kalari et al 2014

Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231-6345 (Online)
An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jls.htm
2014 Vol. 4 (3) July-September, pp. 57-67/Valikelari et al.
Research Article
© Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 57
PHENOLOGY, GROWTH ASPECTS AND YIELD OF MAIZE AFFECTED
BY DEFOLIATION RATE AND APPLYING
NITROGEN AND VERMICOMPOST
Fariborz Valikelari, *
Amirbehzad Bazregar and Saeid Bakhtiari
Department of Agronomy, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
*Author for Correspondence
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at experimental field of Azad university of Neyshabour during 2013. A
factorial experiment base on complete randomized block design with 3 replications was taken to study
yield, yield component phenological and growth aspects of NS640 variety of maize. Factor were five
defoliation rates, D: (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 %), two nitrogen levels, N: (0 and 150 kg/ha) and two
vermicompost levels, V: (0 and 150 ton/ha). Days to 4th
, 8th
and 11th
leaf appearance, day to anthesis, days
to silking, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry matter accumulation, kernel/ear, 100
kernels weight and ear yield was measured. Results showed that applying vermicompost decreased the
needed time for 8th
and 11th
leaves appearance. Days to tasseling did not affected by applied treatment but
applying vermicompost accelerates silking stage. The highest dry matter production belonged to 40%
defoliation rate. Applying nitrogen and vermicompost had a compensation effect on leaf elimination.
Kernel/ear and 100 kernels weight was higher by application of nitrogen and vermicompost. The highest
ear yield produced by 60% defoliation rate. Results showed that adequate defoliation may enhance ear
yield and nitrogen and vermicompost could compensate lower leaf number in defoliated plants.
Keywords: Anthesis, Silking, Kernel/ear, 100 Kernels Weight
INTRODUCTION
Defoliation or leaf damage, such as that associated with frost, wind, crop protection chemicals and
insects, can influence pollination and subsequent grain production. Defoliation treatments decreases
assimilate availability during grain filling (Echarte et al.,2006). Corn yield is strongly depended on LAI,
LAD and leaves efficiency for absorption of solar radiation for photosynthesis process (Mouhamed and
Ouda, 2006). In addition to leaves other chlorophyll-containing organs such as stems, can also
significantly be effective in supplying carbon and thus be able to change pattern of preparation and
distribution of materials (Wardlaw, 1990). Evaluating growth indices need to measure leaf area and dry
matter accumulation (Radford, 1967). All growth indices are depended on leaf area index, thus
controlling LAI by applying different nitrogen level results in controlling other growth indices (Cox et al.,
1993). Leaf area index and dry matter allotment to sexual organs is depended on available nitrogen
amount (Cox et al., 1993, Sinchlair and Horie, 1989). Muro et al., (1990) reported that maize growth and
yield decrease by defoliation due to leaf area reduction and photosynthesis shortage.
Maize requires adequate supply of nutrients particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for good
growth and high yield (Adediran, et al., 1995; Shanti et al., 1997). Nitrogen is necessary in protein
formation as well as participation in chlorophyll structure (Malekuti, 1997; Haque et al., 2001). Lack of
nitrogen prevents crop growth and results in leaf chlorosis (Gardner et al., 1985). Uhart and Anderade
(1995) affirmed that phonological phase of maize delayed by nitrogen deficiency.
Vermi-products can be utilized as bio-fertilizers and has been applied in various crops such as rice, Indian
borage, kharif crops (Ansari and Sukharj, 2010; Palanichamy et al., 2011; Nath et al., 2009).
Vermicompost is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and micronutrients (Ansari and Sukharj, 2010;
Palanichamy et al., 2011; Manyuchi et al., 2013; Nath et al., 2009). Manyuchi et al., (2013) showed that
increasing the vermicompost quantity promoted plant growth as well as growth of the cob because of the
increase in zinc and phosphorous content. They also reported that applying of vermicompost enhance
maize leaves production more than 3 leaves per plant.

