The document discusses various English grammar topics including: - The present perfect and past perfect tenses and how to use them - Using past modals like "must", "could", "might" to speculate about past situations - Relative clauses and how they are used to identify and provide information about nouns - Phrasal verbs and how the particle gives special meaning to the verb - Verbs that are followed by gerunds or infinitives and which form is used - Idioms and their meanings - Personality adjectives.

3. THE PRESENT
PERFEC TENSE
Use it to talk about events that
occurred at a non-specific time
in the past and continue to the
present.
Use already to say that something
happened sooner than expected in
affirmative sentences
Use yet to mean “until now” in
negative sentences and questions.

4. THE PAST
PERFECT TENSE
Use it to talk about an
action that happened before
another action in the past
Common expressions: Before
(that), By then, already

5. Graphic Designer
Publisher
Photographer
Columnist
Press Operator
Editor
Journalist
Secretary

7. Past Modals
Use Past Modals to speculate,
deduce, or make guesses about
past situations based on evidence.
Must -------- 90%
Could -------- 50%
Might -------- 30%
Use Past Modals to
speculate, deduce,
or make guesses
about past
situations based on
evidence
Subject + (must/could/might)
+ have + past participle +
complement

8. Relative Clauses
Relative
Clauses
Use relative clauses to
identify or give information
about nouns. Usually they
are two sentences joined
together by a relative
pronoun (who/where/that).
Use who/that for people.
Use where/that for
places.
Use that for things

9. solar energy
 renewable
oil
tides
 wind
 iron
coal
timber
copper
Streams
fit as a fiddle
move heaven
and earth
 bad shape
 in murky
waters

10.  Eating fatty foods
 Smoking
 Drinking water
Sleeping well
Being sedentary
Getting drunk
Being active
Having a healthy
diet
Doing exercise
 Feeling stressed

12. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are
verb-particle
combinations. The
particle gives a
special meaning to
the verb.
bring in = earn money
find out= discover
get on = have a good relation with
go for =choose
hold back =not to show how you feel
look after =take care of somebody
look into = investigate
turn down = reject
draw on=make use of something

13. Gerunds and
Infinitives
Some words, verbs and
prepositions are followed
by a specific form of
another verb.
Verbs followed by
Gerunds(ing)
Verbs followed by
Infinitives(to)
Verbs followed by
Gerunds or
Infinitives
avoid decide Continue
enjoy hope Start
keep seem Intend

14. Make your blood boil
grin from ear to ear
My hearth sinks
Fell head over hells in love

15.  ambitious
 analytical
 competitive
 humble
 impatient
 indecisive
 irresponsible
 reliable
 reserved
 sensible
 sensitive
 sociable
 curious
 unpredictable
 vain