Dualism Development Thinking and Why Planning is Needed

1 © 2017 Jili'ow,Dualism, Assumptions Of Dualism Similarities, Differences, & Why Planning Is Needed In Developing Countries
DUALISM, MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF DUALISM
DEVELOPMENT THINKING, SIMILARITIES,
DIFFERENCES, AND WHY PLANNING IS
NEEDED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
BY
ALI JILI'OW
MBA/ OUM
NOV, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
QUESTION 1: DISCUSS ON THE MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF THE DUALISM......................3
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF DUALISM.........................................................................................4
QUESTION 2: DISCUSS THE SIMILARITIES OF PLANNING................................................5
MEANING & DEFINATION OF PLANING.................................................................................5
QUESTION 3: THERE ARE DIFFERENT REASONS WHY PLANNING IS NEEDED...........6
OVER ALL OBJECTIVES & GOALS FOR PLANING...............................................................7
WHY PLANNING NEEDED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...................................................7
QUESTION 4: SELECT ANY LOCAL ORGANIZATION AND TRY............................8
WHAT IS STRATEGIC PLANNING? THE ORIGIN, MEANING AND DEFINITIONS...........8
WHAT IS A STRATEGIC PLAN...................................................................................................8
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN STRATEGIC PLANNING & MANAGEMENT............................9
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC PLANING............................................................10
EXAMPLE STRATEGIES PLANNING FOR BARWAQO MINERAL WATER.....................10
VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................10
QUESTION 5: ASSUME THE FOLLOWING FIGURES...........................................................12
QUESTION 6: DISCUSS THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF INPUT OUTPUT MODEL.........13
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF AND OUT PUT.........................................................................13
INPUT AND OUT PUT MODEL ASSUMPTIONS....................................................................14
WHAT DOES THIS MODEL DEPICTS......................................................................................14
QUESTION 7: WHY PLANNING IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES......................................15
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION....................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
The economic gap between the rich industrialized nations and the underdeveloped countries has
been increasing in recent years even as the time needed to travel between them has reduced in
size. One of the main contributors of considerable gap is how these countries plan their
resources. Overall objectives for planning in developing countries is to contribute to improving
developing countries‘ economic growth and access to world markets, enhancement of the lives of
citizens, fostering innovation and technical progress.
However, this paper is being designed as question/answer format, it attempts to get a reasonable
answer to the following questions as what are the main assumptions of the dualism development
thinking, meaning and definition of dualism, similarities and differences ,what's planning,
Similarities of planning definition specified under A. Lewis, other academicians, popular
definition. what are the reasons why planning is needed in developing countries, select any local
organization and try to work out Strategic Planning and Management Processes of the
organization, what are the basic assumptions of input output model and what will happen to the
model if the assumptions are not strictly followed, finally we will answer why planning in third
world countries were different from the two distinct world economies that are the first and
second world economies
QUESTION ONE: Discuss on the main assumptions of the dualism development thinking and
briefly outline the similarities and differences thereof.
Overview
Dualism is a theory that is widely discussed in development economics. It represents the
existence and determination of increasing divergences between wealthy and poor nations and
rich and poor people's on different levels. This entry concerns dualism in the philosophy of mind.
Dualism is a permanent state of domestic and global relations. It expresses itself as center and
margins, vulnerability and comfortable adaptability, exclusion and inclusion, urban and rural,
formal and informal or even worker and employer, young and old, male and female, international
and domestic law and etc.

MEANING AND DEFINATION OF DUALISM
The term ‗dualism‘ has a variety of uses in the history of thought. In general, the idea is that, for
some particular domain, there are two fundamental kinds or categories of things or principles. In
theology, for example a ‗dualist‘ is someone who believes that Good and Evil—or God and the
Devil—are independent and more or less equal forces in the world (Robinson, 2016).
DEFINITIONS
There are many different definitions about dualism; some of these definitions include the
following, According to Dictionary.com, Dualism is the state of being dual or consisting of two
parts or divisions
Philosophy.The view that there are just two mutually irreducible substances,the view that substa
nces are either material or mental.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines dualism as philosophy: The idea or belief that everything
has two opposite parts or principles
MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF DUALISM
Dualism theories assume a split of economic and social structures of different sectors that they
differ in organization, level of development, and goal structures. There are two main
Assumptions of dualism development thinking
1) The traditional subsistence sector consists of small-scale agriculture, handicraft and petty
trade, has a high degree of labour intensity but low capital intensity and little division of
labour
2) The modern sector of capital-intensive industry and plantation agriculture produces for the
world market with a capital-intensive mode of production with a high division of labour.
The two sectors have little relation and interdependence and develop each according to its own
pattern. The modern sector can be considered an economic enclave of industrial countries, and
its multipli-cator and growth effects will benefit the industrial countries but have little effect on
the internal market (Kuhnen, 1987).

