Village cooperatives in Pakistan help farmers obtain crucial agricultural supplies and services. Supply cooperatives aggregate purchases of farm inputs like seeds and fertilizers to obtain volume discounts, lowering costs for members. They also operate machinery pools for services like plowing and harvesting. Marketing cooperatives collect and sell members' produce, allowing farmers to get better prices by selling in larger volumes. Credit unions provide an important source of financing for members. The cooperative movement has a long history in Pakistan and helps support the agricultural sector in rural villages.

1. Village Cooperatives
Lecture 13
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging
from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands), Though often located in rural areas,
the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as
Tarnab village Peshawar,DagaiVillage Swabi, Tibana Village Charsadda and Dhamtaur village in
Abbottabad
Village Condition In Pakistan
Those who live within a village in Pakistan must undertake a number of rigorous chores. The women in a
village do not cook with a stove heated by gas or electricity. They must rely on kerosene to start the fires
that they use while cooking. If a woman needs to have a number of dishes cooking at once, she needs to
prepare a line of kerosene fires.
When a woman in a village needs to do the laundry, she can not throw things in a washing machine. She
can not even find a Laundromat there in the village. She must wash her family’s clothes along the banks
of the nearest river.
A village in Pakistan can not supply each home with either electricity or running water. When a woman
needs water for cooking, she must travel to a river or well. Then she must fill a container with water and
carry it home, where she can put it to use. When she wants to clean her home, she can not use a vacuum;
she must rely on a broom.
Lacking running water,homes and business in the village do not have indoor plumbing. When nature
calls, the residents of the village must use an outhouse. Sometimes, a row of businesses might share a
single outhouse. This can make for some amusing scenes.
Within a small village, any business can become like a water cooler at large business. Many men gather to
talk at selected businesses in the village. They think nothing about carrying on their conversation while a
man from an adjoining business walks past, carrying the vessel that shows his reason for by-passing the
ongoing conversation.
Within the cities in Pakistan, one would never expect to witness such scene. A city in Pakistan often holds
one of the country’s universities. The presence of a university helps to bring added cultural elements into
the cities of Pakistan. A university often has a museum. A university often has a choir or orchestra. And
of course a university usually has a nice-sized library.
Frequently, some residents of a village choose to move to a city. They tend to make such a move for
financial reasons. Families living in a city generally have servants. When poorer families move from a
village to the city, then they know that they can find work. They often expect to work as servants or as
drivers.
The students who enroll at the universities in the cities are not expected to work; they are expected to
study. Some students take time out from their studies to take part in the occasional demonstration. Those
are the students most often viewed by TV audiences on the other side of the world. Such students
broadcast their own views, but not the views of all the villagers in Pakistan.
One can not yet predict how technological innovations could eventually manage to have an effect on
every village in Pakistan. Such innovations could one day see the widespread use of cell phones and
laptop computers in those small villages. Such changes would no doubt reshape the thinking of the
villagers in Pakistan.

2. Family System in Pakistan
Generally, family system in every country will vary depending upon their culture and style of living. If
you are dearly interested to know the family system in Pakistan, then continue reading to know the crispy
information! Here,people conceive the traditional and cultural family values and they give good respect
considering them as divinity and sacredness. Urban family system has been developed as nuclear family
system, due to the socioeconomic confinements inflicted by the customary joint family system.
In Pakistan, the joint family system is quite usually found. Joint family usually comprises father, mother,
children, grand father and mother, and they live together with their people in the same family unit.
Moreover, the governing male of the house will play a significant role with respect to the well-being of
his family unit. Also, they give a good care and take the responsibility to guard their grandparents. Above
all, they respect their folks and grandparents! People in Pakistan dearly follow the joint family system and
live their life along with their folks.
Conversely in the recent years,urbanization has directed to the alterations and amendments in the existing
family system, in larger cities. Moreover, the realism of urbanization will make the social units living
together to get less exerted and large nuclear group. This method of practice will commonly be practiced
and determined in developing countries. As known well that Karachiis the biggest city in Pakistan, the
city has observed and on-looked the most avid impingement of urbanization. Also, people can clearly get
to know and study the comparable variations in the family system.
When considering the elder people in Pakistan, they usually stick with their offspring or grandchildren to
get a complete support and care. They rely and depend on their people to get their assistance and support
in all aspects such as physical, social and financial wellbeing. Giving physical and emotional support is
quite usual in joint family system! It has been declared that urbanization will probably dilapidate and
crumble the family care to their elder people. Moreover, urbanization will also drop-off the care of the
growing children with their elders.
The situation will become really troublesome for the elder people living in a nuclear family. Elder people
can live without any troubles or risk, when they reside in a joint family. Individuals who closely stick in
joint family will respect their elders and give them support in all possible ways. Joint family is absolutely
good as living separate without your people will bring quite severaldifficulties. Urbanization and its
growth tend to promote the growth of the nuclear family and moreover it abates the care and support to
the elder people in the family.
People in Pakistan are greatly trilingual and most of the people living here are Muslims. They give much
respect to their customs and traditions and they closely follow the worth-taking family values. You could
see most people living as joint family group along with their people and folks, whereas some other group
of people lives as nuclear family. People living as nuclear family will take care of their spouse and
offspring.
Cooperative

