student of MBA

1. 1
ASSESSING THE IMPACT ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE HAS ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE
INCASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF EASTERN
DISTRICT
MBA THESIS PROPOSAL
By: ILIYAS SUFIYAN ABDELLA
RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY
HARAR CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF MBA
JUNE 2022
HARAR, ETHIOPI

2. 2
ASSESSING THE IMPACT ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE HAS ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE
INCASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF EASTERN
DISTRICT
MBA THESIS PROPOSAL
By: ILIYAS SUFIYAN ABDELLA
RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY
HARAR CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF MBA
ADVISOR: DEBELE TEZERA (PhD)

3. 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents Page No.
Key words------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
Table of content-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II
List of figures and Tables----------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
Acronyms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
Chapter One --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.Background of the study ------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2.Statement of the problem------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3.Research Question--------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.3.1 Operational definition of the variables--------------------------------------------4
1.4.Objectives of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.4.1. General objective --------------------------------------------------------------6
1.4.2. Specific objective --------------------------------------------------------------6
1.5.Significant of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.6.Delimitation of the study------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.7.Definition of Teams------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.8.Organization of the study -----------------------------------------------------------------8
Chapter Two -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2. Literature Review ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.1.Organizational culture ----------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.1.1. Characteristics of organizational culture-----------------------------------12
2.1.2. Elements of organizational culture-----------------------------------------13
2.1.3. Benefits of organizational culture------------------------------------------15
2.2.Employee performance---------------------------------------------------------------------16
2.2.1. Measuring performance toward organizational success-----------------17
2.3.Theoretical analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------19
2.3.1. Schein's theory of organisational culture----------------------------------20
2.3.2. Hofethed’s cultural dimension theory--------------------------------------21
2.3.3. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y --------------------------------------22
2.3.4. Denison’s model---------------------------------------------------------------23
2.3.5. Deal and Kennedy’s model---------------------------------------------------24
2.3.6. O'Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell model-----------------------------------25
2.4. Theoretical and conceptual framework--------------------------------------------------25

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Chapter Three-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
3. Research design and methodology-------------------------------------------------------------27
3.1. Sources of data---------------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.1.1. Primary source of data------------------------------------------------27
3.1.2. Secondary source of data---------------------------------------------27
3.2. Research design---------------------------------------------------------------------------28
3.2.1. Sampling technique----------------------------------------------------28
3.2.2. Sampling procedure and sample size--------------------------------28
3.3. Data collecting technique-----------------------------------------------------------------29
3.4. Data preparation, Presentation and analysis--------------------------------------------29
4. Time and Budget Schedule----------------------------------------------------------------------31
Time schedule------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Budget Schedule---------------------------------------------------------------------------32
5. Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

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Keywords: Organisational Culture, Employee Performance And Eastern District
Commercial Bank Of Ethiopia
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
Figure 1________Operational definition of the variables
Figure 2________ Theoretical and conceptual frame work
Tables
Table 1 ________ Schein's theory of organisational culture
Table 2________ CBE human resource department, 2022
Table 2_________ Time schedule
Table 3 ________ Budget schedule

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ACRONYMS
BS ____________ Balanced Score Card
CEO __________ Chief Executive Officer
CBE __________ Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
OCP __________ Organizational Culture Profile
HR ___________ Human Resource
Km __________ Kilometre
SPSS _________ Statistical Package for Social Science
Vs. ________ Versus

7. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is one of the oldest public banks established
in 1942 as a State Bank. Since then, CBE has gone through different reforms
and mergers coming out as one of the most reputable and biggest commercial
banks in the country. It has more than 22 million account holders in its 1500
plus branches stretching throughout the country. Its outreach to individual
depositors, small and medium scale businesses and private and public mega
investment projects has made it the largest single bank in the country to have a
significant impact on the economy of the country. CBE played a significant role
as both the engine of the country’s economic growth and mobilizing savings for
further investment. In its effort in being part of the solution for the environmental
degradation and its subsequent impact on individual citizens and businesses,
CBE has the capacity to reach out to millions in both increasing awareness and
building adaptive capacity through providing environmentally friendly credit
lines. Furthermore, as a responsible corporate institute, CBE has the mandate
to formulate Environmental and Social internal policies that reflect the current
local and global climate change realities and its subsequent impacts particularly
on its business customers and partners throughout the country. CBE strongly
believes and understands that there is an impact on communities and the
environment due its business activities which in turn will have a significant risk
on its credit lines and the overall economic growth of the country. There need to
be a comprehensive policy and guidelines that incorporates the bank’s direct and
indirect activities which creates impact on economies, communities and the
environment in which it operates. There is also a common consensus among the
executive management, if these impacts are not timely addressed in a systematic

