Communicable disease

1. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
All ages
Less immunity
Introduction: It is an acute infectious disease caused by variola virus. It was one of the greatest killer diseases in 1967. India declared small pox
free in 5th
July 1975and eradication at April 1977. Globally eradication of small pox in May 1980.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases of
chicken pox
• Oropharyngeal
infections
• Skin leasion
• 1 to 2 days before
appearance of rash
• 4 to 5 days after
appearance of rash
• Droplet infection
• Face to face
contact
• Fomitus
• Sudden onset of fever
• Head ache
• Vomiting
• Rash – starts from
face to trunk
• stages of rash -
macule, papule,
vesicle, pustule and
scab.
Blood serum for
antibodies and
immunoglobulin
• Immunoglobulin
• Vaccine
Control
• Antiviral therapy
• Notification
• Isolation
Incubation period: 14 to 21 days
SMALL POX
Agent: variolla virus
Environmental factor

2. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
Children under 10 years
Less immunity
Environmental factor
Winter and spring
season
Introduction: Chicken pox or varicella is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella – zoster virus.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases of
chicken pox
• Oropharyngeal
infections
• Skin leasion
• 1 to 2 days before
appearance of rash
• 4 to 5 days after
appearance of rash
• Droplet infection
• Face to face
contact
• Fomitus
Pre eruptive stage
(First 24 hours)
Sudden onset of fever,
malaise, shivering
Eruptive stage
• Rash appear from trunk
to face
• Macule, papule, vesicle
and scab
• Pleomorphism
Blood serum for
antibodies and
immunoglobulin
• Vericella – zoster immunoglobulin
• Vaccine
Control
• Antiviral therapy
• Notification
• Isolation
Complications
Usually, it is self-limiting disease
• Pneumonia
• Hemarrhage
• Encephalitis
• Congenital defects in fetus
Incubation period: 14 to 16 days
CHICKEN POX
Agent:

3. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
6 months to 3 years of age
Less immunity
Mal nourished child
Environmental factor
Any season usually
Winter season
Introduction: An acute infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of the group of myxovirus.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases of
measles
• Oropharyngeal
infections
4 days before and 4
days after appearance
of rash
• Droplet infection
• Face to face
contact
• Fomites
Prodromal stage
Fever, coryza, cough,
redness of eyes,
lacrimation, Koplik’s
spots
Eruptive stage
Dusky red macular rash
behind the ears spread
rapidly over the face,
neck,
Rash disappear within 3
to 4 days
Blood serum for
antibodies and
immunoglobulin
• Immunoglobulin
• Vaccine –
Age – 9 months
Dose – 0.5 ml
Route – SC
Control
•Notification
•Isolation
•Antiviral therapy
Complications
Usually, it is self-limiting disease
• Pneumonia Otitis
• Diarrhoea
• Encephalitis
• Congenital defects in fetus
Incubation period: 10 to 14 days
MEASLES
Agent: Paramyxo virus

4. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
All ages
Environmental factor
Winter and spring season
Over crowding
Introduction: An acute respiratory tract infection caused by influenza virus, of which there are 3 types – A, B and C.
A – H1N1, H3N2 Commonly in birds H5N1 Can infect pigs and human.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually, the
cases of
influenza
• Oropharyngeal
secretions
1 to 2 days before
and 1 to 2 days after
appearance of
symptoms
• droplet infection • Fever
• Chills
• Ache and pains
• Cough
• Generalized
weakness
• fever, cough, sore
throat, rhinorrhoea,
head ache, muscle
pain
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Avoid over crowding
• Good ventilation
• Cover the face
• Hand washing
Control
• Notification
• Isolation
• Antiviral therapy
• Use of mask, sanitation, hand
washing, PPE, isolation.
Complications
• Asthma,
• COPD,
• Hepatic failure,
• Renal failure.
Incubation period: Usually 18 to 72 hours, for H1 N1 is 2 to 3 days
Agent: Influenza A, B, C
Reservoir of infection
Swine, horses, dogs,
cats, domestic poultry,
wild birds
INFLUENZA

5. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
6 months to 3 years of age
Less immunity
Malnourished child
Environment Factor
Winter and spring
season
Introduction: It is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash and lymphadenopathy. Also called as ‘German measles’ or
‘three-day measles’.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually, the
cases of rubella
• Oropharyngeal
infections
One week before and
after appearance of
symptoms.
• Droplet infection
• Trans-placental
transmission
Prodromal symptoms
Fever, coryza, cough,
redness of eyes, lacrimation
Lymphadenopathy
post auricular and post
cervical lymph nodes
Rash
Minute, discrete, pinkish
macular rash
Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
• Vaccine –
▪ 15 months, along with measles
vaccine (MMR)
▪ Booster dose in adolescent girls
in 14 – 15 years of age.
Control
• Notification
• Isolation
• Antiviral therapy (No specific
treatment for rubella)
Complications
Usually, it is self-limiting disease
• Encephalitis
• Thrombocytopenic perpura
• Congenital malformation in fetus.
Incubation period: Average 17 days; usually 12 to 20 days.
RUBELLA
Agent: RNA virus of the tago virus family

6. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
usually children
Environmental factor
Over crowding
Poor nutrition, LBW
Rainy and winter season
Introduction: Common cold Acute infectious diseases caused by various microorganisms and usually self-limiting disease. Rarely complications
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually, the
cases of
influenza
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
as long as symptoms • droplet infection • Fever
• Cough
• Malasie
• Sneezing
• Rhinorrhoea etc.
Classification:
• Very severe
pneumonia
• Severe pneumonia
• Pneumonia
• No pneumonia
•Throat swab
culture
•Immunoglobulin
assay
• Immunization
• Personal hygiene
• Mask
• PPE
Control
• Notification
• Antiviral therapy
• Early identification and treatment
• PPE
Incubation period: differs based on agent
ACTUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Agent: B. Pertussis
C. Diphtheriae
H. Influenza
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Ademovirus
Enterovirus
Corana virus
M. Pneumoniae

7. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
5 years of age, less
immunity, Malnourished
child
Environmental factor
Winter and spring
season
Introduction: An acute infectious disease caused by an RNA virus.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually, the
cases of rubella
• Oropharyngeal
secretions
• Also, blood,
urine human
milk, even in
CSF
4 to 6 days before
symptoms and one
week after symptoms
• droplet infection
• direct contact
•Pain and swelling of
the parotid gland
•May involve
sublingual and
submandibular gland
•Ear ache
•Stiffness in opening
of mouth
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Immunoglobulin
• Vaccine – 15 months, along with
measles vaccine (MMR), booster
dose in adolescent girls in 14 – 15
years of age.
Control
• Notification
• Isolation
• Antiviral therapy
• Disinfection of articles
Complications
• Orchitis
• Ovaritis
• Pancreatitits
• Meningo encephalitits
• Thyroiditis Neuritis
• Hepatitis
• Myocarditis
Incubation period: 2 to 4 weeks
MUMPS
Agent: Myxovirus paratoditis

8. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
1 to 5 years of age
Both sex
Introduction: It is an acute infectious disease caused by cornybacterium diphtheriae.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention and control
• Usually the
cases &
carriers
• Oropharyngeal
secretions
• Discharges
from lesions
• Contaminated
fomitus
• Infectious dust
14 to 28 days after
appearance of
symptoms
• droplet
infection
• Infectious
cutaneous
lesion
• Contaminated
objects
Pharyngo-tonsillar
diphtheria
•Sore throat,
•difficulty in
swallowing,
•low grade fever
Laryngotracheal
diphtheria
•Fever,
•hoarseness of voice,
•crouphy cough
Nasal diphtheria
•Fever,
•righnorrhoea,
•erythema
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Avoid over crowding
• Good ventilation
• Cover the face
• Hand washing
• Immunization - DPT
Age – 6, 10, 14 weeks of age
0.5 ml – IM
• Notification
• Early detection
• Isolation
• Antiviral therapy
o diphtheria antitoxin
o erythromycin
Incubation period: 2 to 6 days
DIPTHERIA
Agent: Cornybacterium diphtheriae
Environmental factor
All seasons

9. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Agent: Bodetella pertussis
Host Factor
Infant and
preschool children
Environmental factor
Winter and spring
season
Over crowding
Introduction: An acute respiratory tract infection usually affecting young children otherwise known as whooping cough.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually, the
cases of
pertussis
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
one week before and 3
weeks after catarrhal
stage
• droplet infection
• Direct contact
Catarrhal stage: 10 days
Insidious onset, lacrimation,
sneezing, corzya, anorexia
and malasie.
Paroxymal stage: 2 to 4
weeks
bursts of rapid, consecutive
coughs followed by deep
and high-pitched inspiration
Convalesent stage: 1 to 2
weeks
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Avoid over crowding
• Good ventilation
• Cover the face
• Hand washing
• Immunization
Control
• Notification
• Early detection
• Isolation
• Antiviral therapy –
erythromicin
Complications
Usually in infants.
• Bronchitis
• Brochopneumonia
• Epitaxsis
Incubation period: 7 to 14 days
PERTUSIS

10. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
Children and
young adults
Environmental factor
December to June
Over crowding
Poor housing
Introduction: Otherwise called as cerebro-spial fever. It is an acute infectious disease, if not treated can go for coma in few hours.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases &
carriers
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
until no longer
pathogen in nose and
throat
• droplet
infection
• Sudden onset of
intense headache
• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting
• Photophobia
• Stiff neck
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Avoid over crowding
• Cover the face
• Vaccination
• Mass chemoprophylaxis
Control
• Notification
• Early detection
• Isolation Antiviral therapy –
penicillin
Complications
Usually, it is self-limiting disease
• Encephalitis
• Thrombocytopenic perpura
• Congenital malformation in
fetus.
• Incubation period: 3 to 4 days
Agent: Neisseria meningitidis
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

11. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
Mostly Children
Mostly Men
Malnutrition
Environmental factor
Over crowding
Introduction: It is a specific infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is primarily affecting lungs and causes pulmonary
tuberculosis It can also affect intestine, meninges, bones and joints, lymph glands, skin and other tissues of the body. Bovine tuberculosis – affects
animals
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
as long as remain
untreated
• Droplet infection
• Direct contact
• Prolonged cough
• Weight loss
• Fever (usually in
evening)
• Night sweats
• Sputum
examination
• Sputum culture
• Chest x-ray
• Tuberculin test –
Montoux test
• 1 TU of PPD in
0.1 ml in ID
• Avoid over crowding
• Good ventilation
• Cover the face
• Hand washing
• Immunization: BCG
Control
• Case finding
• Mass screening
• DOTS therapy
Incubation period: 3 to 6 weeks
TUBERCULOSIS
Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

12. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
All ages
Environmental factor
All season
Over crowding
Introduction: It is an communicable viral disease caused by a new strain of corona virus.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases of
influenza
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
as long as symptoms • droplet infection • Fever
• Cough
• Difficulty in
breathing
• Throat swab
culture
• Immunoglobulin
assay
• Avoid over crowding
• Cover the face
• Hand washing
• Isolation
• International screening of port
• PPE
Control
• Notification
• Isolation
• Early detection
• Treatment – antiviral therapy
Incubation period: 3 to 5 days
SARS
Agent: Corona virus

13. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
Both sex, old age,
immuno depressant
Environmental factor
Crowded place,
poor ventilation
Introduction: It is an illness caused by the corona virus SARS COV – 2, that was first identified in December, 2019 in China, then it declared as
pandemic.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases of corona
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
2 to 3 days before
symptoms and can be
contagious after 1 to
2 days after negative
report.
• droplet infection
• contact infection
• arousal
spreading
• Community
spreading.
• Fever
• Cough
• Tiredness
• Loss of taste or
smell
• Sore throat
• Head ache
• Red or irritated eye
• PCR test
• RT-PCR test
through throat
swab
• RAT
• CT scan
• Mask
• use of sanitizer
• physical distensing (6 feet)
• hand hygiene
• PPE
• Vaccine
Control
• Symptomatic management
• Supportive treatment
• Zink supplementation
• steam inhalation
• nutritional support
Complications
• Respiratory failure
• Multiple organ failure
Incubation period: 2 to 7 days
CORONA
Agent: Corona Virus

14. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS
Host Factor
Animal whisperer,
veterinarian
Environmental factor
over crowding
Introduction: It is a viral zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to small pox.
Epidemiological determinants:
Source of
infection
Period of
communicability
Mode of
transmission
Clinical features
Diagnostic
evaluation
Prevention
• Usually the
cases
• Naso
pharyngeal
secretions
• Urine
• skin lesions
• fomitus
As long as symptoms
completely disappear
• Human to human
o Respiratory droplet,
o Body fluids,
o Lesions,
o Contaminated
clothing and linen
• Animal to human
o Bite and scratch of
infected animals
Prodrome stage (0 – 5
days)
• Fever, chills,
• head ache,
• lymphadenopathy,
• muscle ache,
• sore throat.
Skin involvement -
Rash
• Lasting for 2 to 4
days,
• deep seated,
• well circumscribed,
• umbilication,
• Painful and itchy in
healing phase.
• PCR
• RT-PCR
• Avoid contact with infected person
and objects
• Hand hygiene
• PPE
Control
• Isolation
• Protection of compromised skin
and mucus membrane
• Rehydration therapy
• Symptom alleviation
• Nutritional support
• Continuous monitoring
• Treatment of complications
Incubation period: 5 to 21 days
MONKEY POX
Agent: Monkeypox virus

15. RESPIRATOY INFECTIONS
CON, EIMS