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Alternate feedstock of Biogas production
1. Lecture 5
FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOGAS
PRODUCTION
Alternate feedstocks for biogas production – applications of
biogas cooking, lighting and engine operations - biodigested
slurry and enrichment
3. Alternate Feed Stocks for Biogas Production
POULTRY
SERICULTURE
SUGAR INDUSTRY
RUBBER INDUSTRY
SAGO INDUSTRY
FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRY
FRUITS AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING
INDUSTRIES
SEWAGE WATER
4. Application of bio gas
Cooking fuel
Fuel for lighting
Fuel for motive power to replace diesel oil
Enriched organic manure of agriculture and aquaculture
Manure for mushroom growing
Manure for seed coating
Use of light to trap insects at the farm
To treat human excreta and for pollution control
6. UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS BYPRODUCTS
Hydroponics
Aquaponics
Panchakavya for organic agriculture
Grow bed for mushroom cultivation
Seed coater to protect form pest and disease
Aeroponics
Root garden
Kitchen garden
7. Biogas requirement
Cooking : About 0.28 to 0.42 m3 of gas is required per
person per day.
Lighting: 0.11 to 0.15 m3 of gas is required for lighting the
mantle lamp of 100 candle power
Running engines: 0.45 m3 of gas is required per hp per hour
Electricity generation: 1 m3 of gas produces 1.6 kWh
electricity
8. Advantages of biogas as a cooking fuel
1. Clean: it does not make dirty cooking vessels, clothes or
kitchen.
2. Fast: it produces immediate heat.
3. Healthy: it does not produce smoke to irritate eyes or lungs
4. Efficient: if proper stoves are used
9. Biogas Appliances
Heating appliances
Low cost burner
Biogas stove
Lighting appliance
Portable Biogas Lamp
Biogas for running engines
Biogas run petrol engines
Biogas run diesel engines
11. Biogas for lighting
Normally the lamps are designed for a gas pressure of 70 to
85 mm water column.
Low gas pressure gives a poor light & a high gas pressure
breaks the mantle quickly.
They all are about 100-candle power & use 0.11 to 0.15m3
(4 to 5.5 cft) gas per hour.
Any gas lamp with a mantle can use biogas provided a
proper air to gas ratio is maintained.
Lamps are usually designed to burn gas at minimum
pressure of 75 mm water column.
Gas mantle made of fibre immersed in thorium nitrate
solution is reported to give a bright light.
13. Biogas for running engines
Biogas can be used to operate both CI (diesel) & SI (petrol)
engines.
Petrol engines can run on 100 % biogas - need little petrol
for starting up.
Diesel engines can run on dual fuel (biogas + diesel) – pilot
injection of diesel is needed for igniting the mixture of air
& biogas inside the cylinder.
Initial starting of diesel engine is done on pure diesel.
An one HP engine consumes about 0.45 m3 gas in an hour.
Normally a 5 HP engine is optimum for a small farm and
will consume about 2.0 m3 in an hour.
14. Biodigested slurry as organic manure
Biodigested slurry is the by-product obtained from the
biogas plant after the digestion of the dung and
generation of the fuel gas.
The biodigested slurry is a very good manure. It is very
similar to the farm yard manure available in the farm.
The nutrient contents viz. N, P, K get enriched in the
biodigested slurry, compared to the farmyard manure.
Biogas plant manure, in addition to providing macro
elements like N, P and K and trace elements like iron,
copper, boron etc., also improves the soil water retention
capacity because of its humus content.
16. Biodigested slurry and soil properties
Biodigested slurry helps in soil aggregation and
increasing the soil porosity.
It enhances the water holding capacity, prevents leaching
of nutrients, buffers pH changes and improves several
other properties like resistance to soil erosion.
Forms complexes with harmful elements like copper,
aluminium and minimize plant toxicity.
It absorbs herbicides, pesticides and prevents their
washing. It supplies N, P and S during degradation.
The application of recommended dose of manure about
10 tonnes per ha in irrigated areas and 5 tonnes per ha in
dryland areas, increases the yield by 10-20% of crops
17. Biogas as an insecticide for stored seeds
Biogas containing 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide
has been tested as a fumigant for insect control in certain
pulses.
The Biogas fumigation has killed all the pests in about 10-
12 days at a pressure of 1.4 kg/ cm2.
The biogas fumigation did not affect seed germination,
seeding vigour or grain quality and no gaseous methane
residue will be left in the gain.
18. Biogas slurry as seedling root dipping medium for rice
Bio-digested slurry is used as seedling root dipping
medium for rice.
Seedling root dipping with a combination of bio digested
slurry, Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria, Zinc sulphate and
Phytohormone enhanced the growth and yield
attributes.
Root dipping of seedling with this combination of
nutrients increases the grain yield by 5.9% over no
dipping.
Uptake of N, P and K also enhanced by various root
dipping. Uptake of Zinc is not influenced by dipping
treatments.
19. Enrichment by impregnation
The enrichment can be done by taking 11 kg of urea
and 31 kg of super phosphate and dissolving them in
about 15 litres of water.
This solution is adsorbed in 48 kg of dry low grade
manure and mixed thoroughly and spread out in the
shade to dry.
The enriched manure would then contain 5 percent
P2 O5 in addition to the original contents.
20. Enrichment by pelletization
A pelletizer is used for densification of biodigested
slurry into granules or pellets.
The biodigested slurry is enriched with 50 g of rock
phosphate & 100 g of powdered coir waste per kg of
slurry, with addition of 70 - 75 % moisture.
Addition of enriched pellets about 2 tonnes per
hectare to many crops like ragi, sorghum, maize can
increase the yield.
21. Biogas plant slurry applications as manure
Air dried Biogas slurry can be applied by spreading on the
agricultural land at least one week before sowing the
seeds or transplanting the seedlings
The liquid slurry can be mixed directly with the canal
which will enable spreading of the slurry running water
in irrigation uniformly in the cropped
Biogas slurry can also be coated on the seeds prior to
sowing. This acts as insecticide and prevents seeds or
plants from insect attack. This helps in early germination
and healthy growth of seedlings
it can be used in the consistency of fresh dung and used
for top dressing of crops like sugarcane and potato
22. Biogas plant slurry applications as manure
Biodigested slurry is also being used for fish culture,
which acts as a supplementary feed. On an average, 15-
25 litres of wet slurry can be applied per day in a 1200
sq.m pond.
Slurry mixed with oil cake or rice bran in the ratio of 2:1
which increases the fish production remarkably.
In general organic manures about 10 t ha-1, in the form of
FYM or compost or biodigested slurry is recommended to
be applied once in three years to maintain the organic
content of soil, besides providing nitrogen, phosphorous
and potassium in the form of organic fertilisers to the
crop.
24. After construction of the plant
Initial filling of the slurry should be done after 2 weeks of
curing of the plant.
Care should be taken to avoid the entry of sand and
gravel with the slurry in to the plant.
The initial gas obtained should be let out because it will
contain more of carbon dioxide.
The right type of burner designed for biogas (as per ISI
specification) should be used for efficient utilization of
gas. Do not open the gas valve before lighting the gas
appliances.
While boiling water or cooking food stuff, regulate the
gas valve in such a way to utilize more gas during the first
half and less gas during the second half (ie. after boiling)
in order to reduce gas consumption.
25. After construction of the plant
Gas regulator cock or valve of the burner should be
tightly closed.
If there is any gas leakage in the burner, doors and
windows of the kitchen should be opened to allow the
fresh air to enter and the gas to escape.
Never allow build-up of gas pressure in the dome/gas
holder.
Do not keep the gate valve loosely to avoid the wastage
of the gas.
Fill the plant with properly mixed dung slurry. (mixing
ratio of dung : water =1:1)
Recommended quantity of slurry mixed (i,e. 25 kg. dung
with 25 litres of water per cubic meter plant) should be
added daily.
26. After construction of the plant
Remove the condensed water from pipe line at regular
intervals.
The burner, burner holes and jets should be periodically
cleaned with kerosene to avoid blocking of gas.
Wide bottom utensils should be preferably used so that
loss in heat will be minimum. Pressure cooker should be
used to reduce the gas consumption.
Adjust the flame by turning the gas cock and air regulator
till blue flame is obtained. Do not test the biogas
flammability at the top of the biogas plant.
Do not allow scum to form in the digester, otherwise the
production of gas will be reduced.
27. Construction of biogas plants - General considerations
Proper size (capacity) of the plant should be fixed based
on the cattle strength and family size
Proper place should be selected for the installation of
biogas plant based on the location of cattle shed,
kitchen, drinking well, manure pit, elevation of the area,
sunshine and water table of the site.
Concrete mix and cement mortar should be prepared on
clean and smooth surface
First class (quality) bricks should be used
Purchase best quality gas holder
Bottom of the mixing tank should be slightly higher than
the top of the digester
The top level of the outlet pipe should be at least 0.45 m
below the top of the digester.
28. Stages involved in methane production
a. Hydrolysis
b. Acid production
Degradation of Monosaccharides
Degradation of fatty acids
Decomposition of amino acids
Microbes involved in hydrolysis & acid production stages
Genera of Bacteria associated - Clostridium, Aerobacter,
Bacillus, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Paracholobacterium,
Proteus, Pseudomonas, Sarcina and Streptomyces.
c. Methane production stage
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens (CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + H2O)
Acetotrophic methanogens (CH3COOH CH4 + CO2)
29. KVIC Biogas plant - Digester
An inlet chamber near the digester at surface level serves
for mixing dung and water which is done mechanically or
manually.
The mixture of dung and water in proportion of 4:5 by
volume, called slurry, flows down the inlet pipe to the
bottom of the primary compartment of the digester.
The digester is designed to the raw material for 60 days.
This ensures enough stay time of the input material for
complete digestion.
The outlet chamber is again at surface level, just a few
cms below the level of the inlet chamber.
If both compartments of the digester are full and if more
slurry is added from the inlet, then an equivalent amount
of fermented slurry flows out of the outlet and
discharged into the compost pit.
30. KVIC Biogas plant – Gas holder
The cost of the holder constitutes almost 40 per cent of
the total cost of the digester.
Since the gas must be dried before it is sent to the over
for use, it is better to send the gas through a vessel filled
with soda lime. This will help in better utilization of
available calorific value.
Without much pressure drop and difficulty, the gas can
be sent to 15 to 30 m distances from the source point.
To ensure leak proof joints, the ends of the metal part
are lined in such a way as to prevent shocks.
Generally the pit is deep and narrow, but at places where
the water level is low, the design has been modified and
the volume has been taken horizontally.
31. KVIC Biogas plant – Gas holder
The floating drum is metallic and coated with anti-
corrosive paint coating.
If not property maintained, the drum corrodes soon and
the life of the plant very much gets reduced.
The construction is quite simple and the gas comes out at
the constant pressure.
The only maintenance required is the painting of the gas
collector at regular intervals.
Many other materials like ferro-cement, fibre, glass,
reinforced polymer gas holders are being tried instead of
M.S., but all of them are quite expensive.
To avoid corrosion of the gas holder, a jacketed top of the
pit is also suggested wherein the jacket some type of
non-corrosive oil is filled once for all.
