5. CORONAVIRUS
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases
in mammals and birds.
In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can
range from mild to lethal.
Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold
(which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses),
while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause
hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.
The name “coronavirus” is derived from Latin corona, meaning
“crown” or “wreath”
6. The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first
observed and studied human coronaviruses.
Bats and birds, as warm-blooded flying vertebrates, are an ideal
natural reservoir for the coronavirus gene pool (with bats the
reservoir for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus – and birds the
reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses).
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan,
China.
On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of
coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the
World Health Organization (WHO), later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
As of 9 April 2021, there have been at least 2,904,554 confirmed
deaths and more than 134,038,180 confirmed cases in the COVID-19
pandemic.
7. VARIANTS OF COVID19
B.1.1.7: This variant was first identified in the US in December 2020.
It was initially detected in the UK.
B.1.351: This variant was first identified in the US at the end of
January 2021. It was initially detected in South Africa in December
2020.
P.1: This variant was first detected in the US in January 2021. P.1 was
initially identified in travelers from Brazil, who were tested during
routine screening at an airport in Japan, in early January.
B.1.427 and B.1.429: These two variants were first identified in
California in February 2021 and were classified as VOCs in March
2021.
10. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT PFIZER
VACCINE
Name: BNT162b2
Manufacturer: Pfizer Inc and BioNTech
Manufacturer country: United States of America (USA)
Type of Vaccine: mRNA
Number of shots: 2shots, 21 days apart
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Pfizer vaccine was 97%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
11. Possible Side
Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is
recommended for people aged 16
years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic
reaction (anaphylaxis) or an
immediate allergic reaction.
Storage and Handling Overview
Store vaccine in an ultra-cold
freezer, freezer, thermal shipping
container, or refrigerator.
12. CLINICAL TRIAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Clinical trials for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine included people from
the following racial and ethnic, age, and sex categories:
1. 81.9% White
2. 9.8% African American
3. 4.4% Asian
4. <3% other races/ethnicities
5. <1% Native Hawaiian or Other PacificIslander
6. <1% American Indian or Alaska Native
Ethnicity
1. 2% Not Hispanic or Latino
2. 2% Hispanic of Latino
3. <1% Not Reported
13. Age and sex breakdown:
1. 50.6% male
2. 49.4% female
3. 21.4% 65 years and older
Age
1. 9% 16 to 55 years
2. 8% 55 years and older
3. 4% 65 years and older
4. 3% 75 years and older
The most frequent underlying medical conditions were obesity
(35.1%), diabetes (8.4%), and pulmonary disease (7.8%).
15. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
MODERNA VACCINE
Name: mRNA – 1273
Manufacturer: ModernaTX Inc
Manufacturer country: United States of America (USA)
Type of Vaccine: mRNA
Number of shots: 2shots, 28 days apart
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Moderna vaccine was 94.1%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
16. Possible Side Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The Moderna vaccine is
recommended for people aged 18
years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic
reaction (anaphylaxis) or an
immediate allergic reaction
Storage and Handling Overview
Store vaccine in a freezer or
refrigerator.
17. CLINICAL TRIAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Clinical trials for the Moderna vaccine included people from the
following racial and ethnic, age, and sex categories:
1. 79.4% White
2. 9.7% African American
3. 4.7% Asian
4. <3% other races/ethnicities
5. <1% American Indian or Alaska Native
6. <1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Ethnicity:
1. 79.1% Not Hispanic or Latino
2. 20.0% Hispanic or Latino
3. 0.9% Unknown
18. Sex breakdown:
1. 52.6% male
2. 47.4% female
Age breakdown:
1. 74.7% 18 – 64 years
2. 25.3% 65 years and older
Most people who participated in the trials (82%) were considered to
have an occupational risk of exposure, with 25.4% of them being
healthcare workers.
Among people who participated in the clinical trials, 22.3% had at
least one high-risk condition, which included lung disease, heart
disease, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or HIV infection. Four
percent (4%) of participants had two or more high-risk conditions.
20. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
JOHNSON AND JOHNSON’S JANSSEN
VACCINE
Name: JNJ – 78436735
Manufacturer: Janssen Pharmaceutical company of Johnson and
Johnson
Manufacturer country: Leiden, Netherlands and United States of
America (USA)
Type of Vaccine: Viral vector
Number of shots: 1 shot
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Janssen vaccine was 66.3%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
21. Possible Side Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The J&J/Janssen vaccine is recommended
for people aged 18 years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) or an immediate allergic
reaction.
Storage and Handling Overview
Store vaccine in a freezer or refrigerator.