3. A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is a business organization owned and operated by a group of
individuals for their mutual benefit..
A cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative
Alliance's Statement on the Cooperative Identity as "an autonomous association of persons united
voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly
owned and democratically controlled enterprise". A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned
and controlled equally by the people who use its services or by the people who work there. Various
aspects regarding cooperative enterprise are the focus of study in the field of cooperative economics
Cooperative Movement in World.
The history of the cooperative movement concerns the origins and history of cooperatives. Although
cooperative arrangements,such as mutual insurance, and principles of cooperation existed long before,
the cooperative movement began with the application of cooperative principles to business organization.
The first consumer cooperative may have been founded on March 14, 1761, in a barely furnished cottage
in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, when local weavers manhandled a sack of oatmeal into John Walker's
whitewashed front room and began selling the contents at a discount, forming the Society. In the decades
that followed, severalcooperatives or cooperative societies formed including Lennoxtown Friendly
Victualing Society, founded in 1812
Cooperative Movement in Pakistan Historical Perspective
1. British Period
The cooperative movement was started in British India with the coming into force of the Cooperative
Credit Societies Act, 1904. The main objective of this Act was to help small farmers by providing them
agricultural credit at low rates of interest on self-help basis. But this could not meet the credit needs of the
small farmers. Therefore,in 1912, an All India Cooperative Societies
Act was passed to facilities the organization of secondary level societies in the form of federations of
primary societies in order to provide financial and administrative support to primary units. The scope of
the cooperative movement was also widened through the Act which also provided for their involvement
in activities other than credit. Later on two committees – one headed by Sir Edward Maclagan in 1914
and the other in 1945 headed by R.G. Saraiya – were appointed to review the position and to suggest a
development plan for the movement. The communities respectively recommended for “patient and
persistent education of member’s. The movement progressed quite steadily in British India. During the
Second World War it was used to distribute food grains and other consumer goods.
2.Post-Partition Developments
Although, after the partition many of its management staff migrated to India, the movement came
forward and helped the nation in its difficult time. The cooperative movement branched out into diverse
fields of commercial activities such as processing of agricultural produce, procurement and distribution of
food grains and consumer goods and financing of wholesale and retail trade. But in 1953-54, due to
inefficiency in commercial operations and complaints about willful mismanagement, the Government
directed that the movement be withdrawn from the

4. Commercial field and assigned its traditional task of helping the farmer in agricultural production and
marketing. In pursuance of this policy, the Punjab Government appointed a Cooperative Inquiry
Committee in 1952 to review the position of the Cooperative movement. The committee recommended
among other things that the Central Cooperative Bank should gradually withdraw from commercial
loaning to individuals and should also exclusive individuals form their membership.
Origins OfAgriculture/village Cooperative
The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the Military
Frontier, where the wives and children of the border guards lived together in organized agricultural
cooperatives next to a funfair and a public bath.
The first civil agricultural cooperatives were created also in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth
century. They spread later to North America and the other continents. They have become one of the tools
of agricultural development in emerging countries. Farmers also cooperated to form societies. Also
related are rural credit unions. They were created in the same periods, with the initial purpose of offering
farm loans. Some became universal banks such as Credit Agricole or Rabobank.
Village/Farmer/Agriculture Cooperatives
An agricultural cooperative,also known as a farmers' co-op,is a cooperative where farmers pool their
resources in certain areas of activity.
A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives,
which provide various services to their individually farming members, and agricultural production
cooperatives,where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm
jointly.[1]
Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are
limited to collective farms in former socialist countries and the kibbutzim in Israel. Worker
cooperatives provide an example of production cooperatives outside agriculture.
The default meaning of agricultural cooperative in English is usually an agricultural service cooperative,
which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service
cooperatives, supply cooperative and marketing cooperative.Supply cooperatives supply their members
with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services.
Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution,
and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on credit
cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.
Why farmers form cooperatives
A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is related to the ability of farmers to
pool production and/or resources. In many situations within agriculture, it is simply too expensive for
farmers to manufacture products or undertake a service. Cooperatives provide a method for farmers to
join together in an 'association', through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome, typically
financial, than by going alone. This approach is aligned to the concept of economies of scale and can also
be related as a form of economic synergy, where "two or more agents working together to produce a
result not obtainable by any of the agents independently". While it may seem reasonable to conclude that

5. larger the cooperative the better, this is not necessarily true. Cooperatives exist across a broad
membership base, with some cooperatives having less than 20 members while other can have over
10,000.
Types ofFarmer Cooperatives
In agriculture, there are broadly three types of cooperatives: a machinery pool, a manufacturing/marketing
cooperative, and a credit union.
1.Machinery Pool: A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of expensive farm
machinery, which maybe only used irregularly, say only during harvest; instead local farmers may get
together to form a machinery pool that purchases the necessary equipment for all the members to use.
2.Manufacturing/marketing cooperative: A farm does not always have the means of transportation
necessary for delivering its produce to the market, or else the small volume of its production may put
it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers; a cooperative
will act as an integrator, collecting the output from members, sometimes undertaking manufacturing,
and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels.
3.Credit Union: Farmers,especially in developing countries, can be charged relatively high interest
rates by commercial banks, or even not available for farmers to access. When providing loans, these
banks are often mindful of high transaction costs on small loans, or may be refused credit altogether
due to lack of collateral - something very acute in developing countries. To provide a source of credit,
farmers can group together funds that can be loaned out to members. Alternatively, the credit union
can raise loans at better rates from commercial banks due to the cooperative having a larger
associative size than an individual farmer. Often members of a credit union will provide mutual or
peer-pressure guarantees for repayment of loans. In some instances, manufacturing/marketing
cooperatives may have credit unions as part of their broader business. Such an approach allows
farmers to have a more direct access to critical farm inputs, such as seeds and implements. The loans
for these inputs are repaid when the farmer sends produce to the manufacturing/marketing
cooperative.
Agricultural supply cooperativesvillage cooperatives
Aggregate purchases,storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of
volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale, supply cooperatives bring down the cost of the
inputs that the members purchase from the cooperative compared with direct purchases from commercial
suppliers. Supply cooperatives provide inputs required for agricultural production including seeds,
fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives operate machinery pools that
provide mechanical field services (e.g.,plowing, harvesting) to their members.