1. EXPT. 14 BLOOD

2. BLOOD
 Connective tissue circulating consisting of
several types of cells
 Greek word “haima” which means blood
 Produced from the bone marrow
(Hematopoiesis)
 medical terms related to blood use the
prefix hemo- or hemato

3. Functions
1. TRANSPORTATION
- carries O2 and nutrients to the cells
- transports CO2 and wastes from the tissues
to the lung and kidneys where wastes can be
removed
2. REGULATION
- regulate body temperature
- pH regulation

4. Functions
3. PROTECTION
-clotting mechanisms prevent blood loss
through hemmorhage when blood vessels
become damaged
-white blood cells helps protect the body
against diseases

6.  PLASMA – aqueous solution where formed
elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) are suspended
- liquid that can be separated from whole
blood and contains fibrinogen
 SERUM- supernatant fluid from coagulated blood
- SERUM = plasma - fibrinogen

7. HEMOGLOBIN
o Iron containing protein that acts as carrier of
O2 from the lungs to the tissues
o Pigment that gives the color of RBC
o OXYHEMOGLOBIN- O2 molecule + iron ion of
heme
o CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN- CO2 + hemoglobin

9. A. Separation of serum from the
whole blood

10. B. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE
OF CARBOHYDRATES
 BENEDICT’S TEST
 Serum + Bemedict’s rgt.
 POSITIVE RESULT: brick red ppt.
 Indicates the presence of sugar in blood serum

11. C.TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF
PROTEINS
1. TEST FOR SERUM ALBUMIN AND
GLOBULIN
 serum + sat. (NH4)2SO4 red orange solution
with precipitate
add NaCl precipitate dissolved and
formation of white solution
o (NH4)2SO4 – precipitating agent
o NaCl – dissolving agent

12. D. CHLORIDE
DETERMINATION
 serum + AgNO3 white ppt.
o Chemical equation involved in the
reaction:
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl + NO3

13. E. PHOSPHATE
DETERMINATION
 Serum + (NH4)2MoO4 yellow ppt.
o Chemical reaction involved:
PO4-3 + NH4 MoO4  (NH4)3PO4

14. F. TEST FOR FIBRIN IN THE
CLOTTED BLOOD
 FIBRIN: pink cream color and thread like
structure
 Fibrin + Millon’s rgt. Brick red ppt.
 Brick red ppt. indicates the presence of tyrosine
 Fibrin + Hopkin’s Cole Violet ring at the
junction
 Violetring formation indicates the presence of
tryptophan

15. G. TEST FOR THE PRESENCE
OF CHOLESTEROL
 LIEBERMANN BURCHARD TEST
evaporat
 Alcohol- ether mixture + whole blood
e
residue +chloroform clear light green
solution
 Standard cholesterol dark green solution

16. H. IRON DETERMINATION
evaporat
 Whole blood e ash + HClfilter
filtrate + NH4SCN salmon pink sol’n
 The purpose of adding NH4SCN is to detect
the presence of Iron in the blood

17. I. BLOOD GASES
 Whole blood + dist. H2O brick red
sol’n
 due to the presence of oxyhemoglobin
 whole blood + dist. H2O + Stoke’s sol’n
dark red sol’n with precipitate and
bubbles
 reduced hemoglobin

18. BLOOD CLOTTING
 Clot formation results in a mass of protein
fibers, trapped blood cells and platelet that
repair the injury sustained.
 CLOTTING FACTORS – elements involved in
clotting
BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM:
1. Intrinsic pathway- factors found in the blood
2. Extrinsic pathway- factors outside the
bloodstream

19. CLOT