Economic, technological, and regional dualism are often the consequence of a social dualism, the
absence of relationships between people of different race, religion, and language, which, in many
cases, is a legacy of colonialism.
QUESTION TWO: Discuss the similarities of planning definition specified under A. Lewis,
other academicians, popular definition and working definition. Try to comprehend in few words
the definition of planning.
Introduction
A plan is a commitment to particular course of action, where planning is an activity or a process
regarding future in visualizing and formation, so a planner has to think what is to be done, how
is to be done, when it to be done and by whom it to be done. Planning is the first think first and
this step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. Say, for example, that
the organization‘s goal is to improve company sales.
MEANING & DEFINATION OF PLANING
Planning is described as a general activity based on forethought that underlies all human action
and is also described as a specific, professional or institutional process or procedure. The
term planning can be applied to an activity, a process, a profession, and/or a discipline. As
an activity, its primary concern is to visualize future possibilities and intentionally choose, guide,
and/or create current behaviors, structures, and/or tools to achieve and/or target toward desirable
future states. As a process, it refers to the methods, mechanisms and tools for accomplishing the
activity, especially in a group or social context.
DEFINATINS
Definitions of planning found in the literature range from broad to narrow, emphasizing various
aspects of the above description. "planning is what planners do" (Vickers in Alexander 1992, p
71). Wachs (1995, p xiii) notes that, "we have gradually come to see planning as a much broader
set of human activities, encompassing the physical world and also the realm of public and social
services. planning acts as an intervening variable between knowledge and action" (Westley 1995,
p 396).

The definition recognizes that "planning is not everything" (Alexander 1992, p 73), but is
sufficiently general to be relevant at different holarchical levels. To integrate the discussion in
the literature (in particular, Friedmann 1987, Alexander 1992, Various 1995, Mandlebaum et al.
1996). More comprehensively, and incorporating some extensions from Morley (1986), planning
acts as a link between: knowledge and action, mental and biophysical domains, individual and
collective systems, collective and individual systems, past and future, and can do and should do
As a process, it refers to the methods, mechanisms and tools for accomplishing the activity,
especially in a group or social context.
As a profession, it refers to the group of individuals carrying appropriate skill sets who fulfill an
agreed upon social responsibility to guide the planing process. Planning is a process which
involves affected persons and approving authorities 1) defining issues and problems, 2)
establishing goals and policies, 3) adopting implementation measures, 4) enforcing and carrying
out those measures and 5) evaluating and updating each of the above steps.
QUESTION THREE. There are different reasons why planning is needed in developing
countries. Select any three and briefly explain in connection to the current overall economy, or
regional or local economies
Introduction
The term planning can be applied to an activity, a process, a profession, and/or a discipline. As
an activity, its primary concern is to visualize future possibilities and intentionally choose,
guide, and/or create current behaviors, structures, and/or tools to achieve and/or target toward
desirable future states.
planning is needed in developing countries because developing countries can not obtained their
objectives, planning helping developing countries to slow down or reduce the uncertainties that
these countries are facing both internally and externally, in developing countries planning
brings about better utilization of resources, of course different kinds of resources weather these
resources are manmade resources or natural resources, planning is needed in the developing a
country because it paves the way better coordination and encourages innovation.