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and comprehensive way, there could be a significant question on the
sustainability of the bank’s finance and reputation not to mention its
contribution to the economic growth of the country. Therefore, this
Environmental and Social Policy is stipulated in anticipation of the current
Environmental and Social risks while contributing its fair share towards the
national agenda of building the resilient capacity of the climate change victim
communities, businesses and projects. Furthermore, CBE as a giant commercial
bank in the country would like to be a pioneer and role model for other public
and private institutions in creating awareness of its internal activities and
reducing its environmental carbon footprints. The stipulated Environmental and
Social Policy will be fundamental component of CBE’s Environmental and Social
Management System (ESMS), which will be led by pool of experts after it gets
approval by the board of the bank. The framework of ESMS will incorporate the
specific Environmental and Social policy and it’ll also sets the pace for suitable
procedures and work..
Organizations do not exist in a vacuum but in a specific culture or socio-cultural environment.
Culture is a concept rooted in Anthropology and Sociology, where it is a key term in explaining
the existence and nature of social order culture is the shared norms and values of a social system
which are a most important aspect of a society. Culture is the collective programming of the mind
and distinguishes the member of one group or category from another and culture is conceptualised
as an aggregation of attitudes, values, norms, style, consumption and general world view of life;
its perception, expression and utility by a people that identify and distinguish them from other
people (Hofstede 1991).
One pervasive feature that distinguishes contemporary life from life in the ancient times is the
domination by large, formal and complex organizations. Modern man is everywhere in
organizations. Man is born into organizations, lives in organizations, works for organizations and
even dies in organizations. These organizations have become an inevitable feature of life. An
organization is defined as basically a structure for carrying out a particular social activity on a
regular basis. In organization; employees are the most valuable assets and a very important

9. 3
resource of a business. From planning to implementation of rules and strategies, employees are the
core ingredient. If organization were a machine, and its system would be an engine that runs the
machine, then employees would be the parts and nuts and bolts that hold the system together;
without these parts engine would just not work. To make sure that the engine keeps working in
order to keep the machine functioning properly, these nuts and bolts and engine parts need to be
greased properly. Culture acts as grease that keeps these engine parts, employees, work properly
Culture is a wide and multidimensional concept that one cannot hope to deal with in its entirety in
a single study. This is because culture is divided into two major aspects in Anthropological and
Sociological studies. The two major aspects of culture are (i) material and (ii) non-material
cultures. Material cultures overt and explicit, such as products of industry, technology, art, that is,
every visible or concrete acquisition of man in society, artefacts, such as bridges, pots, cutlasses,
hoes, houses, cooking utensils, handicrafts. These are directly observable as the cultural products
of any society. The non-material aspects of culture consist of the knowledge, philosophy, morals,
languages, motivation, attitudes, values, and norms shared and transmitted in a society. The non-
material includes work values, ethos, ideology and other behavioural traits exhibited at work.
These are sometimes referred to as the covert or implicit aspects of culture and are acquired by
members of a society. They are not visible or tangible but they are manifested through the
psychological states and behaviour of a people. The focus in this study is on the non–material
aspects of culture. Here, culture is treated as the independent variable and the concept that
determines other behaviour traits exhibited at work. The economy, politics technology,
organizational structure and context are taken as the intervening variables. Performance is taken
and treated as the dependent variable (Cotgrove, 1978).
1.2Statement of The Problem
All organizations, everywhere, function within a specific culture, and it is becoming more widely
recognized in contemporary discussions of organizational performance that managers and other
organizational practitioners have to develop an understanding of their cultural settings if their
organizations are to perform effectively. Organizational practitioners continue to be bedevilled by
a lot of management problems that have their roots in the culture of a society and those that impede
progress toward achieving high performance. Relating to their specific cultural settings provided