Research Article
Very few reports are available on applying vermicompost applying in maize, but applying organic
materials enhances crop yield significantly (Seiedi et al., 2012; Agyenim et al., 2006, Babhulkar et al.,
2000). Babhulkar et al., (2000) affirmed that obtaining optimum maize yield is depended on a suitable
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of defoliation rate on maize yield and other
agronomic traits and compensation role of nitrogen and vermicompost on it.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at experimental field of Azad university of Neyshabour-Iran during 2013.
The station is at 36° 15´ N latitude and 49° 27´ E longitude and 1354 m altitude with 268 mm of
precipitation per year. A factorial experiment base on complete randomized block design with 3
replications was taken to study yield, yield component phenological and growth aspects of NS640 variety
of maize. Factor were five defoliation rates, D: (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 %), two nitrogen levels, N: (0 and 150
kg/ha) and two vermicompost levels, V: (0 and 150 ton/ha). Ordinary field preparation was taken. After
soil preparation, fertilizers applied base on soil analysis. Result of soil analysis presents in table 1.
Vermicompost added to soil at the same time. Nitrogen spraying applied 4 times during growing season.
Defoliation was taken during eighth to eleventh leaf appearance. Days to tasseling were recorded by
counting number of days from sowing to the date on which 50% plants produced tassels. Days to silking
were counted from the date of sowing to the date on which 50% plants produced silk. Plant samples dried
at 72 o
C oven for 48 hours and then weighted by digital scale. Yield component traits measured in 10
random plants of each plot too. Ear yield calculated by harvesting 5 m2
of maize plants. All collected
data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS ver 8. LSD tests were done to determine
differences between means.
Table 1: results of field soil analysis
Electrical
conductivity
(ds m-1
)
O.C. % N content
%
Elements (mg k g-1
)
Ca Mg P K Cu Mn Fe Zn
1.19 0.65 0.06 40 33 15 196 0.56 8.8 4.25 2.12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure1: effect of applying vermicompost on appearance of 8th
and 11th
leaves
29.86 29.37
46.83 46.63
0
10
20
30
40
50
V2 V1 V2 V1
leaf 8 leaf 11
DAY

Research Article
Phenology
Leaf Appearance
4th
leaf appearance did not affected by applying nitrogen and vermicompost (table 2). Applying
vermicompost decreased the needed time for 8th
and 11th
leaves appearance (figure1). Leaf appearance did
not affected by interaction between factors (table 2). The proper time for leaf full expansion uses in
predicting leaf are, dry matter accumulation and yield of crops (Shaharoona et al., 2006). Vermicompost
is rich macro and micronutrients (Ansari and Sukharj, 2010). Leaf production and growth enhances by
higher amount of nutritional elements (Cox et al., 1993).
Days to tasseling and silking
Days to tasseling did not affected by applied treatments (table 2) but applying vermicompost accelerates
silking stage (figure2). Inamullah et al., (2011) reported that days to tasseling and silking increased using
nitrogen fertilizer. Constant tasseling time and reduced silking time will result in short ASI (anthesis
silking interval). Successful pollination occurs in lower ASI durations (Inamullah et al., 2011).
Figure 2: Effect of applying vermicompost on days to silking Growth aspects
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Plant LAI measured at maturity stage. LAI significantly affected by defoliation, nitrogen and
vermicompost and interaction between them (p<0.01) (table 2). The highest LAI belonged to 40%
defoliation rate. Higher defoliation rates resulted in lower LAI (figure3). LAI of 0 and 20% defoliation
rate was less than 40% due to top leaves shade on lower leaves. LAI enhanced applying nitrogen and
vermicompost (figure 3).
The highest LAI produced by applying N fertilizer and vermicompost at 20 and 40% defoliation rates.
Nitrogen results in higher leaf growth and leaf maintenance and enhances LAI (Haque et al., 2001).
Nutritional content of vermicompost enhances leaf growth too (Manyuchi et al., 2013).
68.23 67.86
96 96
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
V2 V1 V2 V1
TASSELING SILKING
DAY

Research Article
A
B
C D
Figure 3: effect of defoliation (A), nitrogen(N2:without nitrogen,N1:with nitrogen) (B),
vermicompost(V2:without vermicompost,V1:with vermicompost) (C) and interaction between them
(D) on plant LAI at maturity stage
Figure 4: effect of defoliation (A), vermicompost (B), and interaction between treatments on SDW
Stem Dry Weight
Stem dry weight (SDW) significantly affected by defoliation and vermicompost application (p<0.01) but
not affected by N application (table 2). Interaction between treatments affects SDW (p<0.01) (table 2).
b
c
a
d e
0
2
4
6
8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
LAI
defoliation
b
a
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
N2 N1
LAI
b
a
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
V2 V1
LAI
cd
fgh
abcabc
gh
efgefg
a
cd
de
bc
ab
hi
cd
j
ef
hi
fghfghfgh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1V2V1
N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
LAI
d
abc
cd d cd
a
bcd
a
d
ab
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
SDWgr
defoliation rate and vermicompost