OVER ALL OBJECTIVES & GOALS FOR PLANING
Overall objectives for planning in developing countries is to contribute to improving
developing countries‘ economic growth and access to world markets, enhancement of the lives
of citizens, fostering innovation and technical progress and achieving sustainable development
when considered from each of the economic, environmental and societal perspectives
Scientific progress and technological development are major forces underlying improvements
in productivity and living standards. New technologies offer considerable promise for de-
coupling economic growth from long term environmental degradation. But there is no
guarantee that innovations will appear when and where they are most needed, or at a price that
reflects all environmental and social externalities associated with their deployment (OECD,
2001).
WHY PLANNING NEEDED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
Many cities in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and the Caribbean face challenges
of rapid population growth, resource scarcity, rural-urban migration, and severe poverty and
socioeconomic inequality, Yet they also exhibit significant opportunities, including
inventiveness borne out of necessities of survival as self-help housing, group micro-credit
programs, and a highly effective use of resources (Taubman, N/A)
However, many developing countries share the challenges of rapid population growth, resource
scarcity, rural-urban migration, and severe poverty and socioeconomic inequality, so they need
planning. So Let us take an example South Africa. In Africa, the Republic of South Africa
provides a unique example in Africa of a country which is highly industrialized then it requires
planning to precede its development. The industrialization has mainly been made possible by
availability of capital accrued from its rich mineral resources; in continent there are countries
whose economy is virtually dependent on foreign aid and loans like Somali and Liberia.
The other country that we like to highlight is Nigeria; the discovery of petroleum in Nigeria has
led to the sidelining of agriculture. People who live in areas where sugar refining plants are
established concentrate on sugar production and neglect food crops; the production of major food
crops therefore tends to slacken.

Nigeria is also having a lot of trouble with the terrorist group known as " Boko-haram" whose
effects can still be felt in many parts of the country and even across the region, for killing,
kidnapping and destruction regardless of man in uniforms, law enforcement agencies and
civilians. However the country requires planning for its economic development, eradication of
poverty, getting rid of these terror linked groups, urbanization, Technological development and
enhancing infrastructure.
QUESTION FOUR: Select any local organization and try to work out Strategic Planning and
Management Processes of the organization (follow the basic steps).
Introduction
Before we select local organization to work out strategic planning and management process let
us define what is strategic planning, Origin of strategic planning, meaning and definition, and
what the steps for doing strategic planning
WHAT IS STRATEGIC PLANNING? THE ORIGIN, MEANING AND DEFINITIONS
The term strategic planning originated in the 1950s and was very popular between the mid-1960s
and the mid-1970s. During these years, strategic planning was widely believed to be the answer
for all problems. At the time, much of corporate America was ―obsessed‖ with strategic planning
(David, Strategic management: concepts and cases, 2011).Strategic planning is an organizational
management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen
operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals,
establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's
direction in response to a changing environment (Randall Rollinson).
WHAT IS A STRATEGIC PLAN?
A strategic plan is a document used to communicate with the organization & organizational
goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements developed
during the planning exercise. Strategy simply is a game plan and the strategist is a person who
makes the strategy.

WHAT IS STARTEGY?
According to Grant, (19950, Strategy is the overall plan for deploying resources to establish a
favorable position. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary "" Strategy is carefully plan or
method for achieving a particular goal usually over a long period of time''
According to Advanced Dictionary of English '' Strategy is the process of planning something
or carrying out a plan in a skillful way''
Components of Strategy
According to OUM's Module written by Victor Ong, Components of Strategy are scope, Goals
and objectives, Resources deployment, sustainable competitive advantage and Synergy
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN STRATEGIC PLANNING & MANAGEMENT?
The strategic-management process consists of three stages: strategy formulation, strategy
implementation, and strategy evaluation. Strategy formulation includes developing a vision and
mission, identifying an organization‘s external opportunities and threats, determining internal
strengths and weaknesses, establishing long-term objectives, generating alternative
Strategies and choosing particular strategies to pursue (David, 2011). There are many different
frameworks and methodologies for strategic planning and management. While there are no
absolute rules regarding the right framework, most follow a similar pattern and have common
attributes.
Many frameworks cycle through some variation on some very basic phases:
 Analysis or assessment, where an understanding of the current internal and external
environments is developed.
 Strategy formulation, where high level strategy is developed and a basic organization level
strategic plan is documented.
 Strategy execution, where the high level plan is translated into more operational planning and
action items.
 Evaluation or sustainment / management phase, where ongoing refinement and evaluation of
performance, culture, communications, data reporting and other strategic management issues
occurs.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC PLANING?
The purpose of strategic management is to exploit and create new and different opportunities for
tomorrow; long-range planning, in contrast, tries to optimize for tomorrow the trends of today
(David, Strategic management: concepts and cases, 2011)
EXAMPLE STRATEGIES PLANNING FOR BARWAQO MINERAL WATER
Barwaqo Pure Mineral Water located in South of Mogadishu-Somalia. It offers to the community
with a perfect spot for water providing to homes and social gathering sites such as hotels,
restaurants, shops and cafés. Barwaqo Mineral Water was established on the 2nd of November
2001,The reason for choosing this particular sector of business was that water industry has been
booming and very profitable, water industry has gained considerable attention of many
entrepreneurs for the past few years, another reason that drives us to engage in this specific
business is that existing companies can't meet the requirement of our citizens.
VISION
 To be the leading water Factory in Somalia, providing high quality test water for all
 Our vision is to take care of your needs and wants regarding drinking water.
MISSION
As water providing has become more popular and grown at an expeditious pace, easy handling of
purified water has become an essential part of our work experience.
 Barwaqo Pure Mineral Water provides the public an awareness of its high quality beverages,
modern packaging, quick delivery and comfortable service.
 Barwaqo Will provide pure drinking water with a difference – comfortably tasty water, new
packaging, and delivered to your door.
 our mission will be to maintain our profitability & satisfying our current and potential
customers
BUSINESS OBJECTIVES
Barwaqo Pure Mineral Water's objectives for the first year of operation will include:

