56666666666

1. 128
‫أﺜر‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬
‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠص‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟوﺼوﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬ ٍ
‫دور‬ ‫ﻤن‬ (‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫)اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬ ‫ﻴدرك‬
‫ﺒﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻴﺤﺎء‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴن‬ ،‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘذﻫب‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﻀﺎءة‬ .‫إﺴﺘﺨداﻤﻲ‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻝ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻘق‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺠﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤؤﺜ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺜ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻻ‬ .‫ﺴطوﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻤﻠﻤس‬ ‫وﻟوﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎءآت‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺴﻴط‬ ‫ﺒﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻟدﻴﻬم‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴن‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ا‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﺠﻌﻠت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎءآت‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬
‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (‫وﻤوﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴر‬ )‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻌوﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒرز‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ .‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫وﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﻫو‬ ،‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻴﻬدف‬
‫ﻨﻔﺎذﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺌﻴس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدر‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﺒر‬ُ‫ﺘ‬ ‫إذ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
) ،‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺸﺎر‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟز‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻠو‬ ‫ﻋﺒر‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫أﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
‫أﺒﻌﺎد‬ ‫وﺘﻨﺎﺴب‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫إﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻴﺘم‬ ،‫ووظﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺨطوة‬
‫اﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻨطﺎق‬ ‫ج‬
‫ﺨﺎر‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
(
.
‫ﺒﺎﻹﺨﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫أﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻔﺘرض‬ ‫ﺤﻴث‬
.‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫إﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺴﻴط‬ ‫ﺘﺘم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب‬
:‫ﺤﻠﺘﻴن‬
‫ﻤر‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻨظر‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫إﻨﻘﺴم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻫدف‬ ‫وﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬
١
.
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
٢
.
‫وﻤوﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫وﺴﻤك‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘرﻛﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
:‫ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر‬ ‫وﻴﻛون‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺴطو‬
-
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺼوﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺠ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻌﻬﺎ‬ :‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﻝ‬
-
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌض‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻛﺴﻬﺎ‬ :‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬
.‫ﺤﻠﺘﻴن‬
‫اﻟﻤر‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺘﻴن‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘوﻟﻰ‬ ُ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﺘﺨذ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ُ‫أﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﺘوﺼﻝ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺘطﺒﻴق‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬
‫ﺴطﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻨﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﺨﺘﻴﺎر‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻷرﻀﻴﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺴطو‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬‫ﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺔ‬
.‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ازن‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻘق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻟوﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬
‫ﻴوﻨس‬ .‫د‬
‫ﺴﻠﻴم‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤد‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤود‬
‫ﻤدرس‬
/‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨدﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴم‬
‫اﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬

2. 129
THE EFFECT OF THE OUTSIDE DESIGN ELEMENTS IN
DAYLIGHT LEVELS IMPACT ON WINDOWS
Dr. Younis Mahmood M. Saleem
Lecture
Architectural Department / University Of Technology
Abstract:
The architects recognize the role of environmental elements (specially the daylight) in
reach to successful design achieving better user's performance. The daylight goes to the
essence of architectural work by helping to inspire the spaces with their shapes, colors,
touches and surfaces.
The aim of this research is to determine the fundamental step in daylight design, by
measuring the daylight impact on windows. This light is the main source in lighting interior
space after it's through the glass panel of window and diffuse in space. So, it's possible to
increase interior light level by controlling the external daylight impact on window.
To reach the research's aim, dividing made on the theoretical frame by two steps:
First: Admeasure the amount of sky light impact on window.
Second: Admeasure the effects of outside designing elements added to windows (such as:
shadow devices, thickness of external wall and all characteristic surfaces near
window), and these elements will perform in two ways:
- Avoiding partial of sky light reach window.
- Reflect some of direct sun light and sky light to window.
The research directed to mathematical method by designing computer program to solve
the effect of these design variables. After application the program on different design cases of
windows, the research finds that it's possible by choosing the suitable design elements near
the window, relative balance will be achieve in lighting level impact on windows in different
orientations.

