Addendum-1.docx

PREFACE
The 2023 Population and Housing Census in Nigeria marks a significant milestone in the
nation's history, providing valuable insights into the demographics, socio-economic
conditions, and living arrangements of its people. This addendum to the original document (the
Field Officers Manual) serves to expand and further clarify the methodologies, technologies,
and strategies used in this essential exercise, which will shape our understanding of Nigeria's
current and future development.
As Nigeria continues to grow and evolve, so too must our approaches to data collection and
analysis. This addendum highlights the innovative approaches and techniques that have been
introduced into the Group Listing and Enumeration Methodologies. The importance of
including Green Census and climate change considerations is also emphasized, illustrating
Nigeria's commitment to sustainable development and global environmental responsibilities.
Furthermore, this addendum provides an overview of the monitoring and evaluation process,
ensuring quality of data quality management and the successful implementation of the 2023
Population and Housing Census. It also details the roles and responsibilities of all census
functionaries, promoting a clear understanding of the collaborative effort required to achieve
the census goals. It also provides information on the enumeration of hard to reach, hard to
count, difficult terrains and security issues and tips of mitigating them. To ensure that
communication is correctly done additional guidelines are also presented in this document for
functionaries to utilise in carrying out their activities.
Additionally, a comprehensive catalogue of changes in data collection applications has been
included, reflecting the advancements in technology that have been integrated into the census
process. This will enable users to quickly understand and adapt to the evolving landscape of
data collection and analysis.
In conclusion, this addendum is a testament to Nigeria's dedication to the pursuit of accurate,
comprehensive, and reliable data, which will inform policies and decisions for the betterment
of the nation and its people. We hope that the information provided herein will contribute to a
successful implementation of the 2023 Population and Housing Census, setting a strong
foundation for future census exercises and the nation's overall development.

National Population Commission Field Officers Manual: An Addendum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE..................................................................................................................................i
POLICY STATEMENT ON THE LISTING AND ENUMERATION PROCEDURES
FOR THE 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS IN NIGERIA .......................1
1.0 Executive Summary................................................................................................1
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................1
1.3 Group Listing Methodology....................................................................................2
1.3.1 New Introductions into the Group Listing Methodology............................3
1.3.2 Sample Group Listing Workplan ................................................................3
1.3.3 Group Listing Monitoring Process..............................................................3
1.4 Group Enumeration Methodology ..........................................................................4
1.4.1 Method One: Enumeration with Shared PDAs ...........................................4
1.4.2 Method Two: Enumeration with Individual PDAs .....................................5
1.4.3 Group Enumeration in Hard-to-Reach Areas..............................................5
1.4.4 How to Handle New Building/Households during enumeration.................5
1.5 De-facto Concept ....................................................................................................6
1.6 Steps to Enumerate Special Population ..................................................................6
1.6.1 Women in purdah........................................................................................6
1.6.2 Homeless household....................................................................................6
1.6.3 Mentally Challenged Persons......................................................................6
1.7 Steps In Enumerating Institutional Household .......................................................7
1.7.1 Correctional Homes (Long Stay) ................................................................7
1.7.2 School Hostel (Long Stay) ..........................................................................7
1.7.3 Hospital (Short Stay)...................................................................................7
1.7.4 Nomads........................................................................................................7
1.8 Enumeration of Census Functionaries ....................................................................7
1.9 Re-interview...........................................................................................................8
1.9.1 Objective .....................................................................................................8
1.9.2 Re – Interview Methodology.......................................................................8
1.9.3 Functionaries Involved................................................................................9
1.9.4 Decision Making Procedure and Reporting ................................................9
1.10 Roles and Responsibilities During the Census Process .......................................9
1.10.1 Enumerators...............................................................................................9
1.10.2 Supervisors................................................................................................9

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1.10.3 Data Quality Assurance Assistants (DQAA) ..........................................10
1.10.4 Data Quality Managers............................................................................10
1.10.5 Census Data Analysis and Processing Team (CDAT) ............................10
1.11 Data Collection Processes..................................................................................11
1.11.1 Building Numbering:...............................................................................11
1.11.2 Household Listing ...................................................................................11
1.12 Important Considerations...................................................................................11
1.13 Conclusion .........................................................................................................11
GREEN CENSUS...................................................................................................................12
2.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................12
2.1 Green Census ........................................................................................................12
2.2 Significance of Green Census...............................................................................12
2.3 Climate Change.....................................................................................................13
2.4 Population and Climate Change Nexus ................................................................13
2.4.1 Relationship Between Green Census and Climate Change Response ......13
2.4.2 Local Actions for Global Impacts .............................................................14
2.5 Carbon footprints and Tracking ............................................................................14
2.6 Features of Nigeria’s Green Census......................................................................14
2.7 Roles of Census Functionaries..............................................................................15
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING
CENSUS..................................................................................................................................17
3.1 Background ...........................................................................................................17
3.2 Objectives..............................................................................................................17
3.3 Methodology.........................................................................................................18
3.4 Monitoring Modality and Deployment of M&E Officers.....................................19
3.5 Expected Outcomes...............................................................................................19
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................20
DATA QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN YEAR 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING
CENSUS..................................................................................................................................22
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................22
4.2 Data Quality Management Strategy......................................................................22
4.3 Role of the Data quality Managers during the 2023 PHC ....................................24
4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................26
HARD TO REACH AREAS .................................................................................................27
5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................27
5.2 Enumerating in Hard-to-Reach Areas...................................................................27

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5.2.1 Hybrid Enumeration Areas (HEAs) ..........................................................27
5.2.2 Demarcated Enumeration Area (DEAs)...................................................27
5.2.3 Difficult Terrain Areas ..............................................................................28
5.3 Hard-To-Count People ..........................................................................................28
5.3.1 Types of Hard to Count Population...........................................................28
5.4 Security Concerns .................................................................................................29
5.4.1 Security tips...............................................................................................29
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS ..........................................................30
6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................30
6.2 Understanding People ...........................................................................................30
6.3 Important Behavioural Traits ................................................................................30
6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................31
CATALOGUE OF DATA COLLECTION APPLICATION CHANGES.........................32
7.1 List of Changes in Data Collection Application ...................................................32
APPENDIX I : CATALOGUE OF CHANGES
APPENDIX II: CENSUSPAD AND CSENTRY – USER MANUAL

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POLICY STATEMENT ON THE LISTING AND ENUMERATION PROCEDURES
FOR THE 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS IN NIGERIA
1.0 Executive Summary
This policy brief provides a comprehensive overview of the methodology to be employed for
the 2023 Population and Housing census including the building numbering and household
listing exercise and persons enumeration in the 2023 Population and Housing Census (PHC) in
Nigeria. Two key methods are to be adopted for the PHC including the De- facto method of
enumeration and the recently added group listing approach. These are part of an effort to
enhance efficiency and accuracy in data collection, while allowing flexibility and adaptability
in response to on-the-ground challenges. The policy outlines the roles and responsibilities of
Enumerators, Supervisors, Data Quality Assurance Assistants, Data Quality Managers, and the
Census Data Analysis and Processing Team (CDAT). It also details the processes for building
numbering, household listing, and important considerations for the successful implementation
of the methodology.
1.1 Background
The National Population Commission (NPC) is mandated to conduct a population and housing
census every ten years in Nigeria. The census serves as a critical source of information on the
population's demographic, social, and economic characteristics, which informs policy-making,
resource allocation, and development planning at various levels of government. The last census
took place in 2006, and since then, Nigeria has experienced significant population growth,
urbanization, and socio-economic changes. These developments necessitate the conduct of a
census to provide a reliable basis for decision-making.
The 2023 PHC aims to provide up-to-date information on the population's demographic, social,
and economic characteristics, which will enable the government and other stakeholders to make
informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and monitor progress towards Sustainable
Development Goals, National Development Plan (NDP) 2021-2025, Africa 2063 Agenda and
other national and international goals and commitments. To this end, the NPC in addition to
the de facto approach for persons enumeration has adopted the group listing methodology for
building numbering and household listing.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this policy brief are to:
1. Explain the group Listing and Enumeration procedures for the 2023 PHC.
2. Provide guidelines for the roles and responsibilities of Enumerators and Supervisors,
Data Quality Assurance Assistants, Data Quality Managers, and the Census Data
Analysis and Processing Team.
3. Outline the processes for building numbering, household listing, persons enumeration
and data collection.
4. Highlight the procedure and benefits of the de facto census for the enumeration of
individuals

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5. Identify important considerations for the successful implementation of the
methodologies
1.3 Group Listing Methodology
The methodology for the building numbering and household listing exercise for the 2023 PHC
is Group listing.
This means all enumerators and supervisor within a supervisory area will conduct building
numbering as a group and list all households within one EA completely before moving to the
next EA within the SA.
 The supervisor and all enumerators in an SA all start in one EA as a group
 The supervisor moves with all enumerators from the first building to next within the
first EA to conduct building numbering.
 Supervisor assigns range of buildings to all enumerators as numbering progresses. The
supervisor chalks all buildings by writing the Census number assigned to the building
on the wall. All buildings found on ground including new ones not found on the map
must be numbered serially.
 All buildings in the EA must be completely chalked before being assigned to
Enumerators.
 Enumerators proceeds after been assigned a set of buildings, to verify and list
households without going beyond the assigned buildings.
 The same step is repeated for other EAs within the SA.
NOTE
 Building numbering already takes into consideration, demolished buildings, and new
buildings.
 Only buildings physically present on ground will be numbered.
 New buildings will be assigned numbers based on their location while maintaining the
flow of serial numbering. i.e. new building between EAD building 1 and 2 is numbered
code 2, and building 2 is numbered code 3 and so on.
 Demolished buildings will not be assigned a number. i.e. if EAD building 2 is
demolished, building 3 is now assigned 2 for Building numbering, however it will be
verified as demolished on the device.
 Enumerators must not go beyond their assigned building codes. (TheApp will not allow
them)
 Numbering and assignment must be serial within an EA i.e. if Enumerator 1 is assigned
buildings 001-043, Enumerator 2 will start numbering and verification from building
044
 If a building was omitted in the process of numbering, this means the building was not
numbered or assigned to any enumerator.
o such building should be reported to the supervisor,
o the supervisor then gives the next number to the building and ensure the building
is captured by the enumerator assigned the last part of the EA.

