Design protocol for psg by aman kumar

Development of a Design Protocol for Prescription
Swimming Goggles
Submitted by:
Aman Kumar
Roll No. 216ID1328
M.Tech Project
Presentation
on
Guided by:
Prof. Dhananjay Singh Bisht
Dept. of Industrial Design

Roadmap of Work
Aug
2017
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
May
2018
Market analysis
Literature review
Reverse engineering and mannequin
modeling
CAD model
CFD analysis
Result review
Thesis

Contents
• Introduction
• Motivation and Research Gap
• Problem Definition
• Objectives
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion
• Publications
• References
• Appendices

Introduction
• Swimming goggles aid swimmers in protecting their eyes from impact, preventing exposure to hazardous materials
present in the pool water, and in providing clear vision in the swimming environment.
• Swimming goggles can be categorized into three major group on the behalf of swimming activities conducted by a
swimmer:
Figure 1 Different types of swimming goggles (a)
Swedish type; (b) Gasket type; (c) swim mask
manufactured by Speedo International Ltd. [1].
1. Swedish type – Generally use in competitive
swimming.
2. Classic gasket type – Generally use in learning the
swimming.
3. Swim mask type – Generally use in fun activities or
used by the children.
• Swimming goggles can be categorized in to two categories on the behalf of their specifications:
1. Normal swimming goggles
2. Prescription swimming goggles

Cont.
Normal swimming goggles Prescription swimming goggles
1. Adjustable Strap
2. Adjustable Flange
3. Lens Colour
4. Leakage proof
5. Good cushion
6. Anti-fog lens
7. Flip proof
features features
Normal swimming
goggles features
Prescribed features
UV protection Lens
Anti-allergic pad
Power lens
Figure 2 Specification diagram of normal and prescription swimming goggles.

Motivation and Research/Knowledge gap
• It was investigated that a few number of prescribed swimming goggles are available in the market while the
market segment of visually impaired swimmers is about 40% of total swimmers.
• It is observed that most of the swimmers of this market segment are not fully satisfied by the given specifications
of the goggles and suffers from various types of physiological problems.
• From the literature review, it can be stated that most of the swimming goggles are designed taking the
consideration of morphological and psychological factors, while the physiological factors also should be
incorporated in the design of prescription swimming goggles.

Problem Definition
• Most of the facial accessories are designed by taking the persona from a normal or standard population, as a result
the product does not meet the test of all type of users.
• A large group of visually impaired swimmers reject the available swimming goggles in order to get optimum
satisfaction.
• Therefore, it is important to know the problems and needs precisely of the swimmers of this group to make the
design process of Prescription Swimming Goggles (PSG) more streamlined and strong.

Objective
• To investigate the market segment for PSG.
• To investigate the problems faced by the Visually impaired swimmers.
• To develop a design protocol for PSG taking the consideration of the following specialties:
1. Increase the field of vision and visibility.
2. Minimize the flipping of the goggles.
3. Minimize the effect of Intraocular Pressure (IOP) on the swimmer‟s ocular surface.

Literature Review
Title Inventor Modification Figure
Swimming Goggles Chiang, H.
(1999)
Cushion pad assembly with
air filled member
Optically corrected
swimming goggles
Decorato, F.
(1976)
Removable Power lens
assembly in front of
transparent lens
Swimming Goggles Fukasawa, S.
(1999)
Adjustable nose bridge
flange
 Patent based Literature

Cont.
Title Inventor Modification Figure
Swimming goggles Chiang, H.
(2001)
Combination of two straps
assembly
Device for regulating the
length of a swimming
goggle strap
Godoy, C.
(1999)
Adjustable strap length
Swimming goggles frame Chou, T.
(1998)
Curvilinear shape of lens

Cont.
Journal Papers based Literature
• Design parameters for a PSG can be categorized into three groups.
1. Physiological Parameters
2. Physical / Morphological Parameters
3. Psychological Parameters
Table 1 Parameters and concern area of study for design of PSG.
S. No. Parameters Concerned Area of Study
1 Physiological Parameters Effect of Swimming Environment on the
health of users
2 Morphological Parameters Concern with the Product Architecture and
Face - Head Anthropometry
3 Psychological Parameters Concern with the intuitive perception of users