Research Article
The highest SDW produced by applying vermicompost at 40% defoliation rate and zero level of N (figure
4). Vermicompost contains macro and micro elements which enhances stem dry weight. Temporarily
stored soluble carbohydrates in the stem can serve as a source of grain growth when plant photosynthesis
decline by the end of growth season (Tollenar, 1977).
Leaf Dry Weight
A B
C D
Figure 5: Effect of defoliation (A), nitrogen (B), vermicompost (C) and interaction between them
(D) on LDW at maturity stage
Leaf dry weight (LDW) significantly affected by defoliation rate, nitrogen and vermicompost application
and interaction between them (table 2). The highest LDW produced by 40% defoliation rate and applying
N and vermicompost (figure 5). Adequate leaf elimination results in higher soluble sugar content in
remained leaves which enhances leaf dry weight (Prioul and Dugue, 1992). Nitrogen is a vital element for
photosynthesis. Higher amount of N results in higher photosynthesis rate and dry matter accumulation in
plant organs.
Total Dry Matter
Total dry matter (TDM) accumulation significantly affected by defoliation and vermicompost (table 2).
The highest TDM produced in 40% defoliation rate (figure 6). It seems that eliminating 40% and 80% of
leaves results in higher sugar content in remained organs (Prioul and Dugue, 1992) and thus enhances
TDM accumulation. TDM was 54% more in plots which feed by vermicompost (figure 6). Vermicompost
is reach in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are essential elements for producing assimilates and
ab
c
a
c bc
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
LDWgr
defoliation
b
a
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
N2 N1
LDWgr
b
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
V2 V1
LDWgr
cd
a
bcd
abc
cdcdbcd
abc
cd
bcd
ab
a
d
a-dbcdbcd
bcd
a-d
efg
fg
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
LDWgr

Research Article
increase TDM (Manyuchi et al., 2013). Interaction between defoliation and N fertilizer was significant
(table 2). The highest TDM produced by applying N in 40% defoliation rate (figure 6).
A B
C D
Figure 6: Effect of defoliation (A), vermicompost (B), interaction between defoliation and
nitrogen(C) and interaction between all treatments (D) on TDM accumulation at maturity stage
Yield and Yield Components
Kernel /ear
Kernel /ear affected by defoliation rate (table 2). The highest kernel /ear produced by 40, 60 and 80%
defoliation rates (figure 7). Kernel/ear enhanced about 17% by 40% defoliation compared with 0 and
20% defoliation rates (figure 7). Late season defoliation may results in higher kernel/ ear because of
reducing sink competition. Echarte et al., (2006) reported that kernel/ear affect by defoliation rate.
Kernel/ear enhanced by applying nitrogen (figure 7). Nitrogen results in higher plant growth and thus
enhances grain formation duration which results in higher kernel production (Echarte et al., 2006). Higher
kernel/ear produced by vermicompost treatment (figure 7). Vermicompost supply various nutrition
elements for plants which increase plant growth (Atiyeh et al., 2000). Interaction between defoliation,
nitrogen and vermicompost was significant of kernel/ear production (table 2). In all defoliation rates,
applying nitrogen and vermicompost resulted in higher kernel/ear production (figure 7).
c
d
a ab
bc
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
TDMgr
defoliation rate
b
a
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
V2 V1
TDMgr
bc bc
c c bc
a
ab
bcabc
bc
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
TDMgr
defoliation and nitrogen levels
g
bc
c-g
bccde
efgd-g
c-g
fg
cdbc
a
c-g
ab
c-g
bc
efg
a
c-gc-g
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
TDMgr

Research Article
A B
C D
Figure 7: Effect of defoliation (A), nitrogen (B), vermicompost (C) and interaction between all
treatments (D) on kernel/ear of maize
100 kernels weight
100 kernels weight (100 KW), did not affect by defoliation rate, but interaction between defoliation and
vermicompost was significant on it.100 KW also affected by nitrogen and vermicompost application
(table 2). The higher 100 KW produced applying nitrogen fertilizer (figure 8).There is a positive
correlation between applying nitrogen and starch content in maize grain. Higher starch contents results in
weighty kernels (Kmeova et al., 2013).
Applying vermicompost enhanced 100 KW of maize (figure 8). Kmeova et al., (2013) find that applying
granulated vermicompost has a positive influence on starch content of maize grain. They showed that the
lowest content of starch produced in the non-fertilized treatment.
The highest 100 kernel weight in all defoliations rates produced applying vermicompost. The lowest 100
KW produced by 0% defoliation rate and 0% vermicompost application (figure 8).
b b
a a a
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
kernel/ear
defoliation rate
b
a
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
N2 N1
kernel/ear
b
a
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
V2 V1
kernel/ear
cdef
a-e
g
a
fgefg
abc
fg
a-fa-f
b-f
a
d-g
a-f
abc
ab
fg
a
abcd
abc
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1
N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1 N2 N1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
kernal/ear