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 In multi locality EAs, building numbering and household listing should be completed
in one locality before the team proceeds to the next locality.
 All Enumerators must be on ground with the Supervisor during building numbering and
assignment and should physically receive and note every building assigned.
1.3.1 New Introductions into the Group Listing Methodology
1. The exercise is Supervisory area based.
2. Not all enumerators will have tablets in an SA. (0.75 tablet to 1 EA). This means an SA
with 4 EAs may have 3 tablets.
3. As a result of the above, assignment of buildings in EAs will be rotated by the
supervisor. The enumerator without tablet at a given time will join the supervisor in
chalking the buildings.
4. This implies that If enumerator 4 does not have a tablet while working in EA1,
enumerator 4 must be given a tablet to work in EA2. i.e. another enumerator will pass
the tablet to enumerator 4. This rotation will be based on the supervisor’s workplan.
5. When enumerator 4 receives a tablet, he/she will still activate profile on the device
using their phone number and OTP. This is to ensure work done is tagged to the
appropriate enumerator.
1.3.2 Sample Group Listing Workplan
After completing the first EA, the supervisor rotates the tablets among the enumerators to
ensure that enumerators without tablets while working on EA 1 works with tablets in EA2.
EA 1 EA2 EA3 EA4 EA5 EA6
ENUMERATOR 1 X TAB 2 TAB 2 TAB 2 TAB 2 TAB 2
ENUMERATOR 2 TAB 2 X TAB 3 TAB 3 TAB 3 TAB 3
ENUMERATOR 3 TAB 3 TAB 3 X TAB 4 TAB 4 TAB 4
ENUMERATOR 4 TAB 4 TAB 4 TAB 4 X TAB 5 TAB 5
ENUMERATOR 5 TAB 5 TAB 5 TAB 5 TAB 5 X TAB 1
ENUMERATOR 6 TAB 1 TAB 1 TAB 1 TAB 1 TAB 1 X
1.3.3 Group Listing Monitoring Process
1. Currently, each Enumerator will synchronize verified assigned buildings in an EA.
2. Due to the number tablets available, the supervisor will monitor progress through an
enumerator’s tablet.
3. The supervisor will activate his/her profile on the tablet.
4. The supervisor will then monitor the EA coverage on the CENSUSPAD through Team
progress and monitoring tab on the main menu,
5. he/she ensures all buildings have been verified, households have been listed in
residential and institutional buildings, and then click the “mark as completed” button to
sign off that an EA has been completed.

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6. The DQAA also activates profile on his/her tablet, checks and sign off on completion
using the Team progress and coverage tab.
7. The automatic validation is initiated on the DQM’s dashboard after completion and
signed off by supervisor and DQAA.
1.4 Group Enumeration Methodology
Group enumeration involves teams of enumerators and supervisors working together to ensure
comprehensive coverage of the target population, following the group listing phase where
buildings and households have been identified and recorded.
The group enumeration is considered an option to maximise the use of the available tablets
while maintaining the principle of simultaneity. Enumerators will start work on their primary
EA, depending on the number of EAs in the SA, tablets will have to be rotated in a work shift
arrangement. While 3 Enumerators will have a full day operation daily during enumeration
period, two will have to rotate tablets among themselves under close supervision of the
supervisor daily.
The key issue is the management of time on each day which the supervisor needs to coordinate
meticulously. A table is prepared below to guide each team.
1.4.1 Method One: Enumeration with Shared PDAs
The Group Enumeration Methodology will use shared PDAs among the enumerators, the
following are the steps in enumerating using the methodology.
1. With current resource available, the distribution of PDA will be a ratio of 4 tablets to
each SA.
2. Supervisor assigns enumerators to their primary EAs ( EA A,B,C,D & E or more )
3. First set of enumerators (A,B,C,&D) commence work in the morning of Day one of
enumeration.
4. By noon Enumerator A passes the PDA to Enumerator E to commence work in the
afternoon session
TABLE ONE : SAMPLE SA WORK SHIFT SCHEDULE
ENUMERATOR DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5
A M FD FD FD A
B FD A FD M FD
C FD FD A FD M
D FD FD M A FD
E A M FD FD FD
FD - Full Day
M - MORNING - 7:00 am - 1:30 pm
A - AFTERNOON - 1:30 pm - 8:00 pm

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5. Enumerators verify and interview members of the household one after the other in their
assigned EA.
6. Enumerators to probe and leave call back cards for members of the household that are
temporarily absent during enumerator’s visit to the household.
7. Each team will run two shifts from 7am – 1:30pm (Morning) and 1:30pm - 8pm
(afternoon)
8. That following the guideline in the table below, the supervisor ensures that enumeration
is conducted in every EA daily during the enumeration period.
9. Synchronisation should be at least twice a day.
10. Multi locality EAs should be given preference and be exempted from the rotation of
tablets as much as possible.
1.4.2 Method Two: Enumeration with Individual PDAs
a. Supervisor assigns enumerators to their primary EA within the Supervisory Area (SA),
directs that enumeration commences at the same time and ensures that all EAs are
visited simultaneously.
b. Enumerators verify and interview members of the households within their assigned EA,
one after the other.
c. Enumerators probe and leave call back cards for temporarily absent household members
who were present on census night.
d. Data synchronization should occur at least twice a day to minimize the impact of non-
simultaneity on the data.
1.4.3 Group Enumeration in Hard-to-Reach Areas
In the case of hard-to-reach areas, group enumeration requires respondent in an EAto assemble
in a single and convenient location (school, health facility, local leader’s residence etc.) where
they can be enumerated. The enumeration is carried out as follows -
a. On household basis, individual respondents must be enumerated within the household
they belong in the case of a multi-member household, however in a single member
household, the respondent shall be enumerated alone.
b. Questions on housing facilities questionnaire that require observation by enumerator
shall be responded to by the head of household or any adult member of the household.
This is because during group interview, the respondent might have left the buildings
where the enumerator could observe the attributes of the building.
1.4.4 How to Handle New Building/Households during enumeration
New households found in the listed buildings during enumeration should be captured but
cannot be enumerated until approval is granted by the LG Field Coordinator. Supervisors are
to report new households to DQAA to conduct a spot check and escalate the report to the LG
Field Coordinator, who gives approval to DQM to activate enumeration of the new households.
New buildings found during enumeration should be captured but cannot be enumerated until
the State Field Coordinator (SFC) approves. The case should be reported to the DQAA for spot
checks; when confirmed, they escalate the report to the LG Field Coordinator and the State

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Field Coordinators. The SFC liaises with the State DQM and conveys approval to the FDQM
to activate for enumeration.
1.5 De-facto Concept
For the 2023 PHC, the census will use a de facto method, where individuals are enumerated
based on where they are found on the census night. This has several advantages, especially in
a country like Nigeria.
1. De facto method is easier to administer, less prone to errors and omissions, and provides
accurate and reliable data.
2. De facto method ensures that the government can make informed decisions based on
accurate and reliable data.
3. The De facto method is particularly suitable for countries with high levels of internal
migration, providing a more accurate picture of the population at a given time.
1.6 Steps to Enumerate Special Population
1.6.1 Women in purdah
1. Identify yourself to the head of household.
2. Explain/educate the head of household why the women can’t be counted by proxy.
3. Gain the confidence of the head of household.
4. Respect the culture of your respondent.
5. Start enumeration in the order provided by the head of household.
NB: Female enumerators should enumerate women in purdah, as males enumerators may not
be allowed into their courtyards. In case the enumeration team consists of only male
enumerators, permission of the head of household or assistance of the community leaders must
be sought in advance.
1.6.2 Homeless household
1. Introduce yourself to the household
2. Explain the purpose of your visit
3. Show empathy where needed
4. Identify the head of household
5. Start enumeration from the head of household to the last member of the household
NB: Homeless households have to be enumerated as regular households. Homeless households
are identical to regular households except that they have no roof over their head.
1.6.3 Mentally Challenged Persons
1. Identify the mentally challenged persons in the EA
2. Be calm, friendly, observant and subtle in your approach
3. Seek assistance and cooperation from community leader and security operatives
4. Ask questions in a friendly manner
5. In cases where answers are not provided, use your initiative
NB: Mentally challenged persons will be enumerated on the first night of the Census (after
12:00 midnight). It is therefore necessary to go round at night and familiarize yourself with the