Study of Physiological Parameters
Title Author/s Preface of Work Result Conclusion
Health
effects of
disinfection
by-products
in
chlorinated
swimming
pools
Florentin et al.
(2011)
• Swimming pool water is
characterized by the external
matters like chemical, cosmetic
organic materials, human body
materials (urine, skin particle,
hair, perspiration, etc.) and other
type of biota results formation
of Disinfectant by-products.
Formation of Disinfectant by-
Product like:
 Chloramines
 Tri – halomethanes
(THMs)
 Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)
• Eyes irritate while
swimming in the
presence of DBPs.
• DBPs are responsible
for several types of
epidemic diseases
(mostly related to the
skin and respiratory
system).
Effects of
swimming
pool water
on the
cornea
Haag, J. R., &
Gieser, R. G.
(1983)
• Slit Lamp test was done taking
50 Participants.
Male = 37
Female = 13
 The symptoms of Punctate
of corneal epithelium was
seen through the Slit Lamp
Test.
Figure 3 Symptoms of punctate
corneal epithelium.
• Factors responsible for
corneal Changes are:
 Chlorine Concentration
 pH of Swimming pool
water
 Tonicity of water
 Chorine derived
compounds

Cont.
Deleterious
effects of
swimming
pool
chlorine on
the corneal
epithelium
Ishioka et al.
(2008)
 Confocal Microscopy of chlorine
irrigated eyes of 10 volunteers was
done with fluorophotometric
assessment.
 Confocal microscopy
showed corneal epithelium
cell damage in eye rinsed
with PSS with Chlorine.
 Chlorine was
determined to be
potentially harmful
to the corneal
epithelium barrier.
Wearing
swimming
goggles can
elevate
intraocular
pressure
Morgan et al.
(2008)
 The effect of various types of
swimming goggles (goggles area)
on Intraocular Pressure (IOP) was
optimized.
A smaller goggles area was
consistently associated with
greater IOP elevation.
 It is better to use
large frame structure
goggles to minimize
the elevation in IOP

Study of Morphological Parameters
The Effect of
a Diving
Mask on
Intraocular
Pressure in a
Healthy
Population.
Goenadi et
al. (2016)
It was a case report based
upon previous studies.
 Smaller goggles structure are kept
tensile through the headband
whenever the larger tension are
distributed over the large area of
the goggles.
 It is advised that
swimming mask may be
appropriate and suitable
alternative for the patients
those are affected by
Glaucoma or such type of
eye disease.
Protective
area of laser
eye
protectors
Sutter, E., &
Schirmacher,
A. (2001)
 27 different structures
of goggles are studied
in this study.
 Min. area of goggles
that fulfill the desired
need was identified.
 The images tracing by the
apparatus is shown for various
type of goggle structure.
Figure 4 Compilation measurement of various
type of 27 goggles.
 Interface points of goggles
and mannequin are:
 Sellion
 Glabella
 Orbital surface
 Zygion
 Midnasale bridge
 Maxillonasale

Cont.
Theoretical
model for
design and
analysis of
protectional
eyewear
Zezler et al.
(2013)
 Study was done to identify the
suitable lens structure for required
visibility.
 Optical testing was carried out to
measure the spherical power.
 Lens Geometry was modeled in
ASAP.
Figure 5 Three dimensional model
of half of safety lens model
generated in ASAP.
 Lens should be sphero
cylindrical in shape
for increasing the
visibility.
 Frontal thickness of
lens should be 2 mm.

Study of Face-Head Anthropometric Parameters
Title Author/s Preface of Work Conclusion
Indian
anthropometric
dimensions for
ergonomic
design practice
Chakrabarti,
D. (1997)
Various data are collected for the Indian people to design a
product with ergonomics concern.
Anthropometric dimensions that
are essential for goggles design
are investigated through the
anthropometric study and
illustrated as following:
Table 1 Anthropometric references.
Head and face
anthropometry
of adult US
civilians
Young, J. W.
(1993).
Head and face anthropometric data was reported of the
civilian population over a period of 25 years.
Figure 6 Reference for various anthropometric dimensions.