10. 4
the main motivation for this study. The main focus will be how to relate organizations more closely
with their cultural settings in order to enhance optimal performance. It is becoming increasingly
widely accepted among social scientists, especially managers and organizational theorists that the
patterns of management and employee behaviour in the work place are largely culture-bound and
further that there is indeed a growing body of literature concerning questions of cultural influences
on organizational behaviour and performance. Companies in dynamic industries shared cultural
values that contributed to increased stability. By the early nineties; however, a link between
organizational culture and performance had been better established by the same before mentioned
(Gordon, 1985).
Given the focal position of organizational culture in this context and despite the claims for a link
between organizational culture and employee performance, few studies appear to have actually
examined the impact of organizational culture as well as the nature of relationship between the
two. Thus, this study will be aims to investigate the impact organizational culture has on
employees’ performance within CBE Eastern district
Research Question
To this end, the study will attempt to investigate and seek answers to the following research
questions: -
⮚ What is the effect of organizational culture on employee performance in relation to the
organizations desired results?
⮚ Which aspects of organizational culture are important to employees in determining
their level of work performance?
⮚ What are the major factors influencing employee performance in relation to the
organizational culture?
⮚ What measures are being taken by the management of the organization to improve
employee performance regarding to Culture?

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1.2.1 Operational Definition of the Variables
Based on literature, certain parameters will be taken to understand the impact of culture on the
employee’s job performance.
I. Employee Participation
Viewpoint participation of employees considered key element for setting organizational goals. As
per theory setting goals, participation of employees can increase goals acceptance. a key attribute
is participation, which is positively related to overall effectiveness of the organization.
Participation is involved in delegating tasks as per the responsibilities of individual (Schein, 1992)
II. Innovation and Risk-taking
Creativity means to produce something from nothing, whereas innovation makes a sense that
something into the goods and services. Innovation considers an environment or a culture has
almost a divine power, which exists in the organization and cause to drive value creation. And
have identified three sets of variables that are responsible for stimulating innovation;
Organization’s structure, organizations culture and HR practices (Robbins et.al, 1996).
III. Rewards system
Theory of reinforcement described that the rewards should exploit to strengthen the appropriate
behaviours and reinforces for undesirable things performance should be detached. Organization
should have the most up-to-date technology, well designed strategic plans, comprehensive job
descriptions and inclusive training courses, but unfortunately, people are being rewarded based on
performance-related behaviours of the employees, and there is a limited impact of technology,
plans or rules. Reinforcing an organization’s culture, organization’s reward system considered a
powerful tool (Luthans, 1998).
IV. Openness of Communication
Functions of the executives were; firstly, develop the thoughts of communication considered as a
key shaping strength in organization. Good communication helps the employees to keep internal
processes to run consistently and helpful to create superior association with the people, both within
and outside the organization. According to the viewpoint, effective communication plays a very
important role in industrial disagreements, miscommunication, gossips, and organizational
divergences (Ibid).

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V. Customer Service Orientation
Employees observe the organization’s procedures as believing them well and giving wisdom of
society at workplace and got the customers report regarding the quality of services. High service's
quality could be resulted when the organizational culture communicates advanced customer
service at the top (Joel & Michelle, 2000).
Figure 1. Independent and Dependent variable
1.3Objectives of The Study
1.3.1 General Objective

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The primary objective of this study will be to assess the effect of organizational culture on
employee performance, in the case of CBE Eastern district
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
Thus, In view of answering the above research questions, the study will address the following
specific objectives:
✔ To assess how the prevailing organizational culture in CBE contributes to the employee’s
loyalty and commitment to achieve the goals
✔ To identify which cultural variables influence employee performance positively and
negatively,
✔ To determine empirically the relationship between organizational culture and employee
performance,
✔ To analyze the role of organizational culture in an employees’ performance improvement
strategies,
✔ To evaluate business organization in order to ascertain the type of encouraging
performance vital for growth and development,
✔ To suggest the measures to improve the conducive organizational cultural for a better
employee performance.
1.4Significance of the study
✔ One of the significant aims of this study will be add value to the body of existing knowledge
in organizational culture and management, to come up with findings that can be used to
tackle problems arising from work situations.
✔ The study will have expected to provide adequate information on how culture and values
can affect employee’s performance at a place of work. The study’s finding will be used to
enrich the thinking of top management on how to develop good image of the company
through enriching the company’s culture and values among its employees.
✔ The study will also be a source of information for improvement effectiveness of the CBE
Management and employees in general. Furthermore, the findings will strive to re-orient
the thinking and identifying a number of issues as being particularly important to the
relationship between how people are managed and the performance of the business.