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places during the building numbering and household listing. For that, you may need protection
from relevant authorities. Do not approach the homeless persons alone for security reasons.
1.7 Steps In Enumerating Institutional Household
1.7.1 Correctional Homes (Long Stay)
1. Identify the head of the centre (prison warder as the case may be)
2. Explain your mission
3. Seek permission to enumerate the inmates
4. Seek assistance in approaching the inmates where necessary
5. Start enumeration in no particular order.
6. Enumerate continuously until all blocks of wards are enumerated
1.7.2 School Hostel (Long Stay)
1. Identify the head of the school (principal or hostel master as the case may be)
2. Identify yourself and your mission
3. Seek permission to enumerate all the students
4. Take one block after the other
5. Start enumeration of persons in no particular order.
6. Enumerate continuously until all students are enumerated
1.7.3 Hospital (Short Stay)
1. Identify the head of the hospital (MD/CEO as the case may be)
2. Identify yourself and mission
3. Seek permission to enumerate all persons in the hospital
4. Take one block after the other
5. Start enumeration in no particular order
6. Enumerate continuously until all block of wards are enumerated
1.7.4 Nomads
1. 1.Introduce yourself
2. Identify the Head
3. Explain your mission
4. Seek permission to enumerate them
5. Check their thumbs to confirm that they have not been enumerated and proceed to
enumerate them.
NB: In the institutional household, start enumeration with anybody available. There may be
restrictions on accessing some of these institutions, the heads of these institutions are usually
called upon for permission to enumerate their occupants (that is persons in their care). In some
cases, these institutions provide their own staff that would assist in approaching the occupants
for the purpose of enumeration.
1.8 Enumeration of Census Functionaries
The following are the procedures for enumerating census functionaries.

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1. Every SA team is responsible for enumerating all census functionaries found within
their Supervisory Area (SA).
2. Census functionaries are to be listed and enumerated in the FIRST RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING in an SA.
3. Each Census Functionary is to be listed and enumerated as a One-member household.
That is, each census functionary is a household on his/her own.
4. Census Functionaries answer both individual and household-based questions, like
regular household.
5. Household based questions for Census Functionaries are DEJURE. That is, they are to
refer to their normal regular household elsewhere when answering the household-based
questions such as, Mortality, Household Characteristics and Amenities, and Sanitation.
1.9 Re-interview
The re-interview concept focuses on utilizing supervisors to ensure data quality in the 2023
Population and Housing Census. Supervisors will be responsible for re-interviewing a sample
of respondents during both the listing and enumeration phases, aiming to minimize field
operation errors and improve the accuracy and consistency of collected information.
Re-interviews should be conducted before the end of the day’s work, during the first four days
of listing and first four days of enumeration.
The re-interview data will guide decision-making and remedial actions, such as training or
replacement of enumerators.
Coverage: 3 households per enumerator’s completed work
1.9.1 Objective
a. To generate instant results on the quality of work of each enumerator to detect and
correct field operations errors early and improve the accuracy and consistency of
collected information.
b. To provide a large-scale sample data from the census for purpose of validating census
and other subsequent surveys
1.9.2 Re – Interview Methodology
The re-interview process is conducted in two phases:
During listing:
a. Supervisors randomly select three households from buildings already listed.
b. Re-interviews are conducted in the order of building assignment or segmentation.
c. The process takes place during the first four days of listing.
During person enumeration:
a. Supervisors randomly select three households from those where enumeration has been
completed.
b. Re-interviews are conducted for each enumerator in the sampling area.
c. The process takes place during the first four days of enumeration.

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1.9.3 Functionaries Involved
a. Supervisors: Supervisors are required to use the “King Tablet” to carry out all
reinterviews in their SA. Among all the tablets assigned to an SA, one tablet will be
tagged as the “King Tablet.” This tablet will be used by both Enumerators and the
Supervisor.
b. Data Quality Assurance Assistants (DQAAs): Support supervisors in ensuring
adherence to the reinterview protocol, intervene in case of disputes, and recommend
replacement or dismissal if necessary.
c. Data Quality Manager (DQM): Monitors the completion rate of re-interviews and views
the re-interview reports on their dashboard.
1.9.4 Decision Making Procedure and Reporting
The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20) is used to determine the reliability index of the
reinterview data. The KR-20 values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating higher
reliability. Based on the computational result, three optional actions are available:
a. Pass
b. Advice and retrain
c. Advice, withdraw, and replacement
The reinterview report is generated through an automated process comparing the supervisor's
data with that of the enumerator.
The KR-20 report is then sent to the supervisor’s tablet (King Tablet) and the DQMs
dashboard, accessible by the Data Quality Assurance Assistant and the Geo-monitor for
immediate decision-making.
The supervisor uses the reports of the re-interviews to take immediate remedial actions
according to the re-interview protocol and ensures adherence.
1.10 Roles and Responsibilities During the Census Process
1.10.1 Enumerators
a. Number buildings and list households within assigned building ranges.
b. Collect persons and housing characteristics information completely.
c. Verify the status of existing and demolished buildings.
d. Conduct interviews and record information accurately and promptly using assigned
tablets.
e. Serve as the "King Tablet" holder, if assigned by the supervisor.
1.10.2 Supervisors
a. Lead and manage the team of enumerators in building numbering, household listing,
and persons enumeration activities.
b. Coordinate the use of the PDA/tablets assigned to enumerators in the team, ensuring
proper rotation of devices based on availability.
c. Conduct the assignment of census numbers to buildings in each Enumeration Area (EA)
by EA within the Supervisory Area (SA).

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d. Assign buildings to enumerators for household listing and ensure timely completion of
assignments.
e. Perform coverage and quality checks with the "King Tablet" to manage group listing
and persons enumeration activities and promptly report any incidents or issues
encountered during the enumeration process.
f. Conduct re-interviews as necessary to verify and validate data collected and address
any inconsistencies identified. Re-interviews should be conducted before the end of the
day’s work, during the first four days of listing and first four days of enumeration.
g. Liaise with the Data QualityAssurance Assistant (DQAA) team to review the results of
the re-interviews and ensure the accuracy and completeness of data collected by
enumerators.
h. Supervise and provide guidance, support, and feedback to enumerators to improve their
performance and ensure their safety and security during the enumeration process.
i. Conduct enumeration of functionaries and other related activities as required.
j. Serve as the overall team leader and manager, responsible for ensuring the successful
completion of the enumeration exercise within the specified timelines and quality
standards.
1.10.3 Data Quality Assurance Assistants (DQAA)
a. Assist the DQM to confirm profiles of Supervisors and Enumerators for consistency
and seamless map fetching.
b. Prepare the profiling template for Data Quality Managers (DQMs) to profile the
functionaries.
c. Ground truth and report any data inconsistencies or errors to Data Quality Managers
for prompt resolution.
d. Provide technical support and guidance to enumerators and supervisors to improve data
quality.
e. Review the results of the interview with the supervisor and implement observations.
1.10.4 Data Quality Managers
a. Monitor the data synchronization of enumerators and supervisors using the Dashboard
b. Check validation errors and follow up with Data Quality Assurance Assistants for
ground-truthing.
c. Monitor the work of enumerators, supervisors and Data Quality Assurance Assistants
on screen, providing necessary support.
d. Review DQAA reports on data inconsistencies and errors, and coordinate with
enumerators, supervisors, and the field management to resolve issues.
e. Ensure overall data quality and integrity throughout the census exercise.
1.10.5 Census Data Analysis and Processing Team (CDAT)
a. Receive, process, and analyse census data from the server in real time.
b. Identify any discrepancies or data quality issues and promptly communicate any
undesirable outcomes to the Census Management Team.
c. Provide daily updates to the Census Management Team during field work.

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d. Undertake preliminary data processing, generate preliminary results and compile
preliminary reports and present them to the Census Management Team for approval.
1.11 Data Collection Processes
1.11.1 Building Numbering:
1. Serial numbering of buildings within an EA, taking into consideration demolished and
new buildings.
2. Updating of the EA Frame from the EAD.
3. Recording of Census building information
4. Recording of all special population points within an EA
5. List all structures in the EA without omission or overlaps
6. Reporting of omitted or unassigned buildings to supervisors for appropriate action.
1.11.2 Household Listing
1. Listing of households within assigned building ranges.
2. Recording household information using tablets, with work tagged to individual
enumerators.
1.12 Important Considerations
a. The Census is SA-based, with enumerator and supervisor teams operating within
designated SAs.
b. For the building numbering and household listing, the focus is on buildings within the
EA, thus the team moves from EA to EA
c. In this regard, two enumerators should not work in the same building both during the
building numbering and household listing and the persons’ enumeration.
d. All enumerators may not have tablets, requiring rotation of tablet assignments among
team members.
e. Enumerators without tablets will assist supervisors in chalking building numbers.
1.13 Conclusion
The group listing methodology for the 2023 PHC in Nigeria is designed to ensure efficient and
accurate data collection for building numbering and household listing. This policy brief
provides a comprehensive overview of the methodology, roles and responsibilities, processes,
and important considerations for its successful implementation. Adherence to these guidelines
will contribute to the overall success of the census exercise, enabling evidence-based policy
making and resource allocation in Nigeria.