22. CLINICAL TRIAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Clinical trials for the J&J/Janssen vaccine included people from the
following racial and ethnic categories:
1. 62.1% White
2. 17.2% Black or African American
3. 8.3% American Indian or Alaska Native
4. 5.4% Multiple races
5. 3.5% Asian
6. 0.3% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander
Ethnicity:
1. 45.1% Hispanic or Latino
2. 52.4% Not Hispanic or Latino
3. 2.5% Unknown
23. Sex breakdown:
1. 55.5% Male
2. 44.5% Female
3. <0.1% Undifferentiated or unknown sex
Age breakdown:
1. 66.5% 18–59 years
2. 33.5% 60 years and older
3. 19.6% 65 years and older
4. 3.5% 75 years and older
25. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
COVAXIN VACCINE
Name: BBV 154
Manufacturer: Bharat Biotech
Manufacturer country: India
Type of Vaccine: Inactivated
Number of shots:2 shots, 28 days apart
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Covaxin vaccine was 81%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
26. Possible Side Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The Bharat Biotech vaccine is recommended for
people aged 12 years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) or an immediate allergic reaction.
Storage and Handling Overview
It is a vaccine with no sub-zero storage, no
reconstitution requirement, and ready to use
liquid presentation in multi-dose vials, stable at
2-8oC.
27. A total of 375 subjects have been enrolled in the Phase 1 study and
generated excellent safety data without any reactogenicity.
Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers were observed with
two divergent SARS-CoV-2 strains.
Percentage of all the side-effects combined was only 15% in vaccine
recipients.
In Phase 2 study, 380 participants of 12-65 years were enrolled.
COVAXIN led to tolerable safety outcomes and enhanced humoral
and cell-mediated immune responses.
A total of 25,800 subjects have been enrolled and randomized in a
1:1 ratio to receive the vaccine and control in a Event-Driven,
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase 3
study.
28. COVAXIN effective against UK variant
strain and Global Acceptance of
COVAXIN:
Analysis from the National Institute of Virology indicates that
vaccine-induced antibodies can neutralize the UK variant strains and
other heterologous strains.
Bharat biotech has been approached by several countries across the
world for the procurement of COVAXIN.
Clinical trials in other countries to commence soon.
29. Supplies from government to government in the following countries
to take place:
1. Mongolia
2. Myanmar
3. Sri Lanka
4. Philippines
5. Bahrain
6. Oman
7. Maldives
8. Mauritius
9. Bangladesh
10. Nepal
31. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
COVISHIELD VACCINE
Name: ChAdOx1 or AZD1222
Manufacturer: Serum Institute of India, AstraZeneca and Oxford
University
Manufacturer country: India, UK and British- Swedish.
Type of Vaccine: Non-replicating Viral vector
Number of shots:2 shots, 48 days apart
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Covishield vaccine was 95%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
32. Possible Side Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The Covishield vaccine is recommended
for people aged 18 years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) or an immediate allergic
reaction.
Storage and Handling Overview
It is a vaccine with no sub-zero storage,
no reconstitution requirement, and ready
to use liquid presentation in multi-dose
vials, stable at 2-8oC.
34. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
COVISHIELD VACCINE
Name: Gam – COVID – Vac
Manufacturer: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology
Manufacturer country: Russia.
Type of Vaccine: Viral vector
Number of shots:2 shots, 21 days apart
How given: Shot in the muscle of upper arm
Based on evidence from clinical trials, Sputnik V vaccine was 91.6%
effective at preventing laboratory confirmed COVID19 illness in
people without evidence of previous infection.
35. Possible Side Effects
In arm where you got the shots
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Swelling
Rest of the body
1. Tiredness
2. Headache
3. Muscle pain
4. Chill
5. Fever
6. Nausae
Who Should Get Vaccinated
The Sputnik V vaccine is recommended for
people aged 18 years and older.
Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
If you have had a severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) or an immediate allergic reaction.
Storage and Handling Overview
Storage temperature is above freezing, 2–8 °C
or 36–46 °F, at the common home-refrigerator
temperature. The freeze-dried powder must be
reconstituted with water for before use.
36. OTHER VACCINES
The non – mentioned Vaccines are as follow:
1. BBIBP – CorV: Manufactured by Sinopharm, China with a
effectiveness of 86%.
2. ZyCoV – D: Manufactured by Zydus Candela, India, is under third
phase of clinical trials.
3. CoviVac: Manufactured by Russian Institute of Science, Russia, is
under third phase of clinical trials.
4. WIBP – CorV: Manufactured by Sinopharm, China with a
effectiveness of 72.51%.