Study of Psychological Parameters
Title Author/s Preface of Work Result / Suggestions Conclusion
Identify
customer
needs
(Product
Design &
Development)
Ulrich and
Eppinger
(2003)
 Describe a detailed
approach to
development of a
product.
 Suggest that a
prepared interview
guide is more
valuable to identify
the perception of
the users about the
product.
 The intuitive perception of the
customer can be identified by
taking the answers of following
questions to the customers:
 When and why do you use this
type of product?
 What do you like in existing
products?
 What do you dislike about the
existing product?
 What issues do you consider
when purchasing the product?
 What improvements would you
make to the product?
 User‟s perception and need helps to
define the design parameters for a
product.
 Market analysis is essential to
make the portfolio a product in the
existing scenario.

Methodology
Figure 7 Process flow diagram in order to develop a design protocol for PSG.

Market Analysis
1. Market Segment Selection
• Survey was started with observing the swimmers‟ activities in the swimming pool environment.
• 95 swimmers were identified and requested to take part in this study.
• It was investigated that 38 swimmers suffer with some kind of visual problems, mostly either affected by Myopia or
Hypermetropia [Appendix 1].
• This category of swimmers was selected as the potential users to find the required needs.
95
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No.ofParticipants
Total No. of Swimmers
Visually Impaired Swimmers
Market Segment
Figure 8 Market segment selection.

Cont.
2. Problems Identification
• All the problems are investigated taking the responses from potential users [Appendix 2].
• Hierarchy of the identified problems can be defined in the descending order as following:
Flipping (28) > Visibility (27) > Fogging of Lenses (25) > Field of vision (24) > Lens-Scratching (22) > Burn
around eyes (20) > Leakage (17) > Pressure Excessiveness (16) > Improper fit (15) > Goggles Color (8).
Figure 9 Problem identification of the market segment.
17 16
20
24
27
25
28
15
22
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
No.ofagreeableswimmers
Design attributes/problems
Leakage Exessive Pressure Burn around eye
Field of Vision Visibility Fogging of lenses
Flipping Improper Fit Lens-Scratching
Goggles color

Cont.
3. Target Specifications
• Corresponding weight to each problem are calculated by taking the ratio of sum of the product of each response
with the number of respondents and the maximum corresponding weight of responses with respect to each problem.
If the participant agrees with a problem, then response is measured in term of a number that is „5‟ and if do not,
then taken as „0‟.
• 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ×5 +(𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ×0)
(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ×5)
=
𝑅 𝑎
𝑅
……(1)
Where,
𝑅 𝑎 denotes the number of agreeable respondents,
𝑅 denotes total number of respondents.
• The weight of each problem is used to define the deployment of PSG‟s specifications and corresponding
importance of them.

Cont.
Body ranking system
Relation Rank
Strong 9
Moderate 5
Week 3
None 1
Problems Weight
Engineering Targets/Specifications
Adhesive
Pad
Interaction
Area
Cushion
Pad
Strap
Length
Adjustment
Frame
Surface
Area
Lens
Material
Anti-fog
Aids and
Power lens
Size
Variability
Frame
Profile
Aesthetics
Flipping 0.74 9 5 5 9 9 0 0 0 9 0
Visibility 0.71 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 0 0
Fogging of Lenses 0.66 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0
Field of Vision 0.63 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 5 0
Lens-Scratching 0.58 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0
Burn around Eyes 0.52 5 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Leakage 0.45 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pressure Excessiveness 0.42 5 5 9 9 5 0 0 0 1 0
Improper fit 0.39 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 9 0 0
Goggles Color 0.21 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9
Absolute Importance 15.41 6.32 8.0 16.04 10.31 23.43 18.0 3.51 10.75 1.89
Relative Importance (in %) 13.55 5.56 7.03 14.11 9.07 20.61 15.84 3.09 9.45 1.66
Table 2 Target specification deployment.

