This document provides an overview of community ecology, including the following key points:
1) A biological community consists of interacting populations living in the same area. Interspecific interactions between species in a community, such as competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis can be classified as positive, negative, or neutral for the species involved.
2) Community structure is characterized by species diversity, including species richness and relative abundance, as well as trophic structure involving feeding relationships between organisms at different trophic levels in a community.
3) Certain species have a large impact on community structure due to their abundance, ecological role, or engineering effects. Examples include dominant, keystone, and ecosystem engineer species.
10. Figure 54.2
A. distichus perches on
fence posts and other
sunny surfaces.
A. insolitus usually
perches on shady
branches.
A. ricordii
A. aliniger
A. insolitus
A. distichus
A. christophei
A. cybotes
A. etheridgei
123. Figure 54.27
(a) Immigration and extinction rates
Number of species on island
Equilibrium number
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
(b) Effect of island size
Number of species on island
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
Small island Large island
Number of species on island
(c) Effect of distance from mainland
Far island Near island
(near island)
Extinction
Extinction
(farisland)
(far island)
(nearisland)
Im
m
igration
Im
m
igration
(large
island)
Extinction
Extinction
(sm
allisland)
(sm
all island)
(large
island)
Im
m
igration
Im
m
igration
Extinction
Im
m
igration
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
124. (a) Immigration and extinction rates
Number of species on island
Equilibrium number
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
Extinction
Im
m
igration
Figure 54.27a
125. (b) Effect of island size
Number of species on island
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
Small island Large island
(large
island)
Extinction
Extinction
(sm
allisland)
(sm
all island)
(large
island)
Im
m
igration
Im
m
igration
Figure 54.27b
126. Number of species on island
(c) Effect of distance from mainland
Far island Near island
(near island)
Extinction
Extinction
(farisland)
(far island)
(nearisland)
Im
m
igration
Im
m
igration
Rateofimmigrationorextinction
Figure 54.27c