14. 8
✔ Presently, there is a considerable body of literature on the relationship between culture and
organizational performance. However, it is sad to observe that most of these studies are
carried out in different socio-cultural contexts. Therefore, these findings will not be
invoked with full confidence in understanding the Eastern Ethiopian situation. In the light
of this observation, it is envisaged that the results of this study will fill some gaps and at
the same time make modest contributions to knowledge
1.5Delimitation of the Study
The study will be confined to Eastern District of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, only at Head
quarter section of Harar, although, the Bank is a broad institution, with special attention on reforms
under National Bank of Ethiopia. The study will be mainly tries to assess the employee perception
on the impacts of organization culture towards performance after the implementation.
1.6. Definition of terms
The following terms may have different meaning. However, they will have exclusive operational
definition for this specific study.
⮚ Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well
those activities were executed.
⮚ The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)is a software package used
in statistical analysis of data.
⮚ The Organizational Culture Profile (OCP) is an instrument initially developed by
O'Reilly, Chatman, and Caldwell (1991) to assess person- organization fit.
⮚ Cultural variables are differences in behaviour, outlook and values between people
from different societies.
⮚ The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategic planning and management system that
organizations use to: Communicate what they are trying to accomplish.
1.8 Organization of the Study

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The paper will be organized in five main chapters, the first chapter will cover the introduction part
which containing, the background of the study, statement of problem, objective of the study,
significance of the study, delimitation of the study, scope of the study and limitation of the study,
the second chapter deals with summarize review of literature which includes related theoretical
literature review that are related with Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Eastern district will be
reviewed.
The third chapter will be data collection and methodology, questioners are also will be used, the
fourth chapter will cover analysis and presentation, the secondary as well as primary data will be
analyzed and interpreted in this chapter also presents.
The final chapter will be conclusions and policy recommendations and remarks will be obtainable,
this last chapter reveals conclusions and policy implications of the study, the concluding remarks
and their policy implications will be presented as preface and appendix at the beginning and ending
part of the study.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Organizational Culture
It was then developed as a concept by the business management authors in the United States. The
concept of organizational culture entered the literature with an article in Administrative Science
Quarterly published in 1979.Organizational culture is one of the most popular subject matters in
business and management, although in the organization theory literature, there is no consensus on
its definition and scope, accordingly there is widespread disagreement on the definition and scope
of the organizational culture concept stems from the following reasons (Hofstede et.al., 1990).
● Treating culture as a unitary concept reduces its value as an analytic tool.
● Culture cannot be equated to power, politics or climate.
● There has not been a consensus on whether organizational culture can be easily
changed
Organizational culture as series of basic assumptions a group makes in a specific order in order to
solve the issues of external adaption and internal integration. Organizational culture as the
collective programming of the mind, distinguishing the members of one group or category of
people from others. National and organizational cultures are phenomena of different structures. At
the national level, cultural differences reside in values, while, at the organizational level, they
reside in practices. Moreover, practices are the visible parts of culture, whereas values are the
invisible parts. Therefore, practices are subject to planned change, whereas values, although they
do change, they cannot be subject to planned change. Organizational culture as everything that
people have, think and do as members of their society Organizational culture is a concept that
represents the character of an organization, which directs employees in their daily working
relationships and guides them on how to behave and communicate within the organization. As well
as manifesting in an organizations' structure (schien, 1985).
organizational culture as an important factor that influences the performance of an organization
have demonstrated that organizational culture is a source of knowledge since it enables employees

17. 11
to create, acquire, share and manage knowledge. Organizational culture has a strong bond with the
competitive performance of a company that performance comes from interdependent behaviour
like cooperation, knowledge sharing and mutual assistance. Almost all definitions of
organizational culture express the sets of goal and values members of that culture possess.
Furthermore, the meanings and values that constitute organizational structure are based on
symbols, behaviours and structures held by organization members. Organizational culture
represents a perception that organization members have. However, this does not mean that
subcultures cannot be developed within an organization. Large organizations have one dominant
culture together with many subcultures. Dominant culture corresponds to common values shared
by the majority of the organizations ‘members. The culture of an organization denotes the
dominant culture of an organization (de Hilalet.al., 2009).
Organizational culture is the sum of individuals' cognitive perceptions that are developed in
relation to individuals' experience and character and also the interaction of both, as well as the
processes and events followed by the organization, including individuals’ perceptions of
workplace and of their own job. "Poorly performing employees, poor work quality, low levels of
loyalty to the organization, high levels of absenteeism and employee turnover rate, alcoholism,
stress and a bad day” are the manifestations of a problematic organizational culture Criteria that
are significant in terms of culture in an organization are appraised both in the short and long term.
Felt work load, limits of an employee's authority, clearly defined job definitions, inter-employee
relationships, feedback, team work and support, felt levels of openness and efficiency of work
objectives are among the criteria which are usually appraised in the short term. On the other hand,
long-term orientation dimension deals with factors such as loyalty and morale, felt effectiveness
of training programs, career development and felt service quality. These dimensions serve to
examine organizations in terms of four general bipolar descriptive types: These dimensions are
(Fletcher & Jones, 1992):
i. Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Culture
ii. Enriched vs. Managed Culture
iii. Developing vs. Stationary Culture
iv. Balanced vs. Dissonant Culture