Cont.
 Considering all these specifications, the Prescription Swimming Goggles (PSG) available in the market have been
comparatively studied and those specifications were identified which are not available in existing swimming
goggles or do not meet users' expectations.
Hierarchical
Order
Design Attribute/Problem Availability of Solutions in the Existing PSGs
1 Flipping Not Specified
2 Visibility Power Lens (Mostly fixed type)
3 Fogging of Lenses Anti-fogging liquid and coating
4 Field of vision HR:144°; VR:138° (Maximum)
5 Lens-Scratching Scratch resistant coating
6 Burn around eyes Soft cushion pad (silicone or foam)
7 Leakage Pliable silicone pad
8 Pressure Excessiveness Suction pad
9 Improper fit Availability of standard size
10 Goggles Color According to the category of swimmers
Table 3 Market review in order to solve the problems.
*IOP related solutions were not received by comparative study.
S.
No.
Design
Concerns
Target Specifications
1 Flipping Adhesive pad, Interaction area,
Cushion pad, Frame surface area,
Frame profile.
2 Vision and
Visibility
Prescribed lens, lens material,
Lens profile, Lens-attachment.
3 IOP Elevation Interaction area, Cushion pad,
Frame surface area, Frame profile,
Strap adjustment.
Table 4 Target specifications.

Conceptual Design
1. Concept Generation: It is a phase of product design and development in which idea is explored according to the
set target specifications. Here, 4 conceptual drawings are prepared to exhibit the design specifications of the PSG.
S.
No.
Concept Drawing Concept Description S.
No.
Concept Drawing Concept Description
1
• A combined modular structure of
removable power lens helps the users to
choose appropriate diopter value of the
lens.
• Gasket pad for interaction to swimmer‟
face which provides cushioning along with
to avoid the leakage.
• Frame structure are designed with
providing it to curved profile instead of
sharp corners.
2
face which provides cushioning along
with to avoid the leakage.
• Two individual power lens are
incorporated for each eye.
• Frame structure are designed with
providing it to curved profile instead of
sharp corners.
3
• Power lens is incorporated with the head
cap as a combination. Instead of giving it
to a complete separate frame, only
supportive element is given between the
lens and head cap.
face which provides cushioning along with
to avoid the leakage.
4
• Two separate eye cups are incorporated
into the design.
• Each eye cup contains gasket pad,
removable power lens and goggle frame
body.
• A nose bridge adjustment is given to join
each cup according to the users‟
convenience.

Cont.
2. Concept Selection
Concept selection matrix is prepared to select the appropriate concept. This matrix is represented in terms of
„Concept numbers‟ (vertically) and „Response to solve the prescribed problems‟ (horizontally). All the responses
are measured in terms of giving them to maximum weight „5‟ and minimum weight „1‟. For example, if it appears
that the concept best solves the problem, then it will be given 5 ranks whereas the worst concept will be given 1.
Concept No. Response to solve problems in term of weight Sum of
Weights
Visibility Flipping IOP Elevation Ease of use
1 4 5 3 3 15
2 4 4 2 5 15
3 2 5 5 3 15
4 5 5 5 4 19
Table 5 Concept Selection Matrix.
From the evaluation, it can be
seen that the concept „4‟ is the
best one to solve the design
related issues. So, it is selected
to for the „Concept Testing‟
phase.
Note: Rating scores were provided in order to how a concept
will be able to solve the problems.

Cont.
3. Concept Testing
• Concept testing is usually done by taking the response of the potential users after showing them concept
architecture. Selected concept is described with the help of „Verbal description and Sketching‟ technique.
1. Clear vision due to inbuilt
power lens
1. Perfect angle of elevation
2. Spherocylindrical lens
structure
1. Ease of use
2. Increased field of vision
Figure 10 Feature exhibition of selected concept in form of sketching.
• All the specifications are described with the
users, local distributers and vendors. Their
opinions are collected for further
development in the design.
• In this case, it is optimized through the
existing product analysis based on the
suggestion of local distributers that the
double lens (power free outer lens and inner
power lens) may create problems during
assembly and lack of feasibility.
• So, it is replaced by a power lens of
„Polycarbonate‟ with scratch proof coating.