3. 130
1
:‫اﻟﻤﻘدﻤﺔ‬ -
،‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼور‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫ﻋﺒر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم‬ ‫أﺤد‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻠت‬
-‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻀوء‬
‫وﻴﻔﻌم‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﺸﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﻴر‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﻠوب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴ‬ ‫إظﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘد‬ -‫اﻟﻴوم‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺸدﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴر‬
.‫اﻟﺤﻴوﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎءآﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻨوﻋﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻓﺎﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻀﻤﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﻻﺘﺴﺘﺨدم‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬
،‫اﻹﺒﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺤدوث‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻨب‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨس‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ز‬‫وﺘو‬ ‫اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛد‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬
.‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻔظ‬ ‫ﻤﺤددات‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ً‫آﺨذة‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫دو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺜﻴر‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻌب‬
‫ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‬ ُ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻴﺘطﻠب‬ ‫وﻫذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻻﺤﻘ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻨﻔذ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻀوء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘم‬ .‫ﻤﺸروﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺨﺼوﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫وﺒﺎﻹﻤﻛﺎﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺜﻴر‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ان‬ ‫إﻻ‬ .‫وﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وظﺎﺌﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎءآت‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬
‫ذات‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎطق‬ ‫اﻫﺘﻤت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻠك‬ ‫وﺒﺎﻷﺨص‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺴﺎت‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻀﺢ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴدﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘم‬ ‫ﻟم‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬
‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﻊ‬‫ز‬‫ﺘو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺒﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴدات‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ،‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤؤﺜ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺜ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒب‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬
)‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻌوﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤددت‬ ‫ﺒذﻟك‬ .‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺼﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎطق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (‫وﻤوﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺨﺘﻼف‬
2
:‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻫدف‬-
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎءآت‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ )‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻴﻬدف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ (‫اﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻴوﻤﻲ‬ ‫)ﺒﻤﻌدﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺜﻴر‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻴق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻠو‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺎذﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺌﻴس‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدر‬ (‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﺒر‬ُ‫ﺘ‬ ‫إذ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬
.‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫داﺨﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺸﺎر‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟز‬
3
:‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬-
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﺸدة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﺸﻬر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌدﻝ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻔﻬوﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫وﻴﻤﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫إﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺼدر‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر‬ ‫ﺤﻴث‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫إﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﺒط‬‫ر‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻨﺤو‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫وﺴﻴﺘﺠﻪ‬ .‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫إﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﻴزداد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫وﺴﻴﺘﺨذ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻤﺘداد‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬ ‫ووﺠود‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫وﺨﺼﺎﺌص‬
.‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﺒط‬‫ر‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
:‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴن‬ ‫ﺌﻴن‬‫ز‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤث‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻨظر‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫وﺴﻴﻨﻘﺴم‬
-ً
‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬
‫وﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻤﺼد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺎﺠز‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎق‬ ‫ﻏﻴر‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫إﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫إﺨﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺤﺴب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬

4. 131
-ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤؤﺜ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
‫ج‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺎف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘرﻛﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼر‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫وﺘﺸﻤﻝ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬
:‫ﻴﻘﺘﻴن‬‫ر‬‫ﺒط‬ ‫ﺴﺘؤﺜر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺴطو‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫وﺴﻤك‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬
‫أ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻘﻠﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺒذﻟك‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟز‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻠو‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫وﺼوﻝ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻛﻴب‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﻝ‬ _
‫ان‬ ‫ﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻝ‬ ‫ﻟن‬ ‫ﺴوف‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ان‬ ‫)أي‬ .‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻤن‬
.(‫ﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻛﻴب‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﺴطﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ُ
‫ﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬
‫ب‬
‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻌﻛس‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺴﻘط‬ ‫اﻛﻴب‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ _
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫ﻋﻛس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻛﻴب‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺴطو‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻗرب‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫وﺠود‬ ‫ان‬ ‫)أي‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.(
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫وﻤن‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺤﺼﻝ‬ (‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫)اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴن‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺘﻴن‬ ‫وﺒﺠﻤﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺼﻠﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﺘؤﺜر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻟﻐرض‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺘر‬ ‫اﻷﺴﻠوب‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺴﻨﺄﺘﻲ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫وﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬
4
:‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎءآت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎرﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﻴر‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ -
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟروﺤﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺸﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻴﺤﺎء‬ ‫إﻀﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻠﻀوء‬ ،‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻨب‬‫و‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀوء‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
]
1
[
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨدم‬ ‫أن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻋﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺒ‬ ‫اﻷﻤر‬ ‫ﻴدﻴر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎر‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ .ِ
‫ﻪ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨداﻤﺎﺘ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫اك‬
‫ر‬‫إد‬ ‫اﻟﻀوء‬ ‫اك‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺈد‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻛﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﺒذﻟك‬ ،
.‫اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫إظﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺠﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻀوء‬
:‫أﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﻴر‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫إﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻨب‬‫و‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻋدة‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‌
‫أ‬
.
‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫د‬َ
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨظر‬ ‫ووﺠود‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﺈدﺨﺎﻝ‬ :‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺤﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﻴر‬
‫وﻴﻔﻘد‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎط‬‫ر‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫اﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻘد‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻀوء‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺎذ‬ ‫ﺒدون‬ ُ‫أﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﺴﻌﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒﺼ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدم‬ ‫ﺒط‬‫ر‬‫ﻴ‬
‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌدم‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻌر‬ ‫وﻗد‬ ‫اﻟطﻘس‬ ‫ﺒظروف‬ ‫اك‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹد‬
]
2
[
.
‌
‫ب‬
.
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓوق‬ ‫اﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬ :‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺴﻴوﻟوﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴ‬
Ultraviolet
(UV)
‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴن‬ ‫إﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺠﺴﺎﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﻤن‬
(D)
‫اﻟدم‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻴﺎ‬ ‫إﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻴد‬‫ز‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫إﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻠد‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺎﻓظ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫ﺜوﻤﻲ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴط‬ ‫اﻀﻌﺎف‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺜوﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫اﻻﺒﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻨظﺎم‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬
.‫اﻻﺸﻌﺔ‬
‌
‫ج‬
.
‫اﻟﻬورﻤوﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻌدﻴد‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻨﺎك‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﺴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻴوﻟوﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوظﺎﺌف‬ ‫ﺒﻌض‬ ‫ﺘﻨظﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘؤﺜر‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫وﻀوء‬ ‫ﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ٍ
‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴس‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴم‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺎت‬‫ز‬‫أﻨ‬‫و‬
]
3
[
.