Research Article
A B
C
Figure 8: Effect of nitrogen (A), vermicompost (B), and interaction between defoliation and
vermicompost (C) on 100 kernel weight of maize
Figure 9: Ear yield affected by defoliation rates
Ear Yield
Ear yield significantly affected by defoliation rate (table 2). The highest ear yield produced by 60%
defoliation rate (figure 9). Leaf elimination results in lower competition for carbohydrates between top
ear and other sinks. In this experiment leaves near the ground was eliminated.
b
a
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
N2 N1
100KW
b
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
V2 V1
100KWgr
d
a
cd
abc
bcd
ab
cd
a
cd
a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 V1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
100KWgr
defoliation and vermicompost
ab
c
abc
a
bc
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
earyieldton/ha
defoliation rate

Research Article
Table 2: analysis of variance of maize measured traits under studied condition
Source of variation Error CV%
Block Defoliation Nitrogen Vermicompost d*n d*v n*v d*n*v
4th
leaf appearance 0.71 n.s 1.52 n.s 2.81 n.s 1.35 n.s 0.19 n.s 0.55 n.s 0.01 n.s 0.55 n.s 0.76 7.61
8th
leaf appearance 0.46 n.s 1.06 n.s 3.75 n.s 8.81 ** 0.16 n.s 1.06 n.s 3.75 n.s 0.16 n.s 1.13 3.59
11th
leaf appearance 0.06 n.s 0.26 n.s 0.60 n.s 4.26 ** 0.1 n.s 0.26 n.s 0.6 n.s 0.2 n.s .24 6.8
Days to anthesis 3.15 n.s 0.48 n.s 2.01 n.s 0.81 n.s 3.51 n.s 5.81 n.s 0.01 n.s 1.01 n.s 2.43 7.29
Days to silking 0.11 n.s 0.19 n.s 0.81 n.s 20.41 ** 0.85 n.s 1.79 n.s 0.81 n.s 0.85 n.s 1.61 7.65
LAI 0.13 n.s 13.25 ** 10.76 ** 7.65 ** 3.32 ** 5.9 ** 2.48 ** 1.72 ** 0.08 9.4
SDM 131 n.s 3475** 128 n.s 20798 ** 5123 ** 3731 ** 1642 ** 4930 ** 189 15.36
LDM 178 n.s 633 ** 2081 ** 4517 ** 944 ** 278 * 452 * 283 * 102 12.81
TDM 601 n.s 4487** 1174 n.s 44701 ** 7706** 4045** 3819 ** 5720 ** 294 11.11
Kernel/ear 6359 n.s 26588** 61888** 155143** 15205 ** 56336 ** 2706 n.s 50367 ** 2942 9.34
100 kernels weight 8.99 n.s 22.55 n.s 177** 2657 ** 25.04 n.s 64.7 * 10.6 n.s 41 n.s 23.76
Ear yield 1006329ns 1579281** 483052ns 296947ns 362104n.s 658923 ns 159918ns 757755n.s 387265 23.18
* and **: significant at 5 and 1 % probability levels and ns: not significant
These leaves aged by late season and could not produce carbohydrates because are shaded by higher
leaves. Thus competition between lower part leaves and ear may diminish by defoliation.
Conclusion
Late season defoliation resulted in higher kernel number because of reducing competition between leaves
and kernels as different sinks thus the final yield increased by defoliation. The highest yield and yield
components produced by 40-60% defoliation rate. Yield enhanced by nitrogen and vermicompost due to
higher amount of 100 kernel weight and kernel/ear. Low amount of nitrogen decreased leaf area index
and the photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf area which results in a reduction in total dry matter
accumulation. Results showed that adequate defoliation may enhance ear yield and nitrogen and
vermicompost could compensate lower leaf number in defoliated plants.
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