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GREEN CENSUS
2.0 Introduction
Census is inherently complex as it requires the mobilization of a wide range of human and
material resources. It thus has considerable impacts on the environment. For instance, about
twenty-eight million sheets of paper questionnaires and over three million paper maps which
are equivalent to about 6,000 trees were utilized for Nigeria’s 2006 Population and Housing
Census (NPC, 2006).There is obviously a need to pursue an eco-friendly approach in the
conduct of the 2023 census, to cut back on its potential impacts on the environment and
contribute to addressing the escalating challenges of climate change through the
implementation of Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). This Handbook
articulates the various aspects in which Nigeria’s 2023 Census is green, particularly in outright
avoidance and or reduction of carbon emissions. This is in line with Nigeria’s Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDC) to climate change to reduce the emission of gases that
contribute to global warming as signed in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).
2.1 Green Census
A green census is the census that adopts strategies which promote environmental sustainability
it is one that preserve the environment in such a way that cause minimal or no damage to the
social, economic, and physical environment. It is also one that prevents greenhouse gases
(GHGs) emissions that would otherwise have happened. It provides data for the assessment of
the impact of the population on the environment and that of climate change on the environment.
It supports the development of climate change actions that are best focused on at the household
level.
2.2 Significance of Green Census
Some of the benefits of the green census can be itemized as follows:
a. The use of green technology to implement census will reduce the climate signature of
census operational activities thereby, contributing towards Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) to reduce green house gas emission
b. Green census can estimate how climate change affects the population in absolute terms
and highlight climate change impacts. The data generated could show the impacts of
climate change on populations.
c. Greening of the census process will entail digitization, which will lead to saving of
thousands of the trees (carbon sinks), but also avoid GHG emissions that would have
occurred, while producing/recycling paper that would otherwise have been used;
d. Green census will provide primary data on population-climate nexus, for discerning
carbon footprint pattern in the country;
e. Green census will generate green data used for sustainable development planning;
climate change mitigation, adaptation, and other climate variables that will foster
climate preparedness and action.

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2.3 Climate Change
Climate Change refers to the long shift in temperatures and weather patterns caused by natural
or human induced activities. However, human activities especially burning fossil fuels like
coal, oil, and gas have been the main drivers.
The human factor-driven climate change is caused by an accumulation of heat-trapping gases
called Green House Gases (GHG), Some key GHGs are Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane
(CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), and Carbon monoxide (CO). GHG enters the atmosphere through
the burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), during transportation, power generation
for industrial and domestic use, decay of organic waste, trees, agricultural, land use, and
industrial activities. There is nothing that can be done about the natural factors of climate
change, but the change that relates to human activities can be addressed with adaptation and
mitigation strategies.
Mitigation: Climate change mitigation is the act of reducing the severity of climate change. It
involves reducing the flow of GHGs into the atmosphere either by by reducing sources of these
gases or enhancing the “sinks that accumulate and store these gases (e.g tree planting). The
2023 Census would generate information that would assist in assessing mitigation potentials at
the household level. It will also reveal aspects of domestic carbon emissions in various parts
of the country.
Adaptation means making adjustments to actual or expected climate change and its impacts
such as rising sea levels, lower or higher rainfall, temperature, floods etc. Data from this census
would assist in assessing some aspects of the vulnerabilities (high at risk) of human and natural
systems and in designing other adaptation strategies across various ecological zones of Nigeria.
2.4 Population and Climate Change Nexus
The nexus between population and climate change is defined by population size, fertility and
growth rates consumption levels and resource utilization; as well as the mitigation and
adaptation capacity of the complex human-environment system.Charged with the prime
responsibility of undertaking population and housing census, but also the generation of green
data at the household level, including carbon emission data that could be used in emission data
projections and climate change impact on demographic groups with. Therefore, NPC is a
crucial partner in reducing carbon emission and achieving Nigeria’s’ Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC)
2.4.1 Relationship Between Green Census and Climate Change Response
Green census and climate change response are connected. As we have seen above, the release
of GHG into the atmosphere from various sources is responsible for human-induced climate
change. In our green census, substantial emissions will be avoided. For example, digital
capturing and transmission of data mean we are “paperless” and we would not do too much
traveling. By not traveling much we reduce the amount of fuel and therefore the amount of
carbon that we would have injected into the environment. Paper is made from trees. By going
paperless we protect thousands of trees (carbon sinks) from being cut. These trees help us
reduce CO2 by synthesizing carbon and releasing oxygen (O2) for us. A green census is
climate-friendly.

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2.4.2 Local Actions for Global Impacts
The local actions we are taking in Nigeria such as reducing emissions through the use of
cooking gas instead of firewood and charcoal, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles, the use of
energy-efficient bulbs, and investments in solar energy, in their little ways, contribute to
reducing climate change impact and avoiding and or limiting emissions. That is why we say
local actions generate global impacts. Some local actions we are taking in the 2023 PHC
include reduced paper and power use; adopting solar energy at the national and state offices;
adopting bicycles for transportation where possible etc. some of the little actions advocated at
individual level are presented in Box1.
2.5 Carbon footprints and Tracking
A carbon footprint is the total GHG emissions caused by an individual, event, organization,
service, place, or product. The first step to start reducing carbon emissions is to track carbon
footprints. Carbon tracking is a comprehensive way to measure and document carbon emissions
from direct and indirect sources. It allows individuals and organizations to calculate the GHG
emissions that result from every activity, get a clear picture of their footprint, determine the
best opportunities for making reductions, and evaluate progress in reducing emissions.
Advocacy on climate actions and Green Census.
2.6 Features of Nigeria’s Green Census
The key features for greening the 2023 PHC include;
1. Adoption of digital data collection, processing, and transmission technologies that
makes the census largely “paperless”. thereby reducing emissions that would have come
if it were physical.
2. Utilization of renewable (solar) energy at the National and State offices as a sustainable
source of electricity, reduce emissions that would have come from the national grid or
use of generators
3. Advocacy and sensitization of NPC functionaries on climate change. These would
include information on actions that lessen the adverse impacts of the census on the
environment and what needs to be done to moderate the impact of climate change (Box
1) and the need for the public to avoid travelling for the census.
4. Inclusion of relevant questions that would help in evaluating the awareness of climate
change and its impact at the household level.
5. Tracking Carbon Footprints During the Census Process to enable the determination of
the GHG emissions that result from census activities/processes and the opportunities to
make reductions.
6. Use of Bicycles for local trips during the census to reduce GHG emissions that could
have been generated if GHG emitting vehicles are used.
7. Use of Hybrid-Electrical Vehicles that combine two or more sources of energy. These
can save between 24% and 41% of CO2 compared to conventional petrol vehicles .
These will help reduce emissions that would have happened with the use of
conventional vehicles in the movement of people and materials.

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8. Ensuring the Procurement of Eco-Friendly Materials for the Census that are very
durable and long-lasting or biodegradable. This implies that EF materials can either
delay emissions or limit the amount that can be immediately released into the
atmosphere.
9. Increase virtual trainings of census functionaries to reduce physical movement thereby
minimizing carbon footprint produced as a result of travelling for the training.
10. Optimizing the Delivery of Resources for census ensuring that materials are delivered
in the fastest, cheapest, and most reliable ways. Example procurement/production of
materials at local level instead of National level
2.7 Roles of Census Functionaries
In addition to their usual census responsibility, census functionaries are expected to perform
the following roles:
 Support the greening of the census processes and procedures;
 Administer the green questions - the census questionnaire;
 Fill out the daily questionnaire on green activities;
 Be climate-sensitive in all their action (Box1);
 Reduce waste (solid and liquid);
 Dispose waste responsibly by sorting where possible;
 Travel eco-friendly;
 Plant a tree where possible.
NOTE: Eco-friendly travel means adopting transportation means that produce minimum or no
GHGs such as walking, bicycles etc
Box 1: Elements of Advocacy on the Green Census
Remember, the 2023 PHC is a “Green Census”. Play your part by:
 Considering eco-friendly products while shopping.
 Eat responsibly and avoid food wastage.
 Reduce the use of water for washing, cleaning, and bathing.
 Use reusable bags and food containers.
 Separate reusable waste during disposal where possible
 Practice earth hour (switch of lights for one hour) at least once during the census
period.
 Unplug your PDA, laptop, or mobile phone when fully charged.
 Switch off electrical appliances when not in use.
 Go digital and use emails instead of paper correspondence.
 Switch off lights and air conditions when not in use;
 Always adopt the eco-friendly Rs for the green census viz;
1. REFUSE what you don’t need,
2. REDUCE; what you need;
3. REUSE; it as many times as you can,
4. RE-PURPOSE; if you’re not using it anymore and

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5. RECYCLE; or compost it when it reaches the end of its life cycle;
 If possible, plant a tree to commemorate 2023 PHC.