5. 132
‌
‫د‬
.
‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﺤت‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ‬
(IR) Infrared
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎءآت‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫اﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﻴر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤوﺠودة‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫اﺴم‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‌
‫ه‬
.
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠوﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻗرب‬‫و‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺼوﻋ‬ ‫أﻛﺜر‬ ‫وﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟداﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻟ‬ ‫إظﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋد‬
.‫ﺘﻴﺒﺔ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﻏﻴر‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬ ‫داﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫رؤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌطﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻴوﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎدﻴر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‌
‫و‬
.
(‫اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﺴﺎت‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟد‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘوﻓﻴر‬ ‫ﺘﺒط‬‫ر‬‫إ‬
]
4
[
‫وﺘﺤﻔز‬ ‫اﺤﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌور‬ ‫ﺘﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ،‫اﻹﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫ﺒ‬
.‫اﻹﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴؤدي‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟر‬
5
:‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ -
‫ووﺠود‬ ‫اﻷرﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴطﺔ‬ ‫اﺌﻴﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻬ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤك‬ ‫ﻫو‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒب‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻤرور‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﺘﻨﺎﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﻴت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫اﻤﻝ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﻬذﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺠو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﺒﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺌق‬ ‫ﺒﻌض‬
.‫ﻤظﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫وﺠودﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌدم‬ ‫إذ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟظﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠوي‬
‫ﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼوﻝ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺤوﻝ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ان‬
‫ر‬‫دو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً
‫ا‬‫إﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘظﻤﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺼو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫وﺘﺘﻐﻴر‬
) ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻨﺎك‬ ،‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐطﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴوم‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﻋﺘﻤﺎدا‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤوﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻴوﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫ودو‬
Overcast Sky
) ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺌﻴ‬‫ز‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﺴﻤﺎء‬ ،(
Sky
Partial
) ‫ﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺴﻤﺎء‬ ،(
Clear Sky
.(
‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻌﺘﻤد‬ ‫ﻟذا‬ ،‫اﻻزرق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎطق‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻨف‬ ‫اق‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻤدن‬ ‫وﻤﻌظم‬ ‫ﺒﻐداد‬ ‫ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﺤﻴث‬
:‫وﻛﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬ .‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﺘو‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ر‬‫وط‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺸدة‬ ‫وﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ‬ ‫اﺴﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬
:‫اﻟﻌﻤودﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺠﻬﺎت‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ :ً
‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺠﻬﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ (‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻟوﻤنﻤﺘر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠوﻛس‬ ‫)ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻨﻘﺼد‬
‫اﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫وﺘﺤﺴب‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫وﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺘﺨﺘﻠف‬ .‫ﺤﺎﺠز‬ ‫ﺒﺄي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴر‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬‫و‬
]
5
[
:
( ) ( )
[ ] ( )
( ) ( )
( )
[ ]
HSA
HSA
AL
AL
AL
Ikv cos
3
cos
2
cos
sin
.
12
0
.
4 3
.
1
3
.
0
3
.
1
−
+
⋅
+
= …..(1)
:‫ان‬ ‫ﺤﻴث‬
(IKV)
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ :
(Al)
.‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫اوﻴﺔ‬
‫ز‬ :
(HSA)
‫ُﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟظﻝ‬ ‫اوﻴﺔ‬
‫ز‬ :
)
.(‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫إﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼو‬ ‫اوﻴﺔ‬
‫ز‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺘطﺒﻴق‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫إﺠ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫وﻗد‬
‫رﻗم‬ ‫اﻟﺠدوﻝ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺸﻬر‬
‫و‬ (‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫)ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺤد‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻴوم‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
)
1
(
‫ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺸﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌدﻻت‬ ‫ﻴوﻀﺢ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬
) ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
1
(
‫ﻡ‬ ‫)ﻟﻮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ‬
2
(
[‫]ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ‬
Jan
Feb.
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺳﻡ‬

6. 133
0
3103
3396
3823
4286
4989
5692
4989
4286
3824
3396
3103
2811
45
4111
4426
4867
5302
5916
6529
5916
5302
4867
4426
4111
3795
90
6986
7226
7482
7566
8124
8682
8124
7566
7482
7226
6986
6745
135
10417
10178
9771
9043
8133
7223
8133
9043
9772
10178
10417
10657
180
11921
11295
10473
9331
7969
6607
7969
9331
10473
11295
11921
12546
225
10417
10178
9771
9043
8133
7223
8133
9043
9772
10178
10417
10657
270
6986
7226
7482
7566
8124
8682
8124
7566
7482
7226
6986
6745
315
4111
4426
4867
5302
5916
6529
5916
5302
4867
4426
4111
3795
‫ﻗﺒﻝ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻷﺨﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸروق‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫)ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻴوم‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺸﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌدﻻت‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫*ﺘم‬
.(‫اﻟﻐروب‬
:‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘوزﻴﻊ‬ :ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﻤوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎطق‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﻊ‬‫ز‬‫ﺘو‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬
‫اﻛﺒر‬ ‫اﻻﻓق‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺒﻘرص‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﺸدة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻛون‬ ‫إذ‬
‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻓق‬ ‫ﻗرب‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫أﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒب‬ (‫اﻟﺴﻤت‬ ‫)ﻨﻘطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻋدة‬
‫اوي‬
‫ز‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻤوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫إﺴﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻗﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫آﺨر‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫وﻤن‬ .‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
) ُ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻗد‬
90
‫ﺠﺔ‬
‫در‬ (
]
6
[
‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬،
)
1
(
.
‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫وﻴﺸﻤﻝ‬
)
2
(
‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺴﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﻊ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟﺘو‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻘط‬ ‫ﻤوﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨططﺎت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﺨﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﻷ‬
‫و‬ ،(‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫أس‬
‫ر‬ ‫ﻨﻘطﺔ‬-‫اﻟﺴﻤت‬ ‫ﻨﻘطﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺴﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠوي‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤس‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫اﻴﺎ‬‫و‬‫ز‬
(Altitude)
]
7
[
.
6
:‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ -
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫اﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ووﺠود‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺒﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴط‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﺴﻤك‬ ‫وﺒﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺴ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎت‬‫ز‬‫ﺘو‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫ﺘﺼد‬ ‫أﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷوﻝ‬ :‫ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴن‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﻝ‬ -‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ‬ - ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺼﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫و‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺼﻠﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﻠﻝ‬ ‫ﺒذﻟك‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬
‫ﺸﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً
‫ا‬‫إﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻛس‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻴد‬‫ز‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻓﻘد‬ ‫وﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺴطﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌص‬ ‫وطﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
)
3
(
.
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﺒط‬‫ر‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻘدة‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴن‬ ‫ﻫذﻴن‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻟﻛﻝ‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺘﺤﺠﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬ ‫وﺒﻴن‬ ‫إﻤﺘدادﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻤﻘدار‬
‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴر‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﺼو‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤوز‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫وﻤﺎﺘﻌﻛﺴﻪ‬
:‫ﺒﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴن‬ ‫ﻫذﻴن‬ ‫ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫وﺴﻴﺘم‬ .‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬

7. 134
Sun
height
20o
Sun
height
60o
Sun
height
30o
Sun
height
70o
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
1
‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ (
]
6
[
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
2
‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﻊ‬‫ز‬‫ﻟﺘو‬ ‫ُﻓﻘﻲ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻘط‬ (
]
7
[
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
3
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫وﺠود‬ ‫أﺜر‬ (
[‫]اﻟﺒﺎﺤث‬
.
.‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺤﺠب‬ُ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬:ً
‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬
‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻟﻐرض‬
‫اﺠﻬﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫أﺜر‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺴﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫إﺘﺠﻪ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬
]
8
[
،
‫إﺴﺘﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻼت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘوﺼﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ّ
‫ﺘم‬

8. 135
‫ﺘﻠك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻛن‬ ‫وﻗد‬ .‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻼت‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ُطﻠق‬‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤو‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﺜم‬ ‫وﻤن‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫وﺤﺴب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺘﻐطﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻼت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫اﺴﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟد‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴط‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫وذﻟك‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟوﺼوﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻨﻌت‬ُ
‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺌوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
.ُ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻼت‬ ‫ﺠداوﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ (‫)اﻟﻤظﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ااﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘدا‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ :ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬
ً
‫ء‬
‫ﺠز‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻛس‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫أﺠ‬ ‫ت‬َ
‫ﺒ‬َ
‫ﺠ‬َ
‫ﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ (‫اﻋﻬﺎ‬‫و‬‫أﻨ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺨﺘﻼف‬ )‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤظﻼت‬ ّ
‫إن‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤن‬
:‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤد‬ ‫اﻟﻤظﻼت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬
−
) ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
+‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬
‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫اﻷرض‬‫و‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﺴطو‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ +
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗط‬ (
‫ة‬
‫ﻋﻝ‬
‫ى‬
‫اﻟﻤظﻠﺔ‬
.
−
‫وﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤظﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤوﻗﻊ‬
.(‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻤﻨظر‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻤﺌوﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
−
‫اﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬
‫م‬
.‫اﻟﻤظﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ادة‬
7
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ -
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬
:
‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀوء‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫أﺤد‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤظﻠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴر‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻀوء‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜر‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﻴﺘطﻠب‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻤر‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻤﺎ‬ .‫اطﺌﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫وﺨﺼوﺼ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘط‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬
)
4
(
.
‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫وﻤﻘدار‬
:‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬
١
.
.‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ (‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬
٢
.
‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫اﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬
.
٣
.
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻤﻨظر‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻤﺌوﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫آﺨذﻴن‬ ،
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
(
.
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎب‬ :‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﻨﺤدد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤن‬
‫اﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﺜم‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫وﺠود‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒب‬ ‫ﻨﻌت‬ُ
‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ز‬‫اﻷﺠ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤطروﺤ‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬
،‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼدات‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬
‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎف‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫أﺨﻴ‬‫و‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻟﻪ‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﺘﺠر‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ّ
‫ﺘم‬ ،‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫وﻤﺘداﺨﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻘدة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫وﻟﻛون‬
.‫اﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘم‬ ‫اﻟذي‬‫و‬ .‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘطرق‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬

9. 136
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
4
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﻹﻀﺎءة‬ (
[‫]اﻟﺒﺎﺤث‬
8
:‫اﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒرﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ -
،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟز‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻠو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫إﺠ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘوﺼﻝ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻠف‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫م‬‫ﺘ‬
(Microsoft Excel)
.‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اء‬
‫ر‬‫ﻹﺠ‬
:‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫اﺤﻝ‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
١
-
:‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻤدﺨﻼت‬
:‫اﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫إدﺨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨدم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‌
‫أ‬
-
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬
‌
‫ب‬
-
.(ِ
‫ﻪ‬‫وﻋرﻀ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫)طوﻝ‬ :‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أﺒﻌﺎد‬
‌
‫ج‬
-
.(‫اﻟﺨﺎﻤس‬ ‫أم‬ ..... ‫اﻷوﻝ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻷرﻀﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﺒق‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫ﻛوﻨﻪ‬ )‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤوي‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻤوﻗﻊ‬
‌
‫د‬
-
‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ء‬
‫اﻟﺠز‬ ‫ﺴﻤك‬
‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ء‬
‫اﻟﺠز‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻴﺤوي‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺤوﻝ‬ ‫وﻋﻤودﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤﻝ‬
‌
‫ه‬
-
،‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠك‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻘدار‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺘزوﻴد‬ ‫ﻴﺘم‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻓوق‬ ‫ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ُﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬‫أ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﺴﺘﺨدام‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‌
‫و‬
-
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺘﻴن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺘﻴن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺘﻴن‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻘدار‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺘزوﻴد‬ ‫ﻴﺘم‬ ،‫اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻛﻝ‬
.‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫وﻴﺴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻴن‬
‌
‫ز‬
-
.‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻝ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﻤﻘدار‬
٢
-
:‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺠﺎت‬
‫ﻤﺨر‬

10. 137
‫ﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤر‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﺘﺠر‬ ،(‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻤدﺨﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اردة‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺔ)اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺘﻐذﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬
‫ﺒوﺤدات‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻋطﺎء‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘوﺼﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎت‬
.(‫)اﻟﻠوﻤن‬ ‫وﺒوﺤدات‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗط‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀوﺌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻴض‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫أو‬ (‫)اﻟﻠوﻛس‬
٣
-
:‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﺘﺠر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌدﻴﻼت‬
‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎو‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺨذ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬ ‫ﻫدف‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬
‫ﺤﺼوﻝ‬ ‫وﻋﻨد‬ ،‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻹﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻤدﺨﻼت‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴم‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻌض‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴر‬ ‫ي‬
‫ﻓﻴﺠر‬ .‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻝ‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻟﺘطور‬ ‫ﻤدى‬ ‫ﺘﻘوﻴم‬ ‫ﺒﻤوﺠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ،‫ﺠدﻴدة‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤم‬
.‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬
9
:‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ -
‫أﻤﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒؤ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤث‬ ‫ﺘوﺠﻪ‬ ‫اض‬
‫ر‬‫إﺴﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬
‫اﻟﺘوﺼﻝ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫إﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫وﻤن‬ ‫ﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤر‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
:‫وﻛﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬ ،‫وﻤﺨططﺎت‬ ‫ﺠداوﻝ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫اﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺨ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻤس‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫إظﻬﺎر‬ ّ
‫ﺘم‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
:ً
‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬
.‫اﻟﻤوﺴم‬ ‫ﺨﺘﻼف‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺨﺘﻼف‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫وﻓﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬
:‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫اﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺼﻔﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫إﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺘم‬ ‫وﻗد‬
-
) ‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫أﺒﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺤدد‬
1
*
1
‫ﻤﺘر‬ (
(*)
.
-
) ‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫ء‬
‫اﻟﺠز‬ ‫ﺴﻤك‬ ‫ﺤدد‬
10
) ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺴم‬ (
50
.(%
-
.‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫إﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘم‬ ‫ﻟم‬
-
) ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫وﻟﻬﺎ‬ ،‫أﻤﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺘد‬
50
.(%
-
:‫اﻵﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ .‫اﻷرﻀﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﺒق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻓﺘرض‬
‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(*)
) ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أﺒﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ان‬
1
*
1
(
‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴم‬ ‫وﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻤﺘر‬
ً‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫إﺨﺘﻼف‬ ‫أﺜر‬ ‫ﻟﺘوﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﺘﺨذ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﻫو‬
.‫اﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎﻤ‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤؤﺸ‬ ‫ﺘﻌطﻲ‬ ‫اﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ .‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎت‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗم‬‫ر‬ ‫اﻟﺠدوﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ُظﻬرت‬‫أ‬ ‫وﻗد‬
)
2
(
:
) ‫ﺠدوﻝ‬
2
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ (
‫ﻓﺼوﻝ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬

11. 138
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ‬
‫)ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺱ‬
(
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻠﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻥ‬
‫)ﻟﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺱ‬
(
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ‬
‫)ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺱ‬
(
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺱ‬
* (
0
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ‬
5534
4124
3238
4622
22.5
337.5
6421
4866
3419
5322
45
315
8321
6557
4280
6948
67.5
292.5
8895
7736
6104
7966
90
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻕ‬
270
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‬
10438
10170
8531
9973
112.5
247.5
10992
11077
10260
10874
135
225
11415
12244
12136
11826
157.5
202.5
13126
13915
13130
13382
180
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻧﻭﺏ‬
13920
14639
13380
14039
‫ﺒﺄﺨذ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨوي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌدﻝ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺴب‬ *
‫ﻤﺘوﺴط‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫أﺸﻬر‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
:ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻨﺴب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
‫)ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫أﺸﻛﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫أﻨ‬ ‫ﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤر‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘم‬
1:1
(
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ )‫اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ‬‫و‬
1:1.5
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ )‫اﻟﻌﻤودﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ‬‫و‬ (
1.5:1
) ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ،(
1
‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫وﺒﺴﻤك‬ ،‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻤﺘر‬ (
) ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬
20
‫ﺴم‬ (
(*)
‫اﻟﻤﺘر‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫إﻤﺘدادﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴر‬ ‫ﻓﺘم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫أﻤﺎ‬.‫ﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫إﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﺒدون‬
) ‫ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴطﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫اﺨﺘﻴر‬‫و‬ ،‫أﻤﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺤد‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬
65
‫ﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻛوﻨﻛ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻼطﺎت‬ ‫ﻤﻐطﻰ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫إﻋﺘﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ (%
]
9
[
.
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫ُﻓﻘﻲ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺘم‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﻛﻴن‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ح‬
‫او‬
‫ر‬‫ﺘﺘ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻛﺎﻨت‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أﻤﺎ‬ .(‫ﻤﺌوﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﻴن‬
‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬
)
5
(
) ‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻨت‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴن‬
100
(%
) ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻴد‬‫ز‬‫ﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ً
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ُﻓﻘﻲ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬
100
‫أﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫إزدادت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ُ‫أﻨﻪ‬‫و‬ .(%
.‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ً
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬
‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬
(*)
)‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠدار‬ ‫ﺴﻤك‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫م‬‫ﺘ‬
20
) ‫ﻤن‬ ً
‫ﻻ‬‫ﺒد‬ ‫ﺴم‬ (
10
.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫أﺸﻛﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫اﻛﺜر‬ ‫ﻓروﻗﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﺴم‬ (

12. 139
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
5
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫إزداد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬ (
:ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬ ‫اﻷﻨﺴب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺒﻤﻘﺎ‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫إزدادت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫إزدادت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺠد‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ُﻓﻘﻲ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬
)
6
(
.
) ‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
6
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫إﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫إزداد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤودي‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬ (
:ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺒﻌ‬
‫ر‬
‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوى‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺒق‬‫و‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻤوﻗﻊ‬ ‫أﺜر‬
‫ة‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺨﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺒدء‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺜﻴر‬ ‫ان‬ ‫إﻻ‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻹﻤﺘداد‬
‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ُ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫ﻴب‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً
‫ا‬‫ﺒﻌﻴد‬ ‫إﻤﺘدادﻫﺎ‬ ‫إزداد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺨﻔﺎض‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺒق‬‫و‬‫ط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺨططﺎت‬ ‫ﺘوﻀﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫ﺘﺄﺜ‬ ‫وﻤﻘدار‬ ‫اﺒق‬‫و‬‫اﻟط‬ ‫ﻀﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫و‬
‫اﻟﺸﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬‫ر‬‫اﻷ‬
)
7
(
:‫اﻵﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻁﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻁﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
1 ‫ﻣﺗﺭ‬
2 ‫ﻣﺗﺭ‬
3 ‫ﻣﺗﺭ‬
4 ‫ﻣﺗﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
0
23
45
68
90
113
135
158
180
203
225
248
270
293
315
338
360
‫اﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻁﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬
70%
30%
‫اﻹﻨﻌﻛﺎس‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻝ‬

13. 140
)‫ﺸﻛﻝ‬
7
‫اﺒق‬‫و‬‫اﻟط‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ (
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫إﻤﺘداد‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴر‬ ‫ﻋﻨد‬
:ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻨس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫وﺠود‬ ‫أﺜر‬
،‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻟز‬ ‫ح‬
‫اﻟﻠو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨس‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬
‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻛس‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺒﺎﻷﺨص‬ ‫اﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌض‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻨﻌﻛﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫ذ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷوﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠدوﻝ‬ ‫ﻴوﻀﺢ‬
)
3
(
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻨﻌﻛﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذي‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻀﻴف‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤدﻴد‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺠدار‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﻤوﻀو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘق‬
)‫ﺠدوﻝ‬
3
.‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﺎدة‬‫ز‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘوﺠﻴﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌض‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫وﺠود‬ ‫أﺜر‬ (
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
40
%
‫ﺭﺧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫)ﺣﺟﺭﺣﻼﻥ‬
(‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻳﺽ‬
]
9
[
.
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
80
%
‫ﺑﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﻳﻑ‬ ‫)ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻳﺽ‬
]
9
[
.
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺔ‬
)
%
(
‫ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ‬
)
%
(
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺔ‬
)
%
(
‫ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ‬
)
%
(
0
_
_
0.0%
_
_
0.0%
45
‫ﻳﺳﺭﻯ‬
25
3.2%
‫ﻳﺳﺭﻯ‬
59
19.5%
90
_
_
0.0%
‫ﻳﺳﺭﻯ‬
43
10.0%
135
_
_
0.0%
‫ﻳﺳﺭﻯ‬
32
4.5%
180
_
_
0.0%
_
_
0.0%
225
_
_
0.0%
‫ﻳﻣﻧﻰ‬
32
4.5%
270
_
_
0.0%
‫ﻳﻣﻧﻰ‬
43
10.0%
315
‫ﻳﻣﻧﻰ‬
25
3.2%
‫ﻳﻣﻧﻰ‬
59
19.5%
10
:‫اﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت‬ -
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
(‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ)ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺑﻕ‬
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40
(‫)ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
(‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ)ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺑﻕ‬
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40
(‫)ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
(‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ)ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺑﻕ‬
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40
(‫)ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
(‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﺎﻙ)ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺑﻕ‬
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40
(‫)ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻨوب‬
‫اﻟﻐرب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸرق‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻨوب‬
‫اﻟﻐرب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸرق‬
‫اﻟﻐرب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸرق‬ ‫اﻟﻐرب‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸرق‬

14. 141
:‫اﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫ﺒﻠو‬ ‫أﻤﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘوﺼﻝ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫م‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻀوء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
١
.
‫ﺴطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻤن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤد‬
‫ﻴﺒدء‬ ‫ﺤﻴث‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎك‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫أﻀﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﺜﻼث‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼرض‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر‬ ‫أﻛﺒر‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫وﺒﺼو‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌد‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺒﻴر‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر‬
٢
.
‫ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺴﻌﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻹطﻼﻟﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﺠﻬﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫إﺴﺘﺨدام‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻀﻝ‬
‫اﺠﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟطوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫إﺴﺘﺨدام‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻀﻝ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎو‬ ‫اﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴن‬ ً
‫ا‬
‫ر‬‫ﻤﺤﺼو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻤوﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻛون‬
.‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺴﺘﻠم‬ ‫وﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫أﻛﺒر‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬
٣
.
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫إﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻛن‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗطﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨس‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬
‫ﻨﺤو‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﻛﺎﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﺤﻴن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸرق‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴك‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﻴﺴر‬
.‫اﻟﻐرب‬
11
:‫خذ‬
‫ﺸﺌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻙ‬
‫ئ‬-

15. 142
٠
-
،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ء‬
‫اﻟﺠز‬ ،"‫اﻟﻔن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼر‬ ‫"ﻋﻠم‬ :‫ج‬
‫ﻓر‬ ،‫ﻋﺒو‬
Dolphin Publishers
،‫اﻴطﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ،
1982
.
2- M.David Egan &Victor W. Olgyay, “Architectural Lighting” Second Edition,
Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 2002
3- Peter Boyce, “The Benefits of Daylight Through Windows”, Department of
energy, 2003
www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylightdividends/pdf/DaylightBenefits.pdf
4- Meiss, Von Pierre, “Element of Architecture, from Form to Place”, first
English language edition, London, 1990.
5- William, Pierpoint, “A Simple Sky Model for Daylighting”, 1983.
6- Noell, Eunice, “Daylighting Design”, Energy Environment & Architecture,
American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C., 1992.
7- Kittler, R., “Standardization of Luminance Distribution on Clear Skies”, Bureau
Center Dela Cie, France, 1973.
٨
-
‫اﺴﺔ‬
‫ر‬‫)د‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻛن‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻤﻝ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫"ﺘﻛﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﻤﺤﻤود‬ ‫ﻴوﻨس‬ ،‫ﺴﻠﻴم‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤد‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨدﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴم‬ ،‫اﻩ‬
‫ر‬‫دﻛﺘو‬ ‫اطروﺤﺔ‬،"(‫اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬوﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻀﺎءة‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ر‬‫اﻟﺴﻴط‬ ‫اﻨب‬‫و‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
،‫اﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎ‬
2003
.‫م‬
9- Dr. Al-Dori, Majid. Et.al, "Solar Radiation Reflection Coefficients of External
Finishing in Iraq", the fifth scientific conference of the scientific research
council (7-11 October 1989), volume 4, part3, p. (1-19). Baghdad, Iraq.