1. 1
Infective Bacterial Endocarditis
Amy Yeh, PharmD Candidate 2015
APPE Internal Medicine I
March 19, 2015
Objectives
Define infective bacterial endocarditis (IBE)
Describe the significance, etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of IBE
Explain the diagnostic parameters and prognosis of IBE
Recommend an appropriate pharmacologic regimen for patients presenting with IBE
Describe how IBE medications are monitored for safety and efficacy
Abbreviations
IBE infective bacterial endocarditis
Abx antibiotic
Tx treatment/treating
DDIs drug-drug interactions
ADRs adverse drug reactions
HR heart rate
IV intravenous
IM intramuscular
HACEK Haemophilus aphrophilus
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella kingae
TTE transthoracic echocardiography
TEE transesophageal echocardiography
MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
Strep Streptococcus
Staph Staphylococcus
Vanco vancomycin
PCN penicillin
Rxns reactions
PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis
NVE native valve endocarditis
IBW ideal body weight
ABW actual body weight
What is infective bacterial endocarditis (IBE)? How common is it? What is the prognosis?
IBE is a bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium)
Incidence
o 10,000-20,000 infections per year
o More common in men than women
3-9 times as many cases
Prognosis
o Fatal if not treated promptly and correctly
o In-hospital mortality rate 18-23%
2. 2
o 6 month mortality rate of 22-27%
o S. aureus IBE + neurologic complications 74% mortality rate
Risk factors
o Age > 60
o Male sex
o IV drug use
o Poor dental hygiene/dental infection
o Comorbidities
Structural heart disease
Prosthetic heart valves
Implanted medical devices
Long-standing IV catheter
History of IBE
Chronic hemodialysis
HIV infection
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Typical causes of IBE
o Staphylococcus aureus (31%)
Risk of IBE especially high
Evaluate all patients with bacteremia for IBE
o Viridans streptococci (17%)
o Enterococci (11%)
o Streptococcus bovis (7%)
o HACEK group (2%)
Haemophilus aphrophilus
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella kingae
Bacteria enters bloodstream from cuts/abrasions attaches to damaged areas of heart proliferates inside
vegetations
o Preexisting clot on heart facilitates the binding
o Structural heart defect must be present in order for infection to occur
o Sources of bacteria
Skin
GI tract
Lining of mouth
What is a vegetation?
o An avascular aggregate of fibrin, platelets, leukocytes, RBC fragments, and bacteria
o Often develops in low-pressure areas (away from turbulent flow)
Vegetation formation
o Endocardial injury attachment of platelets and fibrin secondary infection from pathogens microbial
proliferation activates clotting pathway more fibronectin is deposited
Vegetations shield bacteria from immune system difficult to eradicate infection
Treatment may or may not eradicate vegetations
o May take years to clear the debris
o Detection of non-viable organisms is not indicative of tx failure
3. 3
Complications
o Cardiac (up to 50% of patients)
Heart failure
Vascular damage valvular insufficiency
The most common cause of IBE-related death
Warrants cardiac surgery
Perivalvular abscess (30-40% of patients)
Involvement of conduction system heart block
Mycocardial infarction
Caused by embolized fragments of vegetations
o Metastatic infection
Septic embolization (13-44% of patients)
Occlusion/damage of vessels complications
o Stroke
o Paralysis
o Blindness
o Pulmonary embolism
o Metastatic abscess
Mycotic aneurysm
High risk of rupture and hemorrhage High mortality rate
o Neurologic
Outcomes are variable for those with neurologic complications
May be the presenting symptom in IBE
Consider IBE for stroke, meningitis, brain abscess patients
Acute encephalopathy
Meningitis
Cerebral hemorrhage
Seizures
o Renal failure