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MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING
CENSUS
3.1 Background
The National Population Commission is conducting the 2023 Population and Housing Census,
a critical exercise to collect accurate and reliable data on the population and housing status in
the country. The census data serves as a basis for national development planning, resource
allocation, and policy formulation. To ensure the success of the census, extensive preparations
have been made, including the development of methodologies, recruitment of personnel, and
the provision of training for various functionaries involved in the census process.
Several preparatory activities have been carried out, and these activities have been monitored
and evaluated to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency. As the main census activities are
about to begin, it is crucial to continue the monitoring and evaluation process to ensure the
quality and reliability of the collected data. The main census activities, divided into two major
activities – Building Numbering and Housing Listing, and Enumeration of Persons – will
facilitate obtaining a comprehensive view of the Nigeria’s demographic, social, and economic
characteristics, as well as housing conditions and infrastructure.
Given the importance of the census data and the need to ensure its accuracy and reliability, it
is essential to monitor and evaluate the trainings and field exercises, assessing the performance
of the field functionaries and identifying any challenges or issues that may arise during the
census process. This monitoring and evaluation will contribute to the overall success of the
2023 Population and Housing Census.
3.2 Objectives
The overall objective of monitoring and evaluating the 2023 Population and Housing Census
is to ensure the effective implementation of the census activities and the collection of high-
quality data. Specifically, the objectives of the monitoring and evaluation exercise are:
i. To assess the effectiveness of the trainings for field functionaries in equipping them
with the necessary knowledge and skills to perform their roles efficiently. This includes
evaluating the clarity of the training content, the appropriateness of the training
methods, and the relevance of the materials provided to the field functionaries.
ii. To evaluate the quality of the fieldwork during the Building Numbering and Housing
Listing, and Enumeration of Persons exercises. This involves assessing the adherence
to the established methodologies, and the effectiveness of the supervision and support
provided to the field functionaries.
iii. To identify any challenges, gaps, or issues encountered during the census activities and
provide recommendations for addressing them. This will help ensure that the census
process runs smoothly, and any potential obstacles are identified and resolved in a
timely manner.
iv. To assess the overall readiness and performance of the field functionaries during the
census exercise. This includes evaluating their understanding of the census

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methodologies, their ability to use the census tools and applications effectively, and
their capacity to handle unforeseen situations that may arise during the fieldwork.
v. To provide feedback that will enable continuous improvement of the census process
and contribute to the success of the 2023 Population and Housing Census. This includes
sharing the findings and recommendations from the monitoring and evaluation exercise
with the relevant stakeholders, allowing them to make informed decisions and adjust
the census process as needed to ensure its success.
Through these objectives, the monitoring and evaluation exercise aims to ensure that the 2023
Population and Housing Census is conducted efficiently, accurately, and transparently,
providing high-quality data for national development planning and policy formulation.
3.3 Methodology
The monitoring and evaluation exercise will use a combination of qualitative and quantitative
methods to assess the trainings and field exercises during the 2023 Population and Housing
Census. The methodology will involve the following steps:
 Observation: M&E officers will observe the training sessions and field exercises to
assess the quality of the training delivery, the implementation of the methodologies, and
the performance of the field functionaries. This will be done using observation
checklists and standardized criteria for evaluating the various aspects of the census
process.
 Daily Feedback: M&E officers will request feedback from the field functionaries and
trainers during the trainings and field exercises. The feedback tool will be designed to
capture both quantitative and qualitative data, providing insights into the participants'
perception of the training, fieldwork, and overall census process.
 Interviews: M&E officers will conduct interviews with the trainers, field functionaries,
and other stakeholders to gather feedback on the quality of the training, the
implementation of the census methodologies, and any challenges or issues encountered
during the field exercises.
 Data Analysis: The data collected through the observation, feedback, and interviews
will be analysed to identify trends, patterns, and gaps in the training and fieldwork
processes. The results will be summarized and presented in a report, highlighting the
key findings and recommendations for improving the census process.
 M&E Alerts: Throughout the monitoring and evaluation exercise, the M&E system
will maintain open communication channels with the Census Management to share
real-time information on emerging issues and challenges in the field. These M&EAlerts
will enable management to take prompt action in addressing any problems or concerns,
ensuring the smooth implementation of the census activities and minimizing the
potential impact of these issues on the overall quality of the data.

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Overall, the monitoring and evaluation exercise will be conducted with the aim of providing
timely and actionable feedback that will enable continuous improvement of the census process
and ensure that the field functionaries are adequately prepared to perform their roles during the
2023 Population and Housing Census.
3.4 Monitoring Modality and Deployment of M&E Officers
The monitoring and evaluation process for the 2023 Population and Housing Census will
involve a comprehensive deployment of M&E officers to ensure adequate coverage of the
enumeration areas (EAs) and the effective assessment of the census activities. A total of 1,465
M&E officers will be involved, including staff of the National Population Commission, staff
of Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), members of academia, members of civil
society organizations, and retired staff of the Commission.
The M&E system aims to cover up to 5% of the enumeration areas over the period of the
census. M&E officers will be deployed in a way that ensures each officer will monitor up to 20
enumeration areas. In Local Government Areas(LGAs) where 5% of the enumeration areas is
more than 20, additional officers will be assigned to ensure adequate coverage and monitoring
of the census activities.
The deployment strategy will involve the following steps:
1. Distribution of M&E officers across the enumeration areas, ensuring that each officer
is responsible for monitoring up to 20 enumeration areas. This distribution will be
guided by the proportion of enumeration areas in each LGA, with additional officers
assigned to LGAs where 5% of the enumeration areas is more than 20.
2. Development of monitoring schedules and plans for each M&E officer, outlining their
assigned enumeration areas and the timeline for monitoring activities. This will help
ensure efficient use of resources and effective coverage of the census activities.
3. Provision of necessary tools, resources, and training to the M&E officers to enable them
to perform their monitoring and evaluation tasks effectively. This may include the use
of monitoring checklists, feedback tools, and guidelines for conducting interviews and
observations.
Throughout the census process, M&E officers will maintain close communication with the
Census Management, providing regular updates and M&E Alerts to ensure prompt action is
taken to address any emerging issues or challenges.
3.5 Expected Outcomes
The monitoring and evaluation of the 2023 Population and Housing Census is designed to
achieve several key outcomes, which are outlined below:
i. Improved Training and Fieldwork Effectiveness: Through the monitoring and
evaluation exercise, it is expected that the effectiveness of the training and
fieldwork activities will be enhanced. The feedback gathered during the exercise
will help to identify areas of improvement in the training process, fieldwork

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methodologies, and overall census implementation, ensuring that these activities are
relevant and efficient.
ii. Increased Capacity of Field Functionaries: The training and monitoring activities
aim to build the capacity of the field functionaries, including enumerators,
supervisors, and other field staff. The monitoring and evaluation exercise is
expected to show that the training and fieldwork activities have achieved this goal.
The field functionaries should be better equipped with the knowledge and skills
required to carry out their duties effectively, ensuring that the census data collected
is of high quality.
iii. Improved Census Data Quality: The goal of the training, fieldwork, and
monitoring and evaluation exercises is to ensure that the census data collected is of
high quality. By building the capacity of the field functionaries and ensuring that
they have the necessary skills to carry out their duties, the monitoring and
evaluation exercise should lead to improved census data quality.
iv. Enhanced Coordination and Communication: The monitoring and evaluation
exercise will help to enhance coordination and communication among various
stakeholders involved in the census process. By maintaining open communication
channels with the Census Management, M&E officers will ensure that emerging
issues are promptly addressed, leading to a more efficient and well-coordinated
census implementation process.
v. Increased Accountability and Transparency: The monitoring and evaluation
exercise will help to increase accountability and transparency in the census process.
By systematically assessing the performance of the field functionaries, the training
process, and the fieldwork methodologies, the M&E activities will provide a basis
for decision-making and resource allocation, ensuring that the census is conducted
in a transparent and accountable manner.
vi. Evidence-based Decision-making: The monitoring and evaluation exercise will
provide evidence-based insights that can inform decision-making and policy
formulation at various levels of government. By ensuring the collection of high-
quality data, the monitoring and evaluation activities will contribute to the
development of more effective policies and programs for national development
planning.
Overall, the expected outcomes of the monitoring and evaluation exercise are aimed at ensuring
that the 2023 Population and Housing Census is effectively implemented, resulting in the
collection of high-quality data that can be used for national development planning and policy
formulation.
3.6 Conclusion
In conclusion, the monitoring and evaluation of the 2023 Population and Housing Census is
crucial for ensuring the successful implementation of the census and the achievement of its
objectives. The comprehensive monitoring and evaluation process outlined in this concept note,
which includes a thorough deployment of M&E officers, an effective monitoring modality, and

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a focus on achieving key outcomes, will help to guarantee the collection of high-quality data
for national development planning and policy formulation.
By focusing on improving the effectiveness of training and fieldwork activities, building the
capacity of field functionaries, enhancing coordination and communication among
stakeholders, and promoting accountability and transparency, the monitoring and evaluation
exercise will contribute significantly to the overall success of the 2023 Population and Housing
Census.
Furthermore, the M&E activities will provide valuable insights and feedback for the Census
Management, enabling them to make evidence-based decisions and allocate resources more
efficiently. This will ultimately contribute to a more transparent, fair, and efficient census
process, with high-quality data that can be used for national development planning.

