The document discusses a master's thesis on investigating the bearing capacity of coarse-grained unsaturated soils based on shear failure mechanisms. The thesis was conducted under the supervision of Professor Seyed Shahab Yazdi and advisor Dr. Mansour Movlanajad in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Teacher Education.

5. ‫س‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫زﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﻜﺪه‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ارﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫دوره‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬
‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه‬:
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬:
‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬‫ﻳﺜﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺎب‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬‫ﻣﺸﺎور‬:
‫ﻣﺼﻼﻧﮋاد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮر‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫آذر‬1393

7. 9 4
‫و‬‫ر‬

8. 9 39 4
‫و‬‫ر‬

9. 9 39 4
‫و‬‫ر‬

10. 9 39 4
‫و‬‫ر‬

11. 9 3

12. ‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎس‬‫از‬‫آن‬‫ﭘﺮ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎل‬ ‫وردﮔﺎر‬‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻨﺖ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮد‬ ‫ارزاﻧﻲ‬.
‫ﭘﺪراﻧﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺋﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﺣﻤﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫داﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬‫ارﺟﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎد‬‫د‬ ‫آﻗﺎي‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎب‬‫ﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮاره‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺜﺮﺑﻲ‬‫ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻳﺸﺎن‬‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاوان‬.‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮم‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاوان‬ ‫زﺣﻤﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫آﻗﺎﻳﺎن‬ ،‫ﭘﻲ‬
‫داﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫واﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﺰداﻧﻲ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﮔﻠﺸﻨﻲ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﭘﻨﺎه‬.‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫دارم‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎور‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻼﻧﮋاد‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎب‬.
‫از‬‫ارزﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬‫ﺟﻨﺎب‬‫ﻣﻴﺮز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻳﻲ‬‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬‫ﻳﺰداﻧﺪوﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬‫ﻧﺘﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬‫ﻛﻨﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪراﻧﻲ‬ ،‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎري‬ ‫آن‬ ‫رﺳﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﺠﻪ‬.
،‫ﺑﺎﻏﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺎن‬ ‫درج‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫دﻛﺘﺮ‬ ،‫ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ‬.

13. ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬
‫ژﺋﻮﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫در‬ ‫روز‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫درك‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ،‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫رواﺑﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﻳﮋه‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮف‬ ‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫درﺟﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺪه‬.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‬ ‫در‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﺮوژه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪاوﻟﻲ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﺎزه‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬.
‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬)‫ﻓﻴﺮوزﻛﻮه‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬161(‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬.‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪادي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫و‬‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آن‬
‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازش‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬.
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬ ‫ﺑﺮوز‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬.‫ﻋﻼوه‬
‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ،‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ي‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازش‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ﺻﺎدق‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﻮدن‬‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫در‬.
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫واژه‬:‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ،‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬ ،‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬-
‫ﻣﺪل‬ ،‫ﺧﺎك‬‫ﭘﻲ‬

14. ‫أ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬1-‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎت‬...................................................................................................................1
1-1-‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬...............................................................................................................................................1
1-2-‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬........................................................................................................................2
1-3-‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬.....................................................................................................................................3
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬2-‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬.......................................................................................................4
2-1‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬..................................................................................................................4
2-1-1-‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر‬......................................................................................................................................................4
2-1-2-‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﺎز‬...................................................................................................................4
2-1-3-‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬‫آب‬-‫ﺧﺎك‬........................................................................................................................6
2-1-4-‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬.................................................................................................................................................7
2-1-5-‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬.............................................................................................................................................9
2-2-‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬............................................................................................11
2-2-1-‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر‬...................................................................................................................................................11
2-2-2-‫ﺗﺮزاﻗﻲ‬)1943(.........................................................................................................................................12
2-2-3-‫ﻣﻴﺮﻫﻮف‬)1951(......................................................................................................................................16
2-2-4-‫وﺳﻴﻚ‬)1973(........................................................................................................................................17
2-3-‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬....................................................................................18
2-3-1-‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬.............................................................................................................................18
2-3-2-‫ﭘﺎﻧﭻ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬.............................................................................................................................19
2-3-3-‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬.......................................................................................................................19
2-3-4-‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫روش‬.....................................................................................................................21
2-3-5-‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬..........................................................................................................................................21
2-4-‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬......................................................................................23
2-4-1-‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر‬....................................................................................................................................................23
2-4-1-‫ﺑﺮوﻣﺰ‬)1964(...........................................................................................................................................23
2-4-1-‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﭻ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻴﻨﺴﻦ‬)1987(..........................................................................................................24
2-4-1-‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬‫راﻫﺎردﺟﻮ‬)1993(..................................................................................................................25
2-4-1-‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬)1997(............................................................................................................................27
2-4-1-‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺎ‬)2003(.......................................................................................................................28
2-4-1-‫واﻧﺎﭘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬)2006(........................................................................................................................29
2-4-1-‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻧﺎﭘﺎﻟﻲ‬)2007(....................................................................................................................32
2-4-1-‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ‬)2010(.........................................................................................................................................34

