increased Nitrogen content at all
three sites by 2009
• Maximum Nitrogen loss in chemical treatments (such
as N, NK and NPK) and minimum loss in manure
treatments (NPKM and 1.5 NPKM)
• 20-24% Nitrogen loss for NPKM and 1.5 NPKM
• More than 35% Nitrogen loss for chemical treatments
• Higher loss in nitrogen in 1.5 NPKM than NPKM

38. Cont……
At 0-40 cm, chemical treatments did not
changed the overall Nitrogen content
In soil deeper than 40 cm:
* Urumqi : Similar Nitrogen content in 1990
and 2009
* Zhengzhou : Lower Nitrogen content
* Qiyang : Higher Nitrogen content

39. Nitrogen Use Efficiency…
• Highest NUE was observed in NPKM treatment at
Urumqi and Qiyang.
• N and NK treatments had the lowest NUE

40. DISCUSSION

41. • Higher Nitrogen loss was observed in 1.5 NPKM
because of excessive concentration of total nitrogen
content applied.
• At Qiyang, increase in Nitrogen content was
observed below 60 cm due to high Nitrogen
leaching risk
• Low leaching risk at remaining two sites

42. Cont…
• There was no significant change observed in
soil profile Nitrogen between the NPKS and
NPK treatment as the C/N ratio of organic
material also play important role in
regulation of Nitrogen mineralization.

43. Cont…..
• More Nitrogen accumulated for manure
in 0-20 cm due to more organic matter
present there in the form of dead plants
and animal residues as it comprises the
surface layer the O horizon.

44. Outcome of Long-term manure
incorporation
• Manure incorporated with chemical fertilizers
was an operational strategy to reduce
Nitrogen pollution
• Manure application contributed to the soil
organic matter, which resulted in an increase
in soil productivity and fertility

45. Cont….
Manure application with NPK
increased the amount of organic
nitrogen by the activity of
microorganisms and microbial
biomass was increased

46. Related Articles

47. Long-term Evaluation of Manure Application on
Maize yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in
China
Yinghua Duan Minggang Xu Bairen Wang, Shaomin Huang,
Xueyun Yang,Suduan Gao
Soil Science Society of American Journal
RECEIVED 20 Aug 2010
ACCEPTED 20 June 2011
PUBLISHED 20 July 2011

48. • Objective  N uptake, and NUE in maize yield.
• Long-term ( 15-Year ) experiment was performed
at four sites (Changping, Zhengzhou, Yangling,
and Qiyang) in China.
• Treatments  Control (CK), (N, NP, NK, And
NPK), (NPKM) (1.5NPKM), N,P, And K with
maize stover returned (NPKS).

49. • Phosphorous  limiting factors In maize NUE.
• Higher NUEs (up to 70%) in manure
applications (NPKM and1.5NPKM).
• Concluded that manure applications are the most
effective nutrient management strategies for
increasing the NUE in maize crop.

50. Nitrogen use efficiency in a wheat–
corn cropping system from 15 years
of manure and fertilizer applications
Yinghua Duan, Minggang Xu, Suduan Gao,
Xueyun Yang, Shaomin Huang, Hongbin
Liu,Bairen Wang
Field Crops Research
Received 3 November 2013
Accepted 6 December 2013
Published 31 December 2013

51. • Objective  Nitrogen use Efficiency (NUE) in a
wheat–corn cropping System.
• Long Term (15 years) experiment was performed
at Four sites (Changping, Zhengzhou, yan-gling,
And Qiyang) China.
• Treatments Control (CK), (N, NP, NK, And
NPK), (NPKM) (1.5NPKM), (NPKS).

52. • The manure treatments resulted in significant
increase in the overall system NUE in all four
sites with the highest mean NUE (49%) from
NPKM treatment.
• Concluded  an effective nutrient management
strategy is to ensure adequate supply of manure
application improve overall NUE for the wheat–
corn production system.

53. PERSONAL OPINION