o Musculoskeletal
Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
Acute involvement of joints suspect IBE
o Complications from tx
Drug-induced
Ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity
C. difficile infection
Allergic rxns
IV-associated thrombosis or infection
Clinical Presentation
Flu-like symptoms
o Fever
o Chills
o Fatigue
o Myalgia
o Night sweats
o Headache
Dyspnea or persistent cough
New heart murmur or changes in existing heart murmur
Skin, fingernail, or eye changes
4. 4
o Nonspecific
Petechiae: spots of broken blood vessels under the skin
Splinter hemorrhages under the nail
o Specific
Janeway lesions: nonpainful, erythematous lesions on palms and soles
Osler’s nodes: painful pustular nodules on fingers and toes
Roth spots: hemorrhagic lesions on retina
Unexplained weight loss
Diagnosis
Obtain 3 sets of blood cultures before initiating abx therapy
From different venipuncture sites
Minimum of 10 mL higher detection rate of bacteremia
Echocardiography
Allows detection and visualization of vegetations/abnormalities
TTE for patients with suspected IBE
Positive if vegetation present
Indications for TEE
Further evaluation after positive TTE
Determine if surgery is required
o Significant valvular regurgitation
Risk factors for perivalvular abscess
Prosthetic valves
Valvular abnormality or history of IBE infection
Obscured visibility
obesity
mechanical ventilation
Modified Duke Criteria for diagnosis
Positive blood cultures for suspicious organisms + evidence of endocardial infection
Definite IBE
2 major criteria
1 major and 2 minor criteria
5 minor criteria
Major criteria
Positive blood culture for typical IBE pathogens
Positive echocardiogram
New valvular regurgitation
Minor criteria
Predisposing heart condition or IV drug use
Fever
Vascular phenomena
Immunologic phenomena
Evidence of active infection with IBE pathogen
Differential diagnosis
Bacteremia without endocardial involvement
Skin and soft tissue infection
Cardiac device infection
Prosthetic joint infection
Intravascular catheter infection
Osteomyelitis
Meningitis
5. 5
Pneumonia
Cardiac vegetation without positive blood culture
Culture-negative endocarditis
Marantic endocarditis
Lupus
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Goals of therapy
Eradicate infection
Minimize morbidity and mortality
Prevent future recurrence of IBE
General principles of treatment for native valve IBE (NVE)
Empiric therapy
For acutely ill patients with signs/symptoms of IBE
Non-acute wait for results
Obtain at least 2 sets of blood cultures before abx therapy
Cover Staph, Strep, and Enterococci
Vanco 15-20 mg/kg IV every 8-12 hours (max 2 g/dose)
Target pathogen found in blood culture
Repeat blood culture 48-72 hours later to assess response
Patient should become afebrile 3-5 days after initiation of appropriate abx
Tx for 4-6 weeks, depending on location and complexity of infection
Once hemodynamically stable, continue IV therapy in outpatient setting
*Dosing information provided in this handout*
*IV administration, unless otherwise stated
IV/IM are acceptable for ceftriaxone and gentamicin
*Adult dosing with normal renal function
Native Valve IBE: Viridans streptococci and Streptococcus bovis
Most are PCN-susceptible (MIC ≤ 0.12)
o High cure rate
PCN-susceptible (MIC ≤ 0.12)
o 4 weeks (elderly, renal/otic impairment)
Aqueous PCN G (continuously or 4-6 times daily)
Ceftriaxone IV/IM daily
Vanco bid
Only if allergic to PCN and ceftriaxone
Target trough 15-20
Max 2 g/24 hrs
o 2 weeks (no complications + CrCl ≥ 20 + no otic disease)
Aqueous PCN G (continuously or 4-6 times daily) + Gentamicin (daily, bid, or tid)
Ceftriaxone daily + Gentamicin (daily, bid, or tid)
Gentamicin monitoring (once weekly)
Renal function
Gentamicin serum concentrations
o 2-3 daily doses (hospitalized patients)
Peak 3-4 mcg/mL (1 hr post-dose)
6. 6
Trough < 1 mcg/mL