15. ‫ب‬
2-4-1-‫ﺳﺎﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻮﭼﺎﻳﭙﻴﭽﺎت‬)2011(..............................................................................................36
2-4-1-‫اژدري‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ‬)2012(..............................................................................................................39
2-5-‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬................................................................................................................................................41
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬3-‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬...................................................................42
3-1-‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬........................................................................................................................................................42
3-2-‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬.............................................................................................42
3-2-1-‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬.................................................................................................................................43
3-2-2-‫ﻧﻴﺮو‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬...............................................................................................................................44
3-2-3-‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮو‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬......................................................................................................................45
3-2-3-1‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮوﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮاﺳﻴﻮن‬‫ﻧﻴﺮو‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬...............................................................46
3-2-4-‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬......................................................................................................................................................46
3-2-5-‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬.................................................................................................................................48
3-3-‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬...............................................................................................................................49
3-4-‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫روش‬............................................................................................................................................51
3-4-1-‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬................................................................................................................51
3-4-2-‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﺶ‬.......................................................................................................................................52
3-4-3-‫رﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬.......................................................................................................................................53
3-4-4-‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬............................................................................................................................53
3-4-5-‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺳﺎزي‬ ‫آﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬...........................................................................................................................54
3-4-6-‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫روش‬..........................................................................................................................................55
3-5-‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬.....................................................................................................................................55
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬4-‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬............................................................57
4-1-‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬.........................................................................................................................................................57
4-2-‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬................................................................................................................................57
4-3-‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬.................................................................................................................58
4-3-1-‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎر‬.......................................................................................................................................58
4-3-2-‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬-‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬.........................................................................................................................59
4-3-3-‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬-‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬...............................................................................................66
4-4-‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازش‬..................................................................................................................74
4-4-1-‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬...........................................................................................77
4-5-‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬.........................................................88
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬5-‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎ‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬......................................................................................95
5-1-‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎت‬.........................................................................................................................................................95
5-2-‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬...........................................................................................95
5-3-‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازش‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬................................................................................................................96

16. ‫ج‬
5-4-‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎ‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬.........................................................................................................................................97
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬...............................................................................................................................98

17. ‫د‬
‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪول‬2-1:‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬2-3638
‫ﺟﺪول‬3-1:‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬)‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ASTM(50
‫ﺟﺪول‬3-2:‫ازﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺶ‬56
‫ﺟﺪول‬3-3:‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬56
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-1:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬57
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-2:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬65
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-3:‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬161‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬67
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-4:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬71
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-5:‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬72
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-6:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬5،10‫و‬15‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬30%78
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-7:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬5،10‫و‬15‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬40%79
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-8:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬5،10‫و‬15‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬50%80
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-9:‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬‫ي‬5،10‫و‬15‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬60%81
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-10:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬5،10‫و‬15‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬70%82
‫ﺟﺪول‬4-11:‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬2-33‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬30%،50%‫و‬70%89

18. ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1-1:‫ﻫﻮا‬ ‫و‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮه‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎي‬)، ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬1996(2
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1-2:‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬)،‫راﻫﺎردﺟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬1993(2
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-1:‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬)‫ﻟﻴﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬2000(5
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-2-‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬-‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬‫آن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬)‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻧﺎﭘﺎﻟﻲ‬1999(6
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-3-‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮزي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬7
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-4-‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬)‫ﻣﻮرﮔﻨﺴﺘﺮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻻﻧﺪ‬1977(8
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-5-‫ﻣﻮﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬-‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻤﺐ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬)1987(10
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-6-‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻮش‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻨﺎي‬)‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻧﺎﭘﺎﻟﻲ‬1996(10
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-7:‫ﻧﻮاري‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬12
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-8-‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ‬14
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-9-‫زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﺮاز‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬14
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-10:‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬19
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-11:‫ﭘﺎﻧﭻ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬19
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-12:‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬20
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-13:‫ﺷﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺎع‬(R)‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬20
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-14:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬)، ‫ﭼﻦ‬1999(21
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-15:‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫روش‬)‫دﺳﭽﻨﺲ‬1978(22
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-16:‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬ ‫روﺳﺎزي‬ ‫ﭼﺮخ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬)‫ﺑﺮوﻣﺰ‬1964(24
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-17:‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬25
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-18:‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﻮاري‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬)‫راﻫﺎردﺟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬1993(26
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-19:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫زواﻳﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬)‫راﻫﺎردﺟﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻟﻮﻧﺪ‬1993(27
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-20:‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬)‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎرا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺎ‬‫ن‬2003(28
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-21:‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬30
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-22:‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬31
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-23:‫ﺧﻤﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬Ip‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫و‬ψ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫در‬32
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-24:‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬32
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-25:‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪه‬ ‫زﻫﻜﺸﻲ‬33
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-26:‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬34
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-27:‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬35
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-28:‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺳﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺶ‬35
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-29:‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬36

