The document discusses three rhetorical appeals - pathos, ethos, and logos. It provides examples and explanations of each appeal. Pathos refers to persuasive appeals to emotion. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility or character to persuade an audience. Logos uses logical reasoning and facts to convince. The document explores methods for effectively employing each of these rhetorical appeals.

1. in medias res
into the midst of affairs, into the middle of a narrative.

2. TheThree
Appeals
Pathos, Ethos, and Logos

3. PATHOS
PATHOS OR THE
EMOTIONAL APPEAL,
MEANS TO PERSUADE
AN AUDIENCE BY
APPEALING TO THEIR

4. PATHOS
AUTHORS USE PATHOS TO
INVOKE SYMPATHY FROM AN
AUDIENCE; TO MAKE THE
AUDIENCE FEEL WHAT THE
AUTHOR WANTS THEM TO FEEL.
A COMMON USE OF PATHOS
WOULD BE TO DRAW PITY FROM

5. PATHOS
ANOTHER USE OF PATHOS
WOULD BE TO INSPIRE
ANGER FROM AN
AUDIENCE; PERHAPS IN
ORDER TO PROMPT
ACTION.

6. PATHOS
EMOTIONAL APPEALS ARE OFTEN EFFECTIVE
AS A RHETORICAL DEVICE, BUT ARE
GENERALLY CONSIDERED NAIVE OR
DISHONEST AS A LOGICAL ARGUMENT,
SINCE THEY OFTEN APPEAL TO THE
PREJUDICES OF LISTENERS RATHER THAN
OFFER A SOBER ASSESSMENT OF A
SITUATION.

7. ETHOS
ETHOS OR THE ETHICAL APPEAL, MEANS TO CONVINCE
AN AUDIENCE OF THE AUTHOR’S CREDIBILITY OR
CHARACTER.

8. ETHOS
AN AUTHOR WOULD USE ETHOS TO SHOW TO HIS
AUDIENCE THAT HE IS A CREDIBLE SOURCE AND IS
WORTH LISTENING TO.

9. ETHOS
ETHOS CAN BE DEVELOPED BY CHOOSING LANGUAGE THAT IS
APPROPRIATE FOR THE AUDIENCE AND TOPIC (ALSO MEANS
CHOOSING PROPER LEVEL OF VOCABULARY),…

10. ETHOS
…MAKING YOURSELF SOUND FAIR OR UNBIASED,
INTRODUCING YOUR EXPERTISE OR PEDIGREE, AND BY
USING CORRECT GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX.

11. METHODS OF DISPLAYING ETHOS
BE RESPECTFUL
BE HONEST
BE EDUCATED
BE COMPETENT

12. LOGOS
Logos or the appeal to logic,
means to convince an audience by
use of logic or reason.

13. LOGOS
To use logos would be to cite facts and
statistics, historical and literal
analogies, and citing certain
authorities on a subject.

14. LOGOS
Logos can be developed by using advanced,
theoretical or abstract language, citing facts
(very important), using historical and literal
analogies, and by constructing logical
arguments.

15. MediaBias

16. Contoso Ltd.

18. Contoso Ltd.
Solution
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eu mi quis lacinia.
Prioritize
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit.
Authorize
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit.
Monetize
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit.
Add a footer
18

19. Versatile Parts of
Speech
The following examples show that the same word
may have more than one kind of grammatical
office (or function). It is the meaning which we
give to a word in the sentence that determines its
classification as a part of speech.
The chief classes of words thus variously used are:
1) Nouns and adjectives
2) Nouns and verbs
3) Adjectives and adverbs
4) Adjectives and pronouns
5) Adverbs and prepositions

20. Nouns and Verbs
The same word can be used as a
noun as well as a verb. Here are
three examples.
Noun: Hear the wash of the tide.
Verb: Wash those windows.
Noun: Give me a stamp.
Verb: Stamp this envelope.
Noun: It is the call of the sea.
Verb: They call me chief.

21. The Serial Comma
Better known as
the Oxford
Comma!

22. The Oxford Comma
I threw a party. I invited
two strippers, Hitler,
and Stalin.
I threw a party. I invited
two strippers, Hitler
and Stalin.

23. The Oxford Comma
The $10 million comma
In a class action lawsuit, drivers for
Oakhurst Dairy sued the company
over its failure to grant them
overtime pay. According to Maine
law, workers are entitled to 1.5
times their normal pay for any
hours worked over 40 per week.
However, there are exemptions to
this rule.

24. The Oxford Comma
Specifically, companies don’t need to
pay overtime for the following
activities:
The canning, processing, preserving,
freezing, drying, marketing, storing,
packing for shipment or distribution
of:
Agricultural produce;
Meat and fish product; and
Perishable foods
Note the end of the opening line,
where there is no comma before the
“or.”

25. The Oxford Comma
Oakhurst Dairy argued its
drivers did not qualify for
overtime because they
engage in distribution, and
the spirit of the law intended
to list “packing for shipment”
and “distribution” as two
separate exempt activities.

26. The Oxford Comma
However, the drivers argued the
letter of the law said no such thing.
Without that telltale Oxford
comma, the law could be read to
exclude only packing — whether it
was packing for shipment or
packing for distribution.
Distribution by itself, in this case,
would not be exempt.

27. The Oxford Comma
Without that comma, as the
judge maintained, this distinction was
not clearcut:
Specifically, if that exemption used a
serial comma to mark off the last of
the activities that it lists, then the
exemption would clearly encompass
an activity that the drivers perform.
And, in that event, the drivers would
plainly fall within the exemption and
thus outside the overtime law’s
protection.

28. The Oxford Comma
But, as it happens, there is no serial
comma to be found in the
exemption’s list of activities, thus
leading to this dispute over
whether the drivers fall within the
exemption from the overtime law
or not.
As a result, the court found in favor
of the drivers, costing the dairy
an estimated $10 million.