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Organizational culture also reflects how it is perceived by the external entities, its values and social
standards, as well as its relationship forms and levels with other organizations and individuals.
Therefore, culture with such a function, is one of the most significant tools of an organization
which serves to tie organization to society and identify the place, importance and even success of
the organization in relation to society. Each organizational culture carries the influences of the
social culture and of other organizational cultures it interacts with, hence being continuously
shaped by them. Culture does not come into conflict with the society. If a new culture is in harmony
with the norms and values of the society, it could significantly contribute to that society (Eren,
2010).
Culture is regarded as the software of mind that the culture of an organization has a lasting impact
on the performance and it is an important factor in determining the success or failure of
organizations over the coming decades. Different organizations have different cultural profiles. It
is possible that different organizations have organizational culture that does not allow the
achievement of a high performance, and this happens also in cases when the organization consists
of intelligent and logical persons, but such a kind of culture contributes to the deterrence of the
organization performance. The culture/ performance perspective establishes a relation between
strong culture and high performance (Hofstede et.al., 1990). In a strong organizational culture,
almost all the managers share common positions for the values and methods of doing business.
New employees adapt quickly to these values. The logic of how strong culture relates to
performance includes some certain ideas - the sequencing and coordination of goals come first. In
strong culture companies, employees tend to move in the same direction. The CEO of a medium
sized organization says: "I cannot imagine trying to operate in a weak or non-existent cultural
business, because it means that everybody guides their actions in 100 different ways", therefore,
there are no common ways of doing things, or the culture does not exist, thus putting the
organization at the risk of failing to unify the staff efforts to achieve the goals. Strong cultures
enhance business performance because they create a high motivation level for employees. This
sense of ownership or loyalty makes people make great efforts and probably reach a high
achievement (Kotter&Heskett, 1992).

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2.1.1. Characteristics of Organizational Culture
According to Eren, E. Four characteristics of organizational culture (Eren, 2010: 138):
● Organizational culture is a learned or acquired phenomenon.
● Organizational culture should be shared by the group members.
● Organizational culture is not in the written text format.
● Organizational culture exists in the mindset, consciousness and mind of the group members
as beliefs and values.
According to Robbins and Judge organizational culture reveals itself as steady repetitive or
emerging behavioural patterns. Seven basic characteristics of organizational culture (Robbins and
Judge, 2011: 554):
● Innovation and risk taking: The extent employees are being supported in innovation and
taking risk;
● Attention to detail: The extent employees pay attention to the obvious details;
● Outcome orientation: The extent the management focuses on the results rather than the
procedures,
● People orientation: The extent the management considers the impact of the results on the
employees in the organizations,
● Team orientation: The extent employees can work as a team rather than acting individually,
● Aggressiveness: The extent employees are entrepreneurial and competitive,
● Stability: The extent organizational activities are oriented towards preserving and
developing the status quo.
The seven characteristics defined above define the organizational culture. The cultural structure
that emerges sets the foundation for the shared feelings, how tasks should be performed in the
organization and mode of doing business (Robbins & Judge, 2011).
2.1.2. Elements of Organizational Culture
Basic elements of organizational culture would be:
1. Values