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DATA QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN YEAR 2023 POPULATION AND HOUSING
CENSUS
4.1 Introduction
The credibility and acceptance thereof at international and national level of the 2023 Population
and Housing Census data is entirely dependent on its quality. The Census data in quality
assessment must fulfil:
1. accuracy,
2. completeness,
3. consistency,
4. integrity and
5. relativity to timeliness in simultaneous data acquisition and coverage all over the
Country.
To this end the quality of the Census data will be managed relative to all components, of the
Census activities, Personnel engagement and material deployment.
This section of the manual therefore highlights the:
1. Data Quality Management strategy for the Census
2. Role of the Data quality Managers during the Census
3. The DQM team and hierarchical operational structure
4.2 Data Quality Management Strategy
The Data Quality Management Strategy involves:
a. Personnel functionality
b. Census Components Profiling
c. Definition and monitoring of Key Performance indicators of the Census process and
activities
d. Monitoring and reporting Census technical process for effectiveness and quality
e. Intervention and Remedial actions towards repair and observed low quality.
Personnel Functionality: The quality of data is relative to the knowledge and pro-actions of
the Data Quality managers (DQM). Therefore, Data Quality Managers are engaged and trained
as technical officers responsible for; the Census technical workflow & workload management
as well as the maintenance of the quality of the Census data.
The Data Quality Manager will during the training of functionaries train others on the technical
workflow and workload of all functionaries. The Monitoring and evaluation unit of the DQM
will also monitor such training sessions to ensure that all Census personnel will function
optimally to achieve target Data Quality.
Census Components Profiling: The Census Components are:
 The Hardware - Mobile Device or the PDAwhich is the platform for Data acquisition
Application, Census questionnaire, and path for transmission to the servers.

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 The Software - The CensusPad_CSentry application and its interoperability for
Census data acquisition and transmission to the server
 Functionaries: The Enumerators, Supervisors and Data Quality Assurance Assistants
 Data: The baseline spatial data which is the area of assignment for each field
functionary.
These four components are profiled, monitored and reviewed accordingly to achieve
accuracy, coverage, completeness and consistency in a progressive and relational
order.
Definition & Monitoring of Key Performance Indicators for Census process and activities
(KPI): Data quality is related to all activities starting with the recruitment and engagement of
Trainers up unto transmission of Census data into the server and subsequent data dissemination.
The quality of data shall be measured against set KPIs which is further broken down into
indexes for timeliness and integrity monitoring. These Key Performance Indicators are
developed in conjunction with the Census monitoring and evaluation unit to track: Tech
compliance of Field functionaries, Census Components Data base, Interoperability of the
Application System, the fit for purpose nature of the electronic questionnaire and the ability of
the tracking dashboards to track coverage, completeness and accurate indicators. The KPIs will
be made available to all Key functionaries during the training.
Reporting and monitoring Census process for effectiveness and quality:This is periodic
reporting which will highlight any form of standard compromise. This will enable the DQM
team to mitigate a lot of problems in the Census process. Checks and Monitoring is as follows:
 Supervisors Re-Interview: Supervisors will daily re-visit buildings that are
systematically randomly selected to administer an abridged version of the
questionnaire. The responses will be compared and when there are over 30%
inconsistencies, the DQM recommends further checks on the Enumerators work and
subsequently resolve the problems.
 Report generation is near real time through daily electronic tracking of process and
data using templates hosted on drives visible to the Data Quality Management team.
This will enable the team to put in place preventive measures with peculiarity to each
administrative area, process or activity.
 Tracking Dashboards: The Listing and Enumeration Dashboards provided
data that could be dis aggregated to the Enumeration Area (EA) level for timely
identification and rectification of errors. It provided summary statistics on progress of
listing and enumeration such as buildings listed, persons enumerated, spatial coverage,
and Enumerator performance indicators. The enumeration Dashboard also generated
information on demographic characteristics such as household size, age, and sex
structure. The dashboard also served as an ‘early warning system’by comparing listed
data as enumeration baseline data and can help to determine percentage of coverage
and probability of completion before the end of the Census period.
 Monitors to conduct periodic checks on selected buildings for comparative analysis
and mitigations where necessary.

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 Regular scheduled virtual meetings/briefings at different levels and varying times with
DQMs to track KPIs and Workflow.
Intervention and Remedial actions towards repair and observed low quality. This is
achieved by measuring every process, procedure and activity against appropriate Key
performance index and remediating as applicable to improve accuracy, completeness,
consistency, integrity and achieve timeliness.
4.3 Role of the Data quality Managers during the 2023 PHC
The responsibilities of the DQMs are critical to total coverage and real-time data quality
monitoring. It therefore include
 Customized training of Supervisors and Quality Assurance Assistants (QAA) on
monitoring applications and work assignments for field checks and administration.
 Organization of Field Practical exercise during the different levels of Census training
as a dress rehearsal for the Census.
o Device Provisioning: This involves the installation of all applications.
o Mobile Device Management: Provisioning - QR code scanning to onboard all
tablets on the field. Device database will be merged with functionaries’Profile’s
data base to create the Device tracking strategy. Device will be managed at HQ,
Zonal and State levels via the MDM dashboard.
All other applications and resources will be installed through the MDM. All
Enumerators will acknowledge installation of all resources through their Class
facilitators and subsequently to the FDQM. The Monitoring and Evaluation
team will also carry out a check on theApplication and Data provisioning before
Enumerators go to the field.
 Ensuring that all EAs covering the entire Country are assigned to at least an Enumerator
and other functionaries responsible for the Supervision and other field checks
accordingly (Profiling)
 Identifying all data collection errors during the Building Numbering & Household
Listing and Enumeration after each day’s work.
 Ensuring that all data collection errors are corrected while Enumerators are still in the
field.
 Validating Building and Household Listing Data immediately it is completed in an EA
 Ensuring that all flagged EAs during building & HH listing are ground truthed to be
passed as applicable.
 Allocating buildings randomly to Supervisors and monitors for spot checks and
validation exercises to quality assure the work being done by Enumerators during
Building & Household listing and Enumeration of persons.
 Promptly resolving technical issues (Device problems, EA split or merge, functionary
replacement in components Dbase etc) and challenges to ensure a smooth and timely
data collection exercise.
 Clearing the Field functionaries (enumerators, supervisors & QAA) after verifying the
completeness and accuracy of their respective data collected.

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The DQM team and the hierarchical operational structure and Roles
Note that the reporting line for Data Quality Management during the Census period is a
systematic flow of both ‘bottom to top’ and ‘top to bottom’ approach where there are
instructions and feed backs through the HQ core team, ZDQM, SDQM and FDQM.
The Data Quality Managers also report to and relate with the other Census Management and
operational team on the field.
DQM Personnel Roles
DQM Management  Data Quality & Technical Policy Formulation
DQM Core Team  DQM Policy Formulation, Execution & Administration
 Map Deployment, Device Deployment
 HQ Dashboard Monitoring
 Systematic Selection Strategy for Quality Check
 National DQM Help Desk
 Report Generation
Zonal DQM Team  Zonal Map Deployment, Zonal Device Deployment &
Tracking
 Zonal Dashboard Monitoring
 Daily Zonal Report Collation & Generation
 Systematic Quality Check Design & Dissemination
 Zonal DQM Help Desk
State DQM  State Map Deployment, State Device Deployment & Tracking
 State Dashboard Monitoring
 Daily Report Generation & Collation
 Systematic Quality Check Report
Focal DQM  Profiling, EA Assignment, Tablet Provisioning
 Troubleshooting, Data Validation, Ground Truthing
 Report Validation, Data Pass to Enumeration Dashboard
 Coverage Monitoring, Daily Report Generation
 Systematic Field Check and Correction Incidence
 Material Retrieval Sign Off, Coverage Sign Off & Functionary
Clearance

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4.4 Conclusion
Data quality Management for the Year 2023 Population and Housing Census involves all
functionaries on the field. It is a team work and the strategic technical management of the
Census process and procedure from end (Map and Device deployment) to end (Data
Synchronization to the server) with the focus of ensuring Data Quality.
DATA QULAITY ASSUARANCE ASSISTANT

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HARD TO REACH AREAS
5.1 Introduction
Hard to reach areas for the purpose of census are those geographical locations (towns, villages,
settlements etc.) that cannot easily be accessed due to physical (mountains, rivers, sand etc.)
and or social (wars, disputes, criminalities) barriers. They are areas that people are afraid to
visit or can be visited only with the help of security personnel. During census, these areas shall
be enumerated with the assistance of security personnel.
5.2 Enumerating in Hard-to-Reach Areas
Enumeration areas (EAs) in Hard-to-reach areas are classified into two broad types in 2023
Population and Housing Census.
5.2.1 Hybrid Enumeration Areas (HEAs)
A‘Hybrid Enumeration Area’is a compact area carved out of a large area not demarcated which
has available administrative boundary, or an area left as a gap within a fully demarcated Census
entity e.g. a locality. A HEA must be compact and not cut across an administrative boundary.
For example, you cannot take part of an undemarcated Ward, Locality, LGA or a State with
another to form a HEAeven when they are contiguous. Where an undemarcated area is compact
and covers an identified administrative boundary totally, it should be carved out as one HEA
whatever the size. But the total no of regular EAs will be estimated for Census logistic planning
and exhaustive demarcation exercise.
Hybrid Enumeration Areas (HEAs) are classified into three.
a. HEAs Insecurity: These are Enumeration Areas demarcated using scientific method
for mapping Hard-to-reach areas because the insecurity in the areas could not allow
normal demarcation to take place thee.
b. HEAs Disputes: These are HEAs demarcated because communal or boundary disputes
did not allow for conventional demarcation to take in the localities. This usually take
place when the parties in dispute refuse access to their localities.
c. HEAs Access Denied: These are HEAs carved using scientific method for mapping
Hard-to-reach areas because the owners of the premises or the inhabitant of the
localities denied demarcators access to such localities or premises for reasons that are
mostly personal and not related to insecurity or disputes.
5.2.2 Demarcated Enumeration Area (DEAs)
An Enumeration Area (EA) is an area carved out of a bigger locality or a group of localities
with well-defined and identifiable boundaries. It is an area a team of enumerators is expected
to cover during the census. The essence of carving out these units is to avoid any omission or
duplication of count of people and households during enumeration. An EA that is made up of
more than one locality is referred to as multi-locality EA. Locality that consists of more than
one EA is known as a multi-EA locality while a locality having just a single EA is regarded as
a single EA locality. These EAs were demarcated according to the demarcation methodology
but insecurity or boundary/Communal disputes subsequently developed. There are two types
of the Demarcated Enumeration Areas as the relate to hard-to-reach areas.

