2. INTRODUCTION
Gaseous molecules - increasingly explored for
therapeutic development.
The pharmacological efficacies associated with
cytoprotection and functional improvement for
the CNS, heart, retina, liver, kidneys, lungs, etc
are being evaluated.
3. Readily deliverable “biological gas” (CO, H2,
H2S, NO, O2, O3, and N2O) or “noble gas” (He,
Ar, and Xe) treatment may preserve cells
against common pathologies by regulating
1. Oxidative
2. Inflammatory
3. Apoptotic
4. Survival, and/or repair processes.
4. THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS (SO CALLED “EBERS PAPYRUS”: ≈1554 BC) RECORDED THE OLDEST KNOWN
DESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC AEROSOL DELIVERY
(I.E., SMOKE OF HENBANE PLANTS WAS ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE STALK OF A REED). THE SCHEMATIC
ILLUSTRATION SHOWED AN EGYPTIAN CAREGIVER PREHEATED BRICKS
(LEFT) BEFORE THROWING THE WEED ONTO THEM (MIDDLE). THE VAPORIZED LIQUID OF BLACK HENBANE PLANTS
THAT CONTAINED THE TROPANE ALKALOIDS SUCH AS ATROPINE
WAS THEN INHALED BY A PATIENT TO RELIEVE BREATHING STRESS (RIGHT).
5. Late 18th century
- physicians began integrating MGT into clinical
practice
6.
7. Carl Wilhelm Scheele
first identified oxygen in 1771 and mentioned the
discovery in a letter to Antoine Lavoisier in 1774
In contrast to other gases identified earlier or at a
similar time (i.e., CO2, H2, and NO and N2O, in
1754, 1766, and 1772, respectively) that were
adapted to help patients much later, the therapeutic
potential of O2 was speculated soon after its
discovery.
8. WHAT IS??
A medical gas is defined as one that is
manufactured, packaged, and intended for
administration to a patient in anesthesia, therapy, or
diagnosis.
9. There are 7 kinds of gases commonly used:
1. Oxygen
2. Nitrogen
3. nitrous oxide
4. Argon
5. Helium
6. Carbon dioxide
7. Compressed air (medical air) & medical vaccum
10. WHERE MEDICAL GAS IS USED
The departments that use medical gases in
hospitals include
1. operating rooms
2. pre-communicators
3. recovery rooms
4. debridement rooms
5. obstetrics and gynecology wards
6. ICU wards
7. general wards.
11. Medical gas systems are commonly color coded to
identify their contents.
12. Emergency shut-off valves, or zone valves, are
often installed in order to stop gas flowing to an
area in the event of fire or substantial leak, as well
as for service.
Valves may be positioned at the entrance to
departments, with access provided via emergency
pull- out windows.
14. •Carbon dioxide can be made into dry ice by applying pressure (5.2 atmospheres) and
cooling (-56.6°C below).
•Medical dry ice is used for cryotherapy to treat cataracts and vascular diseases.
15. •Medically, a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is used as an anesthetic agent, and
anesthesia is inhaled by the patient through a closed manner or a ventilator.
NITROGEN
•Nitrogen is used to drive medical equipment and tools.
•Liquid nitrogen is commonly used in cryosurgery in surgery, stomatology,
gynecology, and ophthalmology
•Nitrogen is typically used to power pneumatic surgical equipment during various
procedures, and is supplied by high- pressure cylinders.
16. •Oxygen is the most basic gas for life,
•To supplement oxygen to oxygen- deficient patients.
•Direct inhalation of high purity oxygen - harmful
•A large storage system of liquid oxygen at the hospital which is evaporated into a
concentrated oxygen supply - described as a vacuum insulated evaporator or bulk tank.
•Pressures - around 345-380 kPa (50.0-55.1 psi)
•In small medical centers with a low patient capacity, oxygen is usually supplied as
multiple high-pressure cylinders/oxygen concentrators if cylinder not available.
17. •They are colorless, odorless, non-toxic inert gas.
•Medically used for gas knife and other surgical instruments.
NOBLE GASES
18. MEDICAL AIR
•Medical air is compressed air supplied by a special air compressor,
through a dryer (in order to maintain correct dew point levels),
•Distributed to patient care areas by half hard copper pipe and also use
isolation ball valve for operating the services of compressed air 4 bar.
•It is also called medical air 4 bar.
•Compressed air is used to deliver power to oral surgical instruments,
orthopedic instruments, and ventilators.
19. INSTRUMENT AIR/SURGICAL AIR
•Like nitrogen, instrument air is used to power surgical equipment.
•It is generated on site by an air compressor (similar to a medical air
compressor) rather than high- pressure cylinders
MEDICAL VACUUM
•Medical vacuum in a hospital supports suction equipment and
evacuation procedures, supplied by vacuum pump systems exhausting
to the atmosphere.
•Vacuum will fluctuate across the pipeline, but is generally maintained
around -75 kPa (-560 mmHg;-22 inHg), -450 mmHg (-60 kPa; -18 inHg)
UK.
20. MEDICAL GAS MIXTURES
•. For patient diagnostics such as lung function testing or blood gas analysis
• Used to calibrate and maintain medical devices used for the delivery of
anaesthetic gases.
• In laboratories, culture growth applications include controlled aerobic or
anaerobic incubator atmospheres for biological cell culture or tissue growth
• Controlled aerobic conditions are created using mixtures rich in oxygen
• Controlled anaerobic conditions are created using mixtures rich in hydrogen or
carbon dioxide.
• Supply pressure is 4 bar (400 kPa; 58 psi).
• Two common medical gas mixtures are entonox and heliox.