o 1 daily dose (outpatients)
Peak 10-12 mcg/mL
Trough < 1 mcg/mL
PCN-Intermediate susceptibility (MIC > 0.12 and ≤ 0.5)
o Higher dose of PCN G
24 million units daily
o Same monitoring parameters for gentamicin and vanco
o Options
Aqueous PCN G (4 weeks) + gentamicin (first 2 weeks)
Ceftriaxone daily (4 weeks)+ gentamicin (first 2 weeks)
Vanco bid (4 weeks)
Max 2 g/24 hrs
Only if allergic to PCN and ceftriaxone
Target trough 15-20
PCN-Resistant (MIC > 0.5)
o Follow enterococcal regimen
Native Valve IBE: Enterococci
Resistant to low concentrations of PCN
o Give PCN, ampicillin, or vanco with gentamicin
Most cases caused by E. faecalis
Susceptible to PCN, gentamicin, and vanco
o Gentamicin tid for 4-6 weeks
Monitoring (once weekly)
Peak 3-4 mcg/mL
Trough < 1 mcg/mL
Renal function
o PLUS one of the following
Aqueous PCN G (continuously or 6 times daily) for 4-6 weeks
Ampicillin 6 times daily for 4-6 weeks
Higher risk of allergic rxns than PCN
Vanco bid for 6 weeks
Max 2 g/dose
For PCN and cephalosporin allergy
Trough 15-20 mcg/mL
o Duration
4 wks if symptoms present ≤ 3 months
6 wks
Symptoms present > 3 months
Vanco tx option
o less activity against Enterococci than PCN
Relapsed infection
Prosthetic valve infection
PCN-resistant (MIC > 16), susceptible to aminoglycosides and vanco
o Beta-lactamase producing
Gentamicin tid for 6 wks
Same monitoring as above
PLUS one of the following
Ampicillin-sulbactam 4 times daily for 6 wks
o If gentamicin resistance, more than 6 wks of tx will be required
7. 7
Vanco bid for 6 wks
o If PCN resistance or allergy
o Trough 15-20 mcg/mL
o Intrinsic PCN resistance
Consult with infectious disease specialist
Vanco bid + gentamicin tid for 6 wks
Resistant to PCN, aminoglycosides, and vanco
o Surgical resection may be required for refractory cases
Cure rate < 50%
o E. faecium
Widespread vanco resistance, but rare cause of IBE
Tx recommendations based on case reports
Linezolid IV/PO bid for at least 8 wks
Monitor hematology
o After 2 wks of tx, severe thrombocytopenia may occur
Quinupristin-dalfopristin tid for at least 8 wks
Effective against E. faecium only
Severe myalgia may warrant d/c of tx
o E. faecalis
Imipenem-cilastatin qid + Ampicillin 6 times daily for at least 8 wks
Ceftriaxone bid + Ampicillin 6 times daily for at least 8 wks
Bid dosing of ceftriaxone is more effective than once daily dosing
Native valve IBE: Staphylococcus aureus
Variable success rate
o Most strains are PCN-resistant
o Test to verify MIC and absence of beta-lactamase activity
PCN-sensitive (MIC ≤ 0.1) + no beta-lactamase activity
Aqueous PCN G (4-6 times daily) x 6 wks
May add gentamicin IV/IM (2-3 times daily) for 3-5 days
Clinical benefit is undetermined
May result in more renal toxicity
Oxacillin-sensitive [methicillin-susceptible]
o Nafcillin or oxacillin 4-6 times daily x 6 wks
Flucloxacillin q4-6h is an alternative
May add gentamicin IV/IM (2-3 times daily) for 3-5 days
Clinical benefit is undetermined
May result in more renal toxicity
o Cefazolin tid x 6 wks
For moderately PCN allergic patients
If severe allergy, use vanco bid x 6 wks
May add gentamicin IV/IM (2-3 times daily) for 3-5 days
Clinical benefit is undetermined
May result in more renal toxicity
Oxacillin-resistant or severe PCN allergy
o Vanco bid x 6 wks
Max 2 g/24 hrs
Target trough 15-20 mcg/mL
8. 8
Native Valve IBE: HACEK organisms
A group of gram-negative bacilli
o Fastidious delayed growth 7 days to incubate in traditional blood culture (5 days in automated culture
systems)
o Ampicillin-resistant due to beta-lactamase production
Highly sensitive to third and fourth generation cephalosporins
Ceftriaxone 2 g IV/IM daily x 4 wks
o Cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxome, cefepime may be substituted
Ampicillin-sulbactam 3 g qid x 4 wks
o Beta-lactamase inhibitor required for efficacy
For PCN allergy/intolerance
o Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg PO daily x 4 wks
o Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV bid x 4 wks
General principles of tx for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE)
Tx of PVE is more difficult than that of native valve endocarditis
o Many cases refractory to abx monotherapy
o Invasive infections/complications are common
o Surgery may be required
Obtain 3 sets of blood cultures before initiating abx tx
o Hemodynamic instability or critically ill empiric tx
Vanco + gentamicin + (cefepime or carbapenem)
Adjust tx depending on culture results
o Not acute wait for results to return
Minimum tx duration of 6 wks
o Begin tx in hospital that offers cardiac surgery
o Hospitalize patients until afebrile and need for surgery is ruled out
o Complete tx as outpatient
Use native valve IBE abx regimens for PVE
o Exception for Staphylococcus-induced PVE
Tx of Staphylococcus-induced PVE
Immediate surgery often required
Triple drug regimen
o 6 times more effective than monotherapy
o In NVE, one drug is sufficient
Clinical benefit of gentamicin is undetermined
o Still recommended for optimal efficacy
o If resistance to gentamicin
Use an alternative aminoglycoside for 2 wks
o If resistance to aminoglycosides
Use a fluoroquinolone for 6 wks
o If resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones
Linezolid x 2 wks
Ceftaroline x 2 wks
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole x 2 wks
Gentamicin monitoring
o Dose using IBW
o Monitor renal function weekly
o Monitor serum level weekly
Trough < 1 mcg/mL
9. 9
Peak 3-4 mcg/mL
Rifampin is effective against Staph growing on foreign material
o Essential for PVE tx
o Must use with other drugs to minimize resistance
High mutation rate
Assess susceptibility to rifampin if tx failure occurs
o CYP3A4 inducer
DDIs: increases clearance of warfarin and other drugs
If refractory to vanco
o Test isolate for vanco and daptomycin resistance
o Alternatives to vanco
High dose daptomycin
Telavancin
Ceftaroline
Linezolid
Oxacillin-sensitive
o (Nafcillin or oxacillin 6 times daily + rifampin tid for 6 wks) + gentamicin IV/IM 2-3 times daily (2 wks)
If PCN-sensitive (MIC ≤ 0.1) and no beta-lactamase
PCN G (2-6 times daily) may be used instead of nafcillin or oxacillin
o (Cefazolin tid + rifampin IV/PO tid for 6 wks) + gentamicin IV/IM 2-3 times daily (2 wks)
Cefazolin for moderate PCN allergy
o (Vanco bid + rifampin IV/PO tid for 6 wks) + gentamicin IV/IM 2-3 times daily (2 wks)
Vanco for severe PCN allergy
Dosing based on ABW
May need to be given tid
Target trough 15-20 mcg/mL
Oxacillin-resistant
o (Vanco bid + rifampin IV/PO tid for 6 wks) + gentamicin IV/IM 2-3 times daily (2 wks)
Follow-Up/Patient Education
o At completion of tx
Perform TTE to establish new baseline
Refer drug users to rehab facility
Patient Education
Signs/symptoms of IBE relapse
Proper dental hygiene
Avoidance of IV drug use, body piercing, and tattoos
o Short-term/long-term follow-up
If relapse, get 3 sets of blood cultures before initiation of tx
Perform Echo to evaluate cardiac function
Evaluate for toxicity from abx therapy
Ototoxicity
Renotoxicity
Colitis due to C. difficile
Maintain oral hygiene and professional dental cleanings
10. 10
References
UpToDate website. Accessed March 16, 2015 at http://www.uptodate.com.proxy.pba.edu/contents/search.
Lexi-Comp website. Accessed March 16, 2015 at http://online.lexi.com.proxy.pba.edu/.
Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Karchmer AW. Bacterial endocarditis: The disease, treatment, and prevention.
Circulation. 2003;107:e185-187.
Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and
management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic
Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils
on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association.
Circulation. 2005;111:e394-433.