Page | 28
a. DEAs Insecurity: These are the Enumeration Areas that were demarcated using
conventional demarcation methodology within the scheduled time for enumeration area
demarcation peacefully. However, insecurity eventually developed in the locality or
localities and is therefore threatening the simultaneity and universality of enumeration.
b. DEAs Disputed: These are the Enumeration Areas that were demarcated using
conventional demarcation methodology within the scheduled time for enumeration area
demarcation peacefully. However, existing or eventually developed boundary/
communal disputes in the locality or localities are threatening the simultaneity and
universality of enumeration.
5.2.3 Difficult Terrain Areas
These are localities (Enumeration Areas) whose physical environments make passing or
reaching them difficult, time consuming and possibly risky due to mountains, vast stretches of
desert, impenetrable jungles etc. Reaching such localities or Enumeration Areas consume large
number of resources and can affect enumeration simultaneity and universality. The following
are types of difficult terrains:
a. Mountainous terrain
b. Riverine/ swampy terrain
c. Desert/sandy terrain
d. Prolong rains.
e. Flooding
5.3 Hard-To-Count People
Hard to count populations are people for whom a real or perceived barrier exists to full
inclusion in the enumeration process. These are people that enumerators usually find it difficult
to enumerate due to physical, physiological, or cultural barriers. For the purpose of census,
there are four categories of hard to count population.
5.3.1 Types of Hard to Count Population
Hard to locate: These are populations that are not easily located either due to the remoteness
of their location or unstable(mobile) settlements. Example of the population in this category
are nomads, population living in farm settlements etc.
a. Hard to contact: These consist of the population that are known but getting access to
them to carry out enumeration require long protocol mostly for security reasons. To
enumerate such population, one needs to establish the necessary protocol and follow it
to the end. Example of population this category are Diplomatic Missions, Gated
Persons, Military Barracks etc.
b. Hard to interview: This consist of the population that enumerators have difficulty
interviewing due to physical, physiological or cultural barriers. The population in this
category include children, Elderly people, illiterates, sick people etc.
c. Hard to persuade: This category of respondents is easily accessed, but could be
reluctant to participate in enumeration for a variety of reasons most of which are
personal to them. They need to be persuaded (encouraged) to respond to questions.

Page | 29
Examples in this category include political dissidents, frustrated persons, disenchanted
persons etc.
5.4 Security Concerns
Both enumerators and respondents require security for proper enumeration. To this end, not
only is it necessary that that security of whatever type is provided to ensure that census
functionaries as well as respondents are safe to carry out their responsibilities. Census
functionaries are expected to contribute to their personal security, security of equipment and
data by making effort to avoid security breaches and observe security tips.
5.4.1 Security tips
1. Be alert for unusual activities and movements
2. Report suspicious activities and movements
3. Be careful in admitting strangers.
4. Do not keep sensitive materials near windows.
5. PDAs when not in used should carried inside bags.
6. Display confidence always
7. Keep your hands free- from carrying Items that will make you more vulnerable target
for criminals.
8. Trust your instinct
9. Always ask for help
10. Be vigilant and prepare (Dressing, shoes worn etc) for anything (eventuality) that may
arise.
11. Avoid discussing politics and religion.

Page | 30
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
6.1 Introduction
Census taking, requires the support and cooperation of the people. This is because people are
the respondents, support the enumerators and other census functionaries in more ways than
one. Unfortunately, lack of effective communication can heighten the negative perception of
the people, thereby resulting in resentfulness, antagonism and prejudice towards government
programmes. As an enumerator, you are the one that will interact with the public and collect
data. It is imperative that you imbibe effective interpersonal communication skills.
Consequently, you have automatically assumed the position of a Public Affairs Officer. The
Public Affairs Officer is the image maker of the Commission who must create a favourable
atmosphere for the smooth conduct of census. He/she must have the ability, resilience, patience
and ruggedness to win the understanding, support and co-operation of the public. In the process
of conducting the census, you may be stepping into unfamiliar terrain, or work in areas where
there are anxiety, widespread resentment on some issues, policies, even biases and prejudices
arising from past government activities, you need the art of strong interpersonal skills to be
able to deliver on your task.
6.2 Understanding People
No two persons are the same. They may share some resemblances, could be identical twins no
doubt, but can differ in their psychological makeup. Some people are nice and jovial, others
are difficult and quarrelsome. Some are educated while others are not. Some are hostile and
others are friendly, some are docile, and others are active, some are married, others are single.
Some are always happy and relate well, others are troubled and transfer aggression. Some are
very comfortable, others are disadvantaged. One thing you must know about field work is that
some people may think you are either invading their privacy or trespassing their premises.
People are security conscious now more than ever; they suspect any unusual movement of
persons around their houses. Your movement could either be resisted or suspected, if poorly
handled since people can sometimes be unpredictable. Therefore, it is wise to tread cautiously.
6.3 Important Behavioural Traits
The following behavioural traits must be exhibited by enumerators for a successful census
enumeration.
a. Salutation:Awarm salutation opens the door for you and endears you to your audience.
b. Appearance: It is common knowledge to note that you are addressed the way you are
dressed. Appearance is vital if you want to sustain a cordial working relationship.
c. Manners:Abasic understanding of etiquette translates to acceptability of other cultures
and expectations.An understanding of the culture of the community is therefore crucial.
Norms and social behaviour of a community must be strictly observed.
d. Adaptability: Language barrier and cultural differences may be grounds for offending
people. Your ability to adapt to the customs and practices of your host community will
reduce hostility and suspicion drastically.
e. Assertiveness: This means standing up for what you believe, defending your ideas with

Page | 31
f. Responsibility And Accountability: These are two indicators of maturity. Saying you
are going to do something positive and doing it is a sign of responsibility. This builds
trust between you and those that rely on you.
g. Observance: Be sensitive to what is happening in your environment. Do not force your
way through when you know the mood of your host is unpalatable.
h. Appreciativeness: Appreciate people. Say thank you for their time taken. Learn to
smile and encourage others with kind words. A smile and a friendly look make you
approachable and draw people to you.
6.4 Conclusion
You already have the interpersonal communication skills needed to facilitate your work. The
interviewing exercise is sure to be hitch free if you endeavour to assimilate every bit of these
lessons and put them into practice. The lessons learnt are not for only now but for everyday
interaction.

Page | 32
CATALOGUE OF DATA COLLECTION APPLICATION CHANGES
7.1 List of Changes in Data Collection Application
There have been several changes to the data collection applications – the CensusPAD and the
CSEntry. All changes have been listed in the table below and followed by a pictorial
description.
S/N BEFORE AFTER
CENSUSPAD
1 PROFILE ACTIVATION
Enumerators activated their profile using the
LGA Code, EA Code, and Geopolitical
Zones
Currently, profile is activated using phone
numbers and an OTP is sent to the profiled
phone number, through SMS or Voice Call.
2 Enumerators fetched the EA polygon,
Building Points, and Geopoints of only their
assigned EAs
All EAs in an SA assigned to a profiled phone
number are automatically fetched with the
required dataset.
Supervisors are also required to assign
buildings to enumerators for each EA, in an SA
on the CensusPad, as chalked on the wall
(Census Building Number).
3 SECONDARY HOUSING UNIT
Secondary housing Units were previously
linked to the primary building on household
level and not on building level.
A new question has been introduced to sort out
the issue of the Secondary Housing Unit.
WHAT IS THE BUILDING
ARRANGEMENT?
Enumerators are to select “Compound” in the
case of a secondary housing unit to the primary
building (Where the head of household resides.
And consequently select “Secondary housing
Unit” in building use. This allows the
Enumerator to be able to select the primary
building where the head of household is listed.
A building is said to be a secondary housing
unit when its Head of Household is in a
separate building/structure in the same
compound.
NOTE: any building having two different
households in it, is not a secondary household
4 BUILDING ARRANGEMENT
There was previously no question on
building arrangement.
Building structure question has been modified
to "What is the building arrangement" This
question helps collect information on building
arrangement. That is, if the building is located
in a Compound, free standing, Terrace/semi
detached or temporary structure.
NOTE: A Terrace/Semi detached
arrangement has its structure (building

Page | 33
structure) to be a Terrace building or a Semi
detached building.
A temporary structure on the other hand, has
its building structure to be, a Metal Container,
Porta Cabin, or Kiosk.
Also note that buildings occupied by
SECONDARY HOUSING UNIT can only be
linked to the main building when
COMPOUND building arrangement is
selected.
5 BUILDING USE BUILDING USE
Residential (Dwelling Units Only): This is
meant to be selected for residential buildings
with occupants. Households must be added
during Household listing. Only regular and
Census Functionary households can be added
to this building.
Residential with Social Services: This is
meant to be selected for residential buildings
that are also partly used for schools or
hospitals. Buildings that are residential with
social services can have more than one
different type of household in them including
Institutional Households.
Residential (Completed) but Unoccupied:
This was introduced to cover residential
buildings that are not currently occupied
during listing but might have occupants during
enumeration.
Secondary Housing Unit: These are for
households in a building, whose primary head
of household is in another building in the
compound.
Having a different household in that building
nullifies its secondary housing unit status.
Households cannot be added to a secondary
housing unit because they are linked to primary
building which already has a household.
Therefore, they will be enumerated in the
primary household.
6 SPECIAL GEO - POINTS When listing a special geopoint, the form now
asks only two questions, the type of space the
special geopoint occupies, and the category of
special population found.
NOTE: If the Category of geopoint is
“Homeless Household”, they are to be
enumerated , under Household Type - Regular