 The formation of an exclusive, innovative brand that will distinguish Barwaqo Pure Mineral
Water products from other companies‘ products
 The manufacture of a comfortably tasty water that our citizens will enjoy drinking
 High-quality water at a reasonable price.
 Free access to promotion services.
 Free delivery and Continuous monitoring of internal and external factors
STRENGTHS
 Qualified and dedicated staff
 Having its own well
 High technology oriented
 A new Machine
 Brand Awareness
 high quality water
 Experienced management
 Delivering its products
WEAKNESS
 New to the market
 Barwaqo can't cover the entire city
 Luck of Research & Development
 Luck of Multiple machines
 Lack of an aggressive market strategy
 Difficulties in getting financing
OPPORTUNITIES
 Pioneers in the south for purified water
 Good chance for expansion and growth
 An increasing demand for purified water and Hospitalization industry increasing recently.

THREATS
 No barriers for the market, so its easy to enter water industry
 Foreign Companies are bringing Sparkling water for the Market
 Existing companies may lunch price war
 Environmental activist increases these days
 Government laws and regulation
QUESTION FIVE. Assume the following figures and determine capital needs:
 poverty line is 1 $ per day per person
 average income per person is 0.55 $ per day
 population 68 million
Introduction
There has always been a major gap between the rich and poor, although united nation's
Millennium goals included the eradication of poverty, If we set the new global poverty line is set
at $1 using 2015prices. Just over 900 million people globally lived under this line in 2017 and
we project that in 2018, just over 700 million are living in extreme poverty. Nonetheless, poverty
line is 1 $ per day per person reflects that that there is an extreme poverty that requires
considerable attention
Average income per person is 0.55 $ per day
Before we discuss whether the average income per person of $ 0.55 per day is good or bad, we
would like to shed light on some factors that effects one's income including age, sex, education,
experience, employment opportunities, slower in country's industry development and etc, going
back the question an average income per person is $0.55nper day means that there is high
unemployment rate or low industry development or it can be the people have no ability or the
skills required to get the job done.

Population 68 million
Answer: Population in its general use refers to all the inhabitants of a given place, be they plants
or animals. Human population refers to the total number of people found in or inhabiting a given
area. There are two types of population growth, namely: Natural population growth and
Numerical population growth.
The factors which influence population growth include fertility, mortality, migration and
settlement, Migration and settlement (FGS, 2014). Coming to the point, population of 68 million
is neither high nor slow depending on the country and the living condition of the communities,
but the fact remains that these people require many services as security, employment
opportunities, education, health care, Communication, and transportation, so the government
should come up with a clear plans in order to handle all these we have mentioned earlier.
QUESTION SIX: Discuss the basic assumptions of input output model and what will happen to
the model if the assumptions are not strictly followed?
Introduction
There are basic assumptions regarding input and output model, but before we explain that let us
look very briefly what is input and out model is all about, define input and output, what does the
model depicts, fundamental assumptions of input and output model, finally we will present the
model by a graph
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF AND OUT PUT?
Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. Instructions can be
entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user responses; an output
device is any type of hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
Output is data that has been processed into a useful form. In economics, an input–output
model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between
different branches of a national economy or different regional economies