Development of PSG Architecture
1. Anthropometric data collection
• A survey was conducted for collecting the
anthropometric data from the market
segment.
• A total number of 38 swimmers took part in
this survey [Appendix 1].
• All the anthropometric dimensions are
collected with their specific nomenclature
[Figure6, Table 1].
• Apparatus used to measure the
anthropometric dimensions are
Anthropometer, Inch Tape, Goniometer and
Ruler scale.
• All anthropometric data charts are shown in
‘Appendix 3’.
Table 6 Mean values of all anthropometric measurements of the
survey-participants.
S. No. Anthropometric Nomenclature Average value of Anthropometric
measurement (cm)
1 Maximum Cranial Width or Head Breadth 14.6
2 Minimum frontal width 11.5
3 Maximum Facial Width or Biorbital Breadth 13.0
4 Maximum Cranial Length or Head Length 18.9
5 Upper Facial Depth 11.8
6 Middle Facial Depth 12.0
7 Glabella to Zygion length 12.8
8 Midnasale bridge to Zygion length 12.4
9 Sellion to Zygion length 11.7
10 Nasal Width or Bialar Breadth 3.9
11 Nasal Bridge Breadth 3.0
12 Nasal Protrusion 2.0
13 Nasal Bridge Height 2.0
14 Nasal Ala Length 3.3
15 Head Circumference 55.3
16 Forehead Inclination* 14.1
17 Forehead Height 6.0
18 Nasal Bridge Length 3.0

Cont.
2. Modelling of Ergonomic Mannequin
• All the dimensions are incorporated for modeling the mannequin in such a way that it should be taken to extract the
interaction area of the goggles from the face.
• The Ergonomic mannequin is made of thermocol and the „Sculpture Carving‟ technique is used to make it.
(a) Block of size
20cm×25cm×28cm
(b)Tools used: knife,
saw and files etc.
(c)Final shape of
mannequin
Figure 11 Different stages (a), (b) and (c) of the process of Mannequin Modeling.

Cont.
3. Geometrical Data of Face Mannequin into CAD Environment
Surface Smoothening
• A conventional approach is followed to smoothen surface of the mannequin.
• A thin layer of mixture of an adhesive (Fevicol) and Plaster of Paris (POP) applied on the surface of mannequin.
• It provides the Mannequin wear resistance and keep the geometrical parameters unchanged.
Figure 12 Mixture of Fevicol and POP. Figure 13 Layered Mannequin Surface are filled
with the mixture.

Cont.
Scanning of the Face Mannequin
• Tool Used: FARO Laser Scanner
• It provides the Point Cloud Data (.igs file) of the Face Mannequin through virtual simulation.
Figure 14 Scanning of the Face Mannequin
using FARO Laser Scanner. Figure 15 (a)Frontal view and (b) Side View of
Point Cloud Data in Catia software.
(a) (b)

Cont.
Surface Modelling of Face Mannequin
• Surface modelling of the Face Mannequin is done in CATIA by incorporating the point cloud data.
(a) Point cloud Data into Catia (b) Sectional view of Meshed data (c) Prepared Surface model of
the Face Mannequin
Figure 16 Processes (a, b and c) of surface modelling.