Page | 34
HH, and Residence Type - Homeless
Household.
If the Category of geopoint is “Homeless
Person, or Transient person”, they are to be
enumerated under Household Type - Floating
and Transient population. And the residence
type where they are found.
7 VERIFIED BUILDINGS Enumerators are to work on only the buildings
assigned to them by their supervisor and
cannot exceed the number of buildings
assigned to them.
All verified buildings now show at the top of
all buildings in the file tree.
The building verified bar, in task 1, shows the
total buildings verified compared with the
number of buildings assigned to the
enumerator (Its completion rate).
Verified building colour changes to white after
clicking on "Show building"
8 EDIT FEATURE IN LISTING
Verified buildings and households were
previously not editable.
Verified buildings and households can now be
edited in Listing, only after validation and
approval has been granted by the FDQM.
NOTE: That this tool only works when an EA
has been flagged
9 SYNCHRONIZATION
Enumeration in Task 3: Persons
Enumeration, could only be synced to cloud
on CSEntry and not on CensusPad.
All buildings, households and
geopoints listed can be wrapped up and
synchronized to the cloud on CensusPad. All
Successfully synched buildings and
households will be marked with a green sign.
All households enumerated can also be
synchronized to the cloud in Task 3 through the
"SYNCH ENUMERATION BUTTON" The
latest version of the CSEntry application
automatically downloads to the tablet, when
synchronization occurs.
10 REFETCHING TASK 1: Building Numbering and Household
Listing, cannot be resumed after Refetching is
done in Task 3: Persons Enumeration.
Building and household refetching is carried
out automatically after "REFETCH
BUTTON" is clicked. Refetching of buildings
in Task 3 is only allowed if both the Supervisor
checks and FDQM checks are both "Validated"

Page | 35
Otherwise, if both Status are in "Pending" or
the FDQM status is "Flagged" you can’t
refetch or proceed to enumeration.
11 TEAM COVERAGE/PROGRESS In TEAM COVERAGE/PROGRESS,
enumerators and supervisors can view all
buildings listed by the whole team. Building
Information is shown including the name of the
enumerator who verified the building, and the
date it was verified.
Supervisors on the other cannot only see the
building information, but can also ‘View
Remarks” made by the FDQM on that EA,
“Mark this EA as completed”, which will
show all Buildings that are residential
/institutional but without households, for
enumerators to go back and correct,
Supervisors and DQAA can only mark EAs as
completed after 100% job completion and
residential buildings checking to make sure all
buildings have been listed “View building
Mismatch” and “Launch Reinterview”
12 SYSTEM SETTINGS Training mode - Training mode has been
made available for class simulation and can be
toggled on and off.
Active field Simulation - This can also be
toggled on and off and will be used during the
field work.
13 CHANGE HOUSEHOLD TYPE
BUTTON
This option gives you access to alter the
“household type and/residential type”
previously selected during listing, if any
changes have occurred during Enumeration.
CSENTRY
1 QR CODE CSEntry now uses QR Code to download the
application (questionnaire) to be used for
enumeration.
2 PUBLISHED DATE/ VERSION
NUMBER
The application now shows the version number
and date of release, to enable enumerators to
keep track of recent updates to the application.
3 CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT Enumerators can no longer select “No Read”
and move to the next section. It is now
mandatory for the confidentiality statement to
be read or acknowledged to be read, before
proceeding to the next section.
4 GPS READING GPS location is taken for the first household
being interviewed in a building. It no longer
pops up for all the households in a building.

Page | 36
Enumerators can choose to continue with the
GPS Reading obtained or take another reading
for better accuracy.
The ideal GPS reading accuracy is 5 meters.
5 PARTIAL SAVE
To access partial saved cases, enumerators
had to click on “show partial saved” to
access all partial saved cases in that building
When carrying out the interview
(enumeration) on CSEntry, Enumerators can
easily tap on the back button, a pop up message
comes up to “ save and quit(in partial status)”.
This saves the interview as a partial saved case
and goes back to the household card on
CensusPad.
To access a partial saved case, simply open the
household again on CensusPad. This opens the
interview again, and CSEntry shows a pop up
for the enumerators to either “Continue
questionnaire” or “Close the application”. Tap
on “Continue questionnaire”
6 HH TYPE
a. REGULAR This is the most conventional household type
and they are required to have a head of
household.
During Enumeration, all persons are to be
listed first, beginning with the head of
household. This is called a “household roster”.
After listing all persons in the household, the
CSentry application automatically starts the
interview for each member of the household,
beginning compulsorily from the head of
household.
Apop-up message comes up after the roster for
Enumerator to confirm if the head of
household is available for the interview. If
YES, he is to proceed with the interview. If
NO, he is to save and close the application,
until when the head of household is available.
Regular households are required to answer all
questionnaire modules including household-
based questions as applicable to Age and Sex.
b. DIPLOMATIC CORPS Diplomatic Corps are not to be Listed or
Enumerated by Enumerators. Diplomatic
Corps questionnaire will be self-administered
and will be issued by NPC to Foreign Affairs.
They are required to answer only Background
Demographics (Name, Age, Sex, DOB),
Migration, and Economic Characteristics

Page | 37
(Engagement in Work and Occupation)
Questions in the Questionnaire.
c. CENSUS FUNCTIONARIES Census functionaries are to be listed and
enumerated in the FIRST RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING in an SA.
Each Census Functionary is to be listed and
enumerated as a One-member household.
That is, each census functionary is a
household on his/her own.
Census Functionaries answer both
individual and household-based questions,
like regular household.
Household based questions for Census
Functionaries are DEJURE. That is, they are to
refer to their normal regular household
elsewhere when answering the household-
based questions such as, Mortality, Housing
Characteristics and Amenities, and Sanitation.
d. INSTITUTIONAL LONG STAY During enumeration, members of institutional
Households (Long Stay and Short Stay) are not
listed in a household roster, like in the case of
Regular households, rather each individual is
enumerated fully, before the next person is
added.
All institutional households do not answer
Household based questions, such as Mortality,
Housing Characteristics and Amenities,
Sanitation and Climate change.
Institutional Long stay answers all Individual
based Questions, except Fertility and Child
Survival.
e. INSTITUTIONAL SHORT STAY Institutional Short is to be treated similarly to
Institutional Long stay, but they answer all
individual based questions except, Economic
Characteristics and Fertility and Child
Survival.
f. FLOATING/TRANSIENT POPULATION Floating and Transient Population are to be
enumerated similarly to Institutional
Households but as a special Geo point.
They answer all questions except fertility and
child survival and all household-based
questions.
7 QUESTIONNAIRE MODULES
a.
BEFORE AFTER

Page | 38
1. NAME
There were confirmation messages asking to
confirm if a respondent has no nickname or
middle name
Pop up messages asking to confirm if the
respondent has no nickname or middle name
has been removed.
2. Middle name was previously rejecting
names that were not up to 3 characters.
Middle Name is now allowing one or more
characters to cover those with only two digits
or more as name.
3. D.O.B
Enumerators were to select January for those
whose month of birth is not known but falls
at the early part of the year, and July for those
whose month falls at the later part of the year.
“Don’t Know” which was previously removed
as an option in all Months in D.O.B and death,
was reintroduced, because the previous
method made it difficult to isolate those who
were actually born in January from those who
only guessed their month of birth, in analysis.
The “Instructions to Enumerators” were also
replaced.
4 RELATIONSHIP TO HEAD
Head of household was asked “relationship
to head of household” and the options also
included; census functionary, institutional
long stay and short stay, floating and
transient population.
Head of household is no longer asked this
question as it is automatically prefilled, and all
other household type options were
automatically prefilled, considering that they
were not meant to answer “relationship to head
of household” in the questionnaire.
Hard Checks were also put in place based on
Age and Sex, e.g a male cannot be a “Co-Wife”
to the head of household who is male”.
5 Enumerators could select who to begin
enumerating in the household roster
Enumerators can no longer select anyone to
start interviewing, as interviews compulsorily
and automatically start from the head of
household.
If the head of household is not available for
enumeration, after listing in the roster,
enumerators are expected to close the case, and
resume when he/she is available.
6 Confirmation message that all persons in h
have been listed was the same for all
household types.
This has been customized for all household
types
7 No comparisons between total number of
persons in Household listing and during
Enumeration.
Total males, females, and total persons in
listing data is now compared immediately with
enumeration data. Enumerators can decide to
ignore or add persons based on what is seen on
ground, and considering that method of listing
is de jure.
8 MARITAL STATUS
Age at first marriage was fixed at 10 years
and above
Age at first marriage now begins at 8 years ,
but a soft check was put in place for
respondents to confirm that he/she got married
at that age.
9 SURVIVAL STATUS OF PARENTS

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