DEFINATION
The Input-Output (IPO) Model is a functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs, and
required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs. The model is sometimes
configured to include any storage that might happen in the process as well. The inputs represent
the flow of data and materials into the process from the outside. The processing step includes all
tasks required to effect a transformation of the inputs. The outputs are the data and materials
flowing out of the transformation process (SCHEMBRI, 2012). Input-output models, when
applied correctly, can be powerful tools for estimating the economy-wide effects of an initial
change in economic activity. To effectively use these models, analysts must collect detailed
information about the project or program under study (Ambargis, 2011).
INPUT AND OUT PUT MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
Input/output models typically assume that inputs are used in fixed proportion, without any
substitution of inputs, across a wide range of production levels. In others words, the model
assumes that an industry must double its inputs to double its output without substitution. If these
assumptions are inconsistent with the true production patterns in the local economy, then the
impact of the change on the local economy will differ from that implied by a regional multiplier
(Ambargis R. B., 2011). The assumption of fixed production patterns relates to labor inputs as
well. I-O models typically assume that changes in output will result in a proportional change in
jobs based on the average production patterns for the industries in a local economy. However, if
an industry can increase its output by extending mainly the number of hours that existing
employees work.
Input and output models classically assume that all firms within a business are characterized by a
general production process. If the production structure of the initially-affected local firm is not
consistent with the average relationships of the firms that make up the industry in the I-O
accounts (Ambargis R. B., Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis: Suggestions for
Practitioners Using RIMS II Multipliers, 2011).
Input and output models can be practical tools for approximating the entire effects that an initial
modification in economic activity will have on a local economy. However, these models are not

suitable for all applications and care should be given to their use. Understanding the limitations
of these models allows for improved impact studies and a more precise interpretation of the
results (Ambargis R. B., Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis, 2011).
WHAT DOES THIS MODEL DEPICTS?
The model depicts inter-industry relationships within an economy, showing how output from one
industrial sector may become an input to another industrial sector. In the inter-industry matrix,
column entries typically represent inputs to an industrial sector, while row entries represent
outputs from a given sector. This format therefore shows how dependent each sector is on every
other sector, both as a customer of outputs from other sectors and as a supplier of inputs (www.
wikipedia).
Figure 6.1 Input and Out Model
QUESTION SEVEN: Why planning in third world countries were different from the two
distinct world economies that are the first and second world economies?

Introduction
Planning in third world countries was different from the two distinct world economies that are
the first and second world economies, so before we discuss these issues let's define these
terms, third world countries, developed countries and developing countries. Developed Countries
are the countries which are developed in terms of economy and industrialization. The Developed
countries are also known as advanced countries or the first world countries, as they are self-
sufficient nations (Surbhi, 2015).
Developing Countries depend upon the Developed Countries, to support them in establishing
industries across the country. The country has a low Human Development Index, example the
country does not enjoy healthy and safe environment to live, low Gross Domestic Product, high
illiteracy rate, poor educational, transportation, communication and medical facilities,
unsustainable government debt, unequal distribution of income, high death rate and birth rate,
malnutrition both to mother and infant which case high infant mortality rate, poor
living conditions, high level of unemployment and poverty (Surbhi, 2015).
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
Developed Countries have a high per capita income and GDP as compared to Developing
Countries. In Developed Countries the literacy rate is high, but in Developing Countries
illiteracy rate is high. Developed Countries have good infrastructure and a better environment in
terms of health and safety, which are absent in Developing Countries. Developed Countries
generate revenue from the industrial sector. Conversely, Developing Countries generate revenue
from the service sector. In developed countries, the standard of living of people is high, which is
moderate in developing countries. Resources are effectively and efficiently utilized in developed
countries. On the other hand, proper utilization of resources is not done in developing countries.
In developed countries, the birth rate and death rate are low, whereas in developing countries
both the rates are high.
Lastly, life expectancy is also an index for a country to be regarded as either rich or poor. It is
said that rich countries have an aging population wherein 60 to 75% of their citizens die beyond
70 years old due to chronic illnesses like cancer and diabetes. In poorer countries however,