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2. Norms
3. Assumptions
4. Ceremonies and Rituals
5. Customs:
6. Stories
7. Myths
8. Symbols
9. Language
10. Heroes
1) Values: define what is "good and bad," hence they are closely related to the ideals shared by
members of a group. Values give us a feeling of "this is how I aspire or desire to behave". 2)
Norms: are common expressions that demonstrate what is right and what is wrong. Norms can
develop on a formal level as written laws, and on an informal level as social control. Consciously
or subconsciously, norms give us a feeling of "this is how I normally should behave" 3)
Assumptions: are usually unconscious principles that form the reference framework for how
individuals or groups act, think and feel. The difference between this system of principles and the
system of values is the naturally accepted dominance of the former in a cultural form which renders
comparison with any other option impossible. Therefore, assumptions are employed as the
reference framework for the perception of reality. Assumptions direct the value, belief and norm
system of a culture. Motivated group members, who are involved in deep self-analyses, can search
assumptions through deeper observations and more focused questions. When some of these
assumptions are well understood, it would be easier to decipher the subtle meanings of several
behavioural and man-made incidents that are observed. Furthermore, an understanding of deeply
embedded, taken-for-granted behaviours would enable us to see how ambiguous or self-opposite
cultures may seem. Ceremonies, rituals, customs, stories, myths, symbols, languages and heroes
are among the visible forms of expressions in organizational culture (schien, 1985).
4) Ceremonies and Rituals Ceremonies are planned activities for a group of people who convene
for a special event. Such activities serve the purpose of emphasizing the success of people who

21. 15
have served the organization perfectly. Thus, while such people are rewarded, they also set good
examples to others. Ceremonies are special events in order to memorize the values of an
organization. Through several ceremonies, organizations try to sustain the existence of their
cultures. 5) Customs: Customs are repetitive sequences of activities which express and reinforce
the key values of the organization such as what goals are most important, and which employees
are most important. 6) Stories: are circulating among the employees in organizations and include
narratives such as rags-to-riches, reductions in the work force, and reactions to past mistakes.
Stories anchor the present in the past, explain and legitimate current practices.7) Myths: is a means
of communication which establishes the values or identification systems of a social group or an
organization. When interesting incidents and stories about the values, founders and members of an
organization at different hierarchical levels turn into a message to convey a certain meaning, they
become myths. Myths may have both positive and negative meanings. Myths are regarded as
positive when they create an environment of sharing, or reinforce the sense of belonging to the
organization, whereas they are regarded as negative when they cause grouping against the
organization hence reinforcing the separation.8) Symbols: executives' offices, the size of offices,
office furniture, the types of automobiles executives are given, means of transportation for business
travels and attire are all examples of symbols in an organization. Symbols conveys to employees
who is important, the degree of egalitarianism top management wishes, and the kinds of behaviours
that are favoured such as risk taking, participation or individualism.9) Language: are employees
within organizations use language to identify the culture of the organization as well as to accept
and help preserve it. Unique terms are used to identify suppliers, clients and key individuals.
Hence, new employees have to become familiar with the dominant language and jargon of the
organization.10) Heroes: are very successful individuals who have become known in an
organization with the services they rendered, well carried out the role the organizational culture
dictates, hence setting example for the organizations (Robbins and Judge, 2011).
2.1.3. Benefits of Organizational Culture
Benefits of the organizational culture for management and employees are as follows (Eren, 2000):

22. 16
● The organizational culture helps employees better understand certain standards, norms and
values, hence become decisive and consistent in the pursuit of success and work in
harmony with their executives.
● The organizational culture standardizes and rationalizes modes and processes of doing
business, hence positively influencing employee psychology and morale and increasing
organizational efficiency.
● The organizational culture contributes to the emergence of new executives from within the
organization. On the condition that the organizational culture enables a wide consensus, it
can prevent intra-organizational factions.
● The organizational culture plays a critical role in organizational communication and
interactions between individuals. The organizational culture contributes to the
development of the sense of "us" and team spirit, hence it positively impacts organizational
climate. Conflicts may arise within organizations for several reasons. These conflicts can
be rationalized and neutralized through certain standard practices and procedures
developed within the organizational culture.
● The organizational culture perpetuates organizational life by circulating itself among
generations through symbols, ceremonies, heroes, slogans and stories. In a nutshell, the
organizational culture contributes to the continuity of the organization. Culture is like an
identification card. Evaluations about an organization or an institution are made by
reference to their culture.
2.2. Employee Performance
It is essential to understand what performance means in order to improve and manage it well,
“perform’’ means to begin and carry through to completion; to take action in accordance with the
requirements of; fulfill. In addition, job performance can be defined in terms of whether
employees’ behaviours contribute to organizational goals. Performance can be seen as an
individual, group, or organizational task performance. Organizations have a vital need to