Cont.
4. Construction of the Swimming Goggles
 Extraction of Ocular Surface Area
• Ocular surface area is a major concern for elevation the Intraocular Pressure (IOP).
• Different types of goggles with variable ocular surface area were studied through the previous researches and an
optimum area with value 2800 mm2 is investigated.
• Extract the Ocular surface from the mannequin surface to get the prescribed area for the swimming goggles.
• Prescribed area contains the interaction points of the goggles and the swimmers ocular surface.
(a) (b)
Figure 17 (a) front view and (b) side view of the Extracted ocular surface area for
PSG.
Surface Area
2800 mm2

Cont.
CAD Model of the Swimming Goggles
• Three variant of swimming goggles taking the criteria of „Angle of Elevation‟ are modeled in CATIA V5 taking the
touchpoints from execrated surface of the mannequin.
• These three models were used for finding the pressure difference on the goggles surface while a swimmer swims
into the water.
Angle of
Elevation
Plane passes through the
periphery of a lens
Frontal plane
(d)
(e)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 18 Three variants of goggles with different Angle of Elevation
(a) 10° elevation, (b) 5° elevation, (c) 0° elevation, (d) frontal dimensions
of goggles, and (e) Depiction of Angle of Elevation.

Simulation Study
1. Response to Flipping: CFD Analysis
Flipping of googles is investigated as a major problem. It is also the cause of leakage and improper fitness
of goggles over the face.
All the geometrical assumptions are given as following:
 Mannequin and goggles have been taken as a single part.
 An arbitrary material (Aluminium) is filled into the body because it was not considered during the
simulation. This material is applied only to extract the body from the liquid part body of water.
(a) (b) (c)
Meshing: The meshing of all parts are carried out
using ANSYS Workbench Meshing. Tetrahedral
meshing is used for meshing all the models. Here,
meshing of the extracted model-sculpture of goggles
with 0° elevation angle is shown in Figure 18 (e).
Figure 19 Meshing of the extracted model-sculpture (water body) from goggles with 0°
elevation angle.

2. Analysis Setup
 To reduce the complexity of the analysis, some assumptions are taken
into consideration and listed below:
 The water flow is assumed as steady, incompressible and three
dimensional.
 The fluid domain is considered as water and laminar type flow is used
for the simulation.
 The simulation is done taking the quadrant of the mannequin with
goggles (as mention in above section).
Following boundary conditions are given for the analysis:
 A constant velocity water flow with velocity of 1.64 ms-1 is given
through inlet of the model.
 The bottom surface opposite to head is considered as an outlet for
each model with constant pressure condition.
 All other walls are considered as adiabatic, non-slip stationary wall.
Figure 20 Depiction of analysis
setup for CFD analysis.
Cont.

Cont.
3. Investigation of Pressure Difference: A Flipping Criteria
Velocity Depiction Pressure Depiction
 Minimum Pressure on the surface of goggles with 0° elevation angle is measured as - 3.035 kPa.
 Maximum pressure difference between inner and outer surface of goggles with 0° elevation angle is measured as
104.360 kPa.
Table 7 PSG with 0° Elevation Angle

Cont.
 Minimum Pressure on the surface of goggles with 5° elevation angle is measured as 2.102 kPa.
103.427 kPa.
Table 8 PSG with 5° Elevation Angle.

Cont.
 Minimum Pressure on the surface of goggles with 10° elevation angle is measured as 1.410 kPa.
102.735 kPa.
Table 9 PSG with 10° Elevation Angle

Results and Discussion
Findings from Market Analysis
• 40 % out of total swimmers are identified as visually impaired.
• The categorization of design parameters with respect to users‟ problems is shown in Table 10.
Design Parameters Users’ Problems
Physiological Parameters Leakage through goggles, Interaction area of goggles, Visibility,
Pressure excessiveness and Burn around eye,
Morphological Parameters Leakage through Goggles, Improper fit to face, Flipping of goggles,
Lens-Scratching, Fogging of lenses, Visibility and Field of vision
Psychological Parameters Goggles Color and Product architecture
Table 10 Categorization of the Design parameters with corresponding problems.

Cont.
• Prescribed target specifications that will be incorporated along with the general specifications, are listed in the
Table 11.
Table 11 Prescribed target specifications.
S. No. Design Concerns Target Specifications
1 Flipping Adhesive pad, Interaction area, Cushion pad, Frame
surface area, Frame profile.
2 Vision and Visibility Prescribed lens, lens material, Lens profile, Lens-
attachment.
3 IOP Elevation Interaction area, Cushion pad, Frame surface area,
Frame profile, Strap adjustment.