majority of their people often die at a much younger age level due to infectious, thought to be
very preventable diseases, like TB and malaria. The younger chunk of their population dies early
as well. planning as economic and social progress has made a considerable amount of progress in
third world countries during the last decades, nevertheless, there are more differences between
planning in the third world compared to those in the extreme, the fact remains that there are more
needs to be done when planning third world countries and even sub-Saharan countries in our
region in terms of human capital planning, natural resources planning, urban and rural planning,
and family planning.
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Dualism is a theory that is widely discussed in development economics. A plan is a commitment
to particular course of action, where planning is an activity or a process regarding future in
visualizing and formation, so a planner has to think what is to be done, how is to be done, when
it to be done and by whom it to be done. A strategic plan is a document used to communicate
with the organization & organizational goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of
the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise.
The strategic-management process consists of three stages: strategy formulation, strategy
implementation, and strategy evaluation. The purpose of strategic management is to exploit and
create new and different opportunities for tomorrow; long-range planning, in contrast, tries to
optimize for tomorrow the trends of today (David, Strategic management: concepts and cases,
2011). The Input-Output (IPO) Model is a functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs, and
required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs. The model is sometimes
configured to include any storage that might happen in the process as well.
Input/output models typically assume that inputs are used in fixed proportion, without any
substitution of inputs, across a wide range of production levels. In others words, the model
assumes that an industry must double its inputs to double its output without substitution.
Many developing countries share the challenges of rapid population growth, resource scarcity,
rural-urban migration, and severe poverty and socioeconomic inequality, so they need planning.
So Let us take an example South Africa. In Africa, the Republic of South Africa provides a

unique example in Africa of a country which is highly industrialized then it requires planning to
precede its development
Input and output models classically assume that all firms within a business are characterized by a
general production process. If the production structure of the initially-affected local firm is not
consistent with the average relationships of the firms that make up the industry in the I-O
accounts.

REFERENCES
Ambargis, R. B. (2011, March 23--27). Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis. New Orleans,
United States of America.
Ambargis, R. B. (2011, March 23-27). Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis: Suggestions
for Practitioners Using RIMS II Multipliers. New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
Ambargis, R. B. (2011, March 23-27). Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis: Suggestions
for Practitioners Using RIMS II Multipliers. New Orleans,, Louisiana, USA.
Ambargis, R. B. (2011, March 23). Input-Output Models for Impact Analysis:Suggestions for
Practitioners Using RIMS II Multipliers. New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management: concepts and cases. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management: concepts and cases (thirteen edition ed.). New Jersy:
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David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management: concepts and cases. New Jersy: Prentice Hall,.
FGS. (2014). Somali geography: class 12. Mogadishu: N/A.
Kuhnen, D. F. (1987). Causes of underdevelopment and concepts. The Journal of Institute of
Development Studies, Studies, NWFP Agricultural .
OECD. (2001). Policies to enhance sustainable development: Meeting of the OECD Council at
Minsterial level.
Randall Rollinson, H. R. (n.d.). Balanced Scordcard institute. Retrieved Augost Tuesday, 17,
from Strategic Management group: http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-
Planning-Basics
Robinson, H. (2016, Feb 29). Dualism.
Salcedo, V. ( 1988, April 4). The problems of less developed countries. Spain.

SCHEMBRI, J. (2012, Augost 20). Input and output model. Retrieved Augost Wednesday, 2017,
from Six Sigma Daily: http://www.sixsigmadaily.com/input-output-model/
Surbhi. (2015, June 18). Difference Between Developed Countries and Developing Countries.
Retrieved Augost Wednesday, 2017, from keydifferences.com:
http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-developed-countries-and-developing-
countries.html
Surbhi. (2015, June 18). Difference Between Developed Countries and Developing Countries.
Retrieved Augost Wednesday, 2017, from keydifferences.com:
http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-developed-countries-and-developing-
countries.html
Taubman, A. A. (N/A). Urban Planig: Developing Countries. Michigan, United States of
America.

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