23. 17
understand how to improve employee’s performance, and therefore they try to find an explanation
as to why employees fail to perform (Daniels & Harris, 2002).
Performance is an ability (both physical & psychological) to perform a particular task in a specific
method that can be evaluated as excellent, average or low in scale. Performance of individual
demonstrated in two dimensions of performance; first is the behavioural aspect and second is
outcome performance aspect. The first aspect behaviour is supposed to be matched to the situation
and specification of job. This behavioural aspect convert into accomplish the organizational goals
and objectives and this is outcome aspect which is second dimension of performance (Campbell,
1993).
Performance is not only a productivity because of performance concerns owned a natural
behaviour to act freely as he wishes, the behaviour is still free to act cannot be separated from the
terms of an employee's formal role to enhance the effective functioning of an organization. Labour
productivity (performance) is a comparison between the results achieved with the participation of
labour per unit time, while the role of the workforce is in the efficiency of resource use and
effective. stated that the factors affecting the increase in productivity is harmony conditions of
employees and financial incentives are universal, harmonious interdependence conditions of
employment including managers and employees, while financial incentives for employees is an
element of fairness in salaries, wages, bonuses received by employees. From the description above
it can be said that if the databases must address satisfying employees or individuals that either it
will automatically perform / organizational performance is also good that in the end confidence in
the institution or institutions stronger (Vigoda and Goliembiewski, 2003).
There are numerous causes that affect the level of performance: internal determinants and external
determinants. Internal determinants are very important factors that affect job performance sub-
divided into two main aspects. The first aspect is the skills and abilities for a given job that the
employee has. The second aspect is the role perceptions or the requirements for a job as an
influence on work performance. This means that if one perceives his/her job role accurately, he/she
would be considered as an adequate performer. Conversely, the one who does not perceive the
requirements of the job would be considered as ineffective (Korman, 1971). External environment

24. 18
determines the adequate performance of the employees. Work conditions are an example of the
external environmental factor that influences the level of performance. There are various working
conditions that people work under; some employees work indoors other outdoors. Some are
exposed to intensive noise, heat, cold, different schedule times, and high risk of injury/illness
(Muchinsky, 1993).
The physical work environment can cause stress which hinders employees from performing at the
desired level. This could be, for instance, the lack of the right tools or the breakdown of a computer
system making it impossible to use, for example: an employee complains about hisher inability to
perform due to the fact that his machine breaks down often. The employee is asked why heshe
cares, since heshe will get salary anyway, independently of the status of the machine; and that
person simply answers that heshe cannot work. Mostly importantly, the employee is not even
capable of fixing the machine because they do not possess the right knowledge or proper training.
At those moments, the employee must contact a technician (Deming, 2000).
Performance management as a method which plays a vital role in the efficient management of
individuals and teams to get high organizational performance. It also builds shared understanding
about what is to be obtained and a process to leading and creating people which will make sure
that it is achieved. It is a technique which pertains to every action of the organization set in the
perspective of its polices of human resources, organizational culture, style and communication
systems. The nature of the technique relies on the perspective of organization and can differ from
organization to organization. Although there is a range of actions that could be used for calculating
efficiency, highlight judgmental and evaluative procedures that take a lot along with activity itself
while interpreting efficiency. In spite of the fact that there are various behaviours could be used
for evaluating overall performance. There is close relationship between organizational culture and
performance that organizational culture is basically linked to the practices of organization and the
performance of organization is dependent on organizational culture, thus the organizational culture
increases the performance of organization (Armstrong & Baron, 1998).
2.2.1. Measuring Performance Toward Organizational Success

25. 19
The measure of success is more comprehensive company, called the Balanced Scorecard (BS).
According to the concept of the balanced scorecard performance of the company to achieve
competitive success can be seen in four areas, namely by (Kaplan and Norton 2001):
1. Financial Perspective, which in this perspective the company is required to increase market
share, increase revenue through the sale of company products. In addition, increase cost-
effectiveness and utility assets can increase the productivity of the company.
2. The customer perspective, which companies need to identify the needs of customers and
market segments. Proper identification of customer, needs help the company how to provide
service to customers. Application of the general passenger terminal include: setting
schedules departing passengers timely and orderly, increasing customer confidence in the
security and order of the terminal.
3. Internal business process perspective, which companies need to identify the processes that
are most critical to achieving the goal of increasing value for the customer (customer
perspective) and an increase in the value of financial goals.
4. Learning and growth perspective, in which the objectives set out in the financial
perspective, customer and internal business processes to identify where the organization
must excel to achieve break through performance, while goals