Cont.
 Prescribed Ocular Surface Area of a Goggles
• It was identified that touchpoints of the goggles should be in such a way that it fulfils the requirement of
optimum contact area in order to preventing the rise in IOP, as well as providing better field of vision.
• The area was investigated through the previous studies carried out by taking different models of swimming
goggles.
• The relation of the IOP rise and Ocular surface area is given in the Figure 21.
Figure 21 Change in IOP after 20 minutes by using various type of swimming goggles areas.

Cont.
• Three shapes of goggles‟ frame were optimized through the CFD analysis in order to find the pressure
difference between inner goggles surface and outer goggles surface in same swimming conditions. The graph [
Figure 22] depicts how the elevation angle helps to minimize the pressure difference between the inner and outer
surfaces of goggles.
104.36
103.427
102.735
101.5
102
102.5
103
103.5
104
104.5
0 5 10
PressureDifferenceinkPa
Angle of Elevation in Degree
Figure 22 Pressure Difference versus Angle of Elevation
graph.

Conclusion
• Small face area of goggles is a cause of rise in intraocular pressure (IOP).
• According to a ophthalmological study, It is advised to use swim mask type swimming goggles.
• Spherocylindrical Power lens can be inserted to the developed design for clear vision.
• Co-ordinates of the facial landmarks should be used to give the precise shape of the goggles.
• Surface model of Mannequin is Prepared in “Catia” software can be used in designing the facial accessories.
• In this study, 10º elevation Angle is found Optimum to minimize the condition of flipping.
• Through this research it can be concluded that Flipping can be minimize taking the other morphological
parameters.

Publications
• “A User-Centered Design Approach to Investigate the Design Parameters for Prescription Swimming Goggles”,
ACCEPTED for ICoRD‟2019, IISc Bengaluru

References
[1] Chiang, H. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,894,606. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[2] Fukasawa, S. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,884,339. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[3] Godoy, C. A. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,956,778. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[4] Chiang, H. (2001). U.S. Patent No. 6,317,897. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[5] Decorato, F. (1976). U.S. Patent No. 3,944,345. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[6] Chou, T. (1998). U.S. Patent No. 5,802,621. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[7] Florentin, A., Hautemanière, A., & Hartemann, P. (2011). Health effects of disinfection by-products in
chlorinated swimming pools. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 214(6), 461-469.
[8] Haag, J. R., & Gieser, R. G. (1983). Effects of swimming pool water on the cornea. JAMA, 249(18), 2507-2508.
[9] Ishioka, M., Kato, N., Kobayashi, A., Dogru, M., & Tsubota, K. (2008). Deleterious effects of swimming pool
chlorine on the corneal epithelium. Cornea, 27(1), 40-43.
[10] Morgan, W. H., Cunneen, T. S., Balaratnasingam, C., & Yu, D. Y. (2008). Wearing swimming goggles can
elevate intraocular pressure. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 92(9), 1218-1221.

Cont.
[11] Goenadi, C. J., Law, D. Z., Lee, J. W., Ong, E. L., Chee, W. K., & Cheng, J. (2016). The Effect of a Diving Mask
on Intraocular Pressure in a Healthy Population. Case reports in ophthalmology, 7(2), 327-331.
[12] Sutter, E., & Schirmacher, A. (2001). Protective area of laser eye protectors. Optics & Laser Technology, 33(4),
255-258.
[13] Zelzer, B., Speck, A., Langenbucher, A., & Eppig, T. (2013). Theoretical model for design and analysis of
protectional eyewear. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, 23(2), 120-128.
[14] Chakrabarti, D. (1997). Indian anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design practice. National institute of
design.
[15] Young, J. W. (1993). Head and face anthropometry of adult US civilians (No. DOT/FAA/AM-93/10). FEDERAL
AVIATION ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON DC OFFICE OF AVIATION MEDICINE.
[16] Ulrich, K. T. (2003). Product design and development. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix 3
Charts of the Participants’Anthropometric Survey

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