19. ‫و‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-30:‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬-‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬36
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-31:‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫درﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬37
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-32:‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬38
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-33:‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت‬39
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-34:‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬-‫اﺳﺘﻬﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬39
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-35:‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬90‫و‬120‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬
‫زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺮازﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ادﺑﻴﺎت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬40
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2-36:‫وزﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬40
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-1:‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬42
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-2:‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺑﻪ‬‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬43
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-3:‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬)‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬(‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫و‬)‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬(44
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-4:‫ﻧﻴﺮو‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬45
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-5:‫ﻧﻴﺮوﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮاﺳﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬46
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-6:‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬47
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-7:‫ر‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫وي‬Nγ)،‫اﺳﺘﻮارت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻫﺎم‬1971(48
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-8:‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﺳﻮراﺧﺪار‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬49
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-9:‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫داﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬50
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-10:‫آن‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫درون‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫رﻳﺨﺘﻦ‬52
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-11:‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬53
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3-12:‫درﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬54
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-1:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬58
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-2:‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬-‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬30%60
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-3:‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬-‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬40%61
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-4:‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬-‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬50%62
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-5:‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬-‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬60%63
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-6:‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬-‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬70%64
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-7:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬30%68
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-8:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬40%69
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-9:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬50%69
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-10:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬60%70
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-11:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬70%70
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-12:‫ﻣﻜﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫دﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬73

20. ‫ز‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-13:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬30%‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬75
5%،10%‫و‬15) %‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-14:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬40%‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬75
5%،10%‫و‬15) %‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-15:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬50%‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬76
5%،10%‫و‬15) %‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-16:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬60%‫درﺻ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺪ‬76
5%،10%‫و‬15) %‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-17:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬70%‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬77
5%،10%‫و‬15) %‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-18:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪرﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬5%،10%‫و‬15%78
)‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬30%
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-19:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪرﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬5%،10%‫و‬15%79
)‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬40%
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-20:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪرﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬5%،10%‫و‬15%80
)‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬50%
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-21:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪرﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬5%،10%‫و‬15%81
)‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬60%
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-22:‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫درﺻﺪرﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺴﺖ‬5%،10%‫و‬15%82
)‫راﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬(‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬70%
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-23:‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮازش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺮاي‬30%‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬5%،10%‫و‬15%83
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-24:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮازش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬40%‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬5%،10%‫و‬15%84
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-25:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮازش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬50%‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬5%،10%‫و‬15%85
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-26:‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮازش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬60%‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬5%،10%‫و‬15%86
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-27:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮازش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي‬70%‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫درﺻﺪﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬5%،10%‫و‬15%87
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-28:‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬161‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬30%90
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-29:‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬161‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬50%91
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-30:‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي‬161‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬70%91
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-31:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬30%92
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-32:‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬50%93
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-33:‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫و‬70%93

21. ٩٨
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬:
ASTM D2216. (1994a). Laboratory determination of water (moisture) content of
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Bishop, A. W. and Blight, G. E. ,1963. Some aspects of effective stress in saturated
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USA.
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Chen FH ,1999. soil engineering, Testing design and remediation. CRC Press LLC,
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Chen, W.F., 1975. Limit analysis and soil plasticity. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Costa, Y.D., Cintra, J.C. and Zornberg J.C., 2003, Influence of matric suction on
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22. ٩٩
De Beer, E. E. ,1965. Bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations on
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Deschenes, J.H. ,1978. Bearing capacity of footings close to slopes cohesionless
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Fredlund, D. G. and Morgenstern, N. R., ,1977. Stress state variables for
unsaturated soils. Journal of the Geotechnical and Engineering Division, ASCE,
103(GT5): 447-446.
Fredlund, D. G. and Morgenstern, N. R. And Widger, R. A. 1977. Shear strength of
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edition, Wiley, New York.
Graham, J. and Stuart, J.G ,1971. Scale and boundary effects in foundation
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(SM11): 1533-1584.
Hansen, B. and Christensen, N. H. ,1969. Discussion of theoretical bearing capacity
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Kumbhojkar, A.S. ,1993. Numerical evaluation of Terzaghi’s Nγ, Journal of
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3, pp. 598-607.
Kyklema, J. 2000. Fundamental of interface and colloid science, Volume III,
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Meyerhof, G. G. ,1951. The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations.
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Mohamed, F.M.O. and Vanapalli, S.K., 2006. Laboratory investigations for the
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Oloo, S.Y., 1994. A bearing capacity approach to the design of low-volume traffics
roads, PhD thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Poulos, H., and Davis, E. ,1974. Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics,
John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA.

23. ١٠٠
Steensen-Bach, J.O. and Salinas L.M., 1987. Capillary induced stresses – fact or
fiction, Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 83-89.
Terzaghi, K. 1943. Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons. New York,
NY, USA.
Vesic, A. S. ,1963. Bearing capacity of deep foundations in sand. Highway
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Vanapalli, S. K., Fredlund, D.G., Pufahal, D. E. and Clifton, A. W., 1996. Model
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493.
‫اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻣﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﭘﻮر‬‫ﻣﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫اژدري‬،1391.‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫داﻳﺮه‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬.‫ﻣﻬﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﮕﺮه‬ ‫ﻧﻬﻤﻴﻦ‬‫ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫ﺪﺳﻲ‬.‫اﺻﻔﻬﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬.
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ‬ ،‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪرﺿﺎ‬ ،‫رازﻗﻲ‬.1390.‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺮواﻧﻲ‬ ‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬.‫ﺷﺸﻤﻴ‬‫ﻛﻨﮕﺮه‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮان‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻲ‬.‫ﺳﻤﻨﺎن‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬..
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ،‫ﭘﻨﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺛﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي‬.1390.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎزه‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻟﺮزه‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬ ‫در‬‫ﻣﺪرس‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ،‫ارﺷﺪ‬ ‫رﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬.
،‫اﻣﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺎﻳﺎر‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻧﮋاد‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ‬.1392.‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺑﺮي‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪدي‬ ‫و‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ،‫ﻏﻴﺮاﺷﺒﺎع‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‬ ‫روي‬‫اﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ،‫ارﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬.
،‫ﻳﺜﺮﺑﻲ‬‫س‬.‫ش‬.‫و‬،‫ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ‬‫ع‬.1386.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬‫ﺧﺎك‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬.‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات‬‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎي‬‫داﻧ‬‫ﺶ‬

24. Abstract
Mechanics of unsaturated soils is one of the most controversial issues in
geotechnical engineering society and the results of annual research and studies on
this field are reported as papers and books. Although there is still a long path to
fully interpret and understand the governing principles of unsaturated soils.
Most of formulated equations and relationships for unsaturated soils are based on
two independent variables (i,e matric suction and net stress). In most of these
equations the soil mass is assumed to be rigid, and the compound effects of matric
suction, degree of saturation and void ratio are neglected. This has resulted in
conservative and non-economical design of geotechnical structures, as the
engineers prefer to use available equations for dry or saturated soils.
The main purposes of this study are to interpret failure mechanisms, bearing
capacity and settlement behavior of shallow footings on coarse-grained unsaturated
soils. A set of tests were designed and performed in different relative densities and
degrees of saturation and obtained results are presented.
The results of conducted tests showed a logical similarity between failure
mechanisms in saturated and unsaturated soils. This similarity is shown in bearing
capacity versus settlement diagrams. The bearing capacity versus matric suction
diagram showed a different trend in variation of bearing capacity for a relative
densities ranging from 30% to 70%. Also the derived depths of stress bulb under
the model footing resulted from image processing, confirmed the validity of former
investigations for determining depth of stress bulb under shallow footings in the
case of unsaturated soils.
Keywords: Bearing capacity, unsaturated soils, matric suction, image
processing, failure mechanism, model footing

25. Faculty of civil and environmental Engineering
Tarbiat modares university
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (M.S) in soil mechanics and foundation engineering
Interpreting Bearing Capacity and Failure
Mechanisms of Shallow Footings on Unsaturated
Coarse-grained Soils
By:
Ali Nezami
Supervisor:
Dr. S.S. Yasrebi
Co-supervisor:
Dr. M. Mosallanejad
Summer 2014