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- 1. Closed Circuit Television in Student Housing Big Brother or A Way of Life
- 6. 1960s
- 9. Government Monitoring of Credit Card Sales to Track Terrorists
- 10. Millennials accept loss of privacy – to a point
- 12. Big Brother ?
- 13. Last 20 Years
- 17. A Way of Life
- 19. Camera Locations - Housing Community Space 75% Exterior Doors 94% Elevator and Stairs 63% Floors w/ Community Bath 19% Floors w/ Private Bath 37.5%
- 21. Who owns the CCTV System? 56% Housing 38% Police 6% Housing Campus Police Other
- 22. How is CCTV Monitored? 25% Limited 24/7 75% Not actively monitored All cameras actively watched 24/7 Limited cameras actively watched 24/7 Not actively monitored
- 23. Video Retention 44% < 30 days 38% 30-60 days 19% > 60 Video retained < 30 days Video retained 30-60 days Video retained > 60 days
- 26. Occupancy/Camera Stats Occupancy – 248 to 9000 Camera counts - 8 to 2200 Occupants per camera – 2.72 to 200 Average 13.74
- 27. Training Content 12% None 38% Policies 19% FERPA No training provided CCTV policies/procedures FERPA FOIA Software/Hardware specific 8% FOIA 31% Software
- 28. Training Recurrence 19% Annually 6% 80% No training recurrence Annually Training required every 2 years or more No training recurrence is required
- 29. Five Prepared Questions Asked of the Student Focus Group Participants Safety Privacy Security Accountability
- 30. “We’re used to cameras. We grew up with them.” “Safety blanket” “If we’re going to have cameras, let’s have the best ones.” “What’s the point of having a camera if it’s not doing its job? “We’re okay with Big Brother watching.” “Makes me feel safe and secure” “Genuinely cared for”
- 31. CCTV at the University of Arkansas 1990 1994 1995 3 key elements related to CCTV: Implementation Policies Training Conversations with Legal Counsel, UAPD, and Housing
- 32. Policy focused on expectations and responsibilities for CCTV use SOP outlines requesting camera access, approval process, training, and capturing video/stills Mandatory training for all users granted access Online refresher training E-mail listserve CCTV at the University of Arkansas
- 33. Camera Overview DVR->Avigilon 655 cameras, 1159 campus total Analog->IP Police more involved Expect more IT involvement
- 34. CCTV Infrastructure Costs Server $2,000 +++ Camera $750 +++ Encoder $550 Cabling $25 to $1,600 Network Switches $3200 + 16 Camera System $17,600 to $42,800
- 38. “I think there’s this perception that Millennials don’t care about privacy because we’re always on Twitter and Tumbler and Facebook talking about our lives with the world. But that’s not about privacy, that’s about a sense of self.” Kristen Lim, 2011 William & Mary Graduate
- 39. REFERENCES 112th Congress Public Law 265: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW- 112publ265/html/PLAW-112publ265.htm Analysis of Ethical Management Policies for Use of CCTV on College Campuses: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=education_etd Assessing the Impact of CCTV: http://www.popcenter.org/Responses/video_surveillance/PDFs/Gill&Spriggs_2005.pdf CCTV Cameras and Your Privacy: http://www.yourprivacy.co.uk/cctvsystems.html CCTV: Developing Privacy Best Practices: https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_rpt_cctv_2007.pdf Look to Millennial Generation to Balance US Security Needs and Privacy Rights: http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0604/Look-to-Millennial- generation-to-balance-US-security-needs-and-privacy-rights
- 40. REFERENCES Millennials Prefer Security to Privacy: http://www.mikeandmorley.com/millennials_prefer_security_to_privacy Privacy and CCTV: A Guide to the Privacy Act for Businesses, Agencies and Organisations: http://www.privacy.org.nz/assets/Files/Brochures-and-pamphlets-and-pubs/Privacy-and- CCTV-A-guide-October-2009.pdf Public Video Surveillance: Is It an Effective Crime Prevention Tool?: https://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/05/ Review of Studies on Surveillance Camera Effectiveness: https://privacysos.org/camera_studies/ Security Cameras In Schools: Protective Or Invasive?: http://www.npr.org/2012/09/04/160551340/security-cameras-in-school- protective-or-invasive State Surveillance and the Right to Privacy: http://www.surveillance-and- society.org/articles1/statesurv
- 41. REFERENCES Study Shows Surveillance Cameras Reduce Crime, In Some Cases: http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/study-shows-surveillance- cameras-reduce-crime-some-cases Surveillance Studies Centre FAQs: http://www.sscqueens.org/projects/scan/faqs The Effect of CCTV on Public Safety: Research Roundup: http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal- justice/surveillance-cameras-and-crime Using Video Surveillance on College Campuses: http://www.securityinfowatch.com/article/10550786/using-video- surveillance-on-college-campuses What Makes a Mass Shooting in America: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/what-makes- a-mass-shooting-in-america/?utm_term=.708eeed1689b
Editor's Notes
- We’d like to welcome you to CCTV in Student Housing – Big Brother or a Way of Life -Florence Johnson, Assistant Vice-Chancellor for University Housing -Felisha Perrodin, Assistant Director for Residential Education -Eric Roberts, Associate Director for Information Technology
- How many of you have cameras in housing
- How many of your departments have a policy regarding cctv How many of your institutions have a policy regarding cctv Disclaimer – we will be talking about various generations during this presentation. We recognize there are individuals within each generation whose thoughts and perceptions do not align with the research and data we have collected.
- Chose this topic because of the growth in using this technology, see what others where doing, and to learn more about how administrators from different generations may view this technology. Security - The degree of resistance to or protection from harm privacy – the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves
- November 2011 Pew Survey GI generation WWII emphasized security and privacy
- November 2011 Pew Survey Baby boomers in 1960s tilted the scale back to more privacy FERPA
- Same study November 2011 Pew Survey
- 2/3 Millennials favor
- ½ Millennials
- Internet of things Social media Mining of cell and web data They see these things as “personal connectedness” Generation difference – I see some of these things as lost of privacy
- USA Today College, April 3, 2015 (Amy Powell) Showed the majority of millennials surveyed do not care of rarely care about their digital privacy As more digital breach takes place this may change – have to wait and see
- Mass shootings in US 1986 Electronic communications privacy act – allowing police to use rapidly expanding technology such as video survelliance Title one limits on video and audio
- September 2012 Peter Pochowski National Associate of School Safety Police Officer Resource Officer in Schools Cameras are another tool for safety along with – electronic access, etc. Abuse can happen giving the feeling of Big Brother High school female told she was in violation of dress code 3 days ago – don’t let it happen again Principal monitoring when teachers clocked in and out Cameras being placed in cupboard of high school classroom – told cameras where not active – when they where- cameras there supposedly to assist in improving teaching
- December 2007 public work shop on privacy and best practices Panelist agreed Difficult to argue against the use of CCTV on the basis of current case law Growth of CCTV could lead to more stringent requirements and a call for greater 4th Amendment CCTV involving audio as well as visual surveillance could constitute a 4th Amendment and qualify as a search Challenge – Traditional notion that there is a lower expectation of privacy in public spaces
- Kyllo v the United States Supreme Court determined use of thermal imaging was a search as defined by the 4th Amendment United States v Knotts Use of CCTV in public spaces and the use of a tracking device to track a car through public streets was not illegal under the 4th Amendment Katz v United States Audio surveillance and the bugging of a public phone booth was a search The person was clearly seeking privacy by going into the phone booth
- Yes CCTV is a way of life
- Of the no’s, 4 to 1 say not adding it, funding being the reason.
- Of the no’s, 4 to 1 say not adding it, funding being the reason.
- Other is combo of Housing and PD. If Housing owns system, 8/9 (89%) PD can access video. If PD owns system, 4/6 (66%) Housing can access.
- If Housing owns, 44.44% Yes, 55.56% No (Housing), 22.2% Yes, 77.8% No (Institution) . If PD owns, 50% Yes/No for Housing and Institution.
- If Housing owns, 22.2% Yes, 77.8% No (Institution) . If PD owns, 50% Yes/No Institution.
- Red = Annually, 13%. Purple = 2 years or more, 7% (Story: our own UAPD was emailing video files)
- Let the audience know that we can send them a copy of our SOP and policy if they give us their e-mail address
- Let the audience know that we can send them a copy of our SOP and policy if they give us their e-mail address
- Police logging in and notification Number of cameras Total 655 cameras 512 are analog and 170 are IP cameras 17 DVR 25 Avigilon Servers 119 Encoders In October 2012 campus had a total of 1159 cameras 26 covered outdoor areas Few buildings other than Housing facilities have more than basic coverage At that time police could not access most systems Impact to budgets Encoder Camera Server Wiring Traditionally funded through campus public safety budget IT Budget Auxiliary
- Police logging in and notification Number of cameras Total 655 cameras 512 are analog and 170 are IP cameras 17 DVR 25 Avigilon Servers 119 Encoders In October 2012 campus had a total of 1159 cameras 26 covered outdoor areas Few buildings other than Housing facilities have more than basic coverage At that time police could not access most systems Impact to budgets Encoder Camera Server Wiring Traditionally funded through campus public safety budget IT Budget Auxiliary
- Let the audience know that we can send them a copy of our SOP and policy if they give us their e-mail address
- 10 Recommendations to protect your organization and institution from being seen acting as a big brother
- Use – define what is appropriate Access – who has rights of images Controls – release of data without written request Location –appropriate limits on placement Monitoring – how will you monitor for inappropriate use and what is your response when you discover it
- Retention – need policies on how, why etc. of keeping data retention of trainings and who attended Training – adequate training of personnel with access to system Review – limits on recorded data only for investigation of specific past crimes/ incidents Auditing – process in place to routinely audit what you are doing Communication – be open with what you are doing and why
- Leave you with this quote from Kristen Lim, 2011 Williams and Mary graduate We found that most schools are now sporting CCTV cameras in their Housing facilities.
- Before we have dialogue we would like to ask you – if you have other things that should be asked in a survey please email us by April 5. We are planning to do another survey middle to end of March