3. History
• Age Young (error of refraction) –Middle age MS -Old(Senile Cataract)
• A history of the type of visual loss, e.g. central or peripheral.
-Central loss is found with lesions of the macula
- peripheral loss is found in glaucoma.
• Patients with myopia and certain retinal degeneration may
experience poor vision with dim light, and those with a cataract may
find bright light to affect the vision more, although this symptom
depends on the morphology of the lens opacity.
11. Past history
• Medical history
-DM ,Ht,RA,SLE,Endocrinal disease(thyroid,pitutary),Neuro(Tumour,MS)
-Medication (eye drops)-Systemic drug TB ttt
-previous surgery. i.e glaucoma surgery
-family history. RP,Glaucoma
12. Causes according to prognosis
• Reversible causes
• Cataract
• Refractive error
• Corneal disease
• Diabetic macular edema
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Uveitis
• Irreversible causes
• Optic atrophy,, MS
• Glaucoma- End stage,, Drug toxicity
• Irreversible retinal disease ,,Retinitis pigmentosa
13. Reversible became irreversible
• Many of the conditions discussed will initially cause reversible visual
loss, but a few may become permanent if they are not appropriately
managed.
i,e Age related macular degeneration…
14. Examination (Clinical)
• The examination should focus on :
• visual acuity,
•pupil testing for the presence of an afferent pupil defect, and
assessment of the red reflex and fundoscopy.
• visual field testing,
• IOP, Slit lamp ,Fundus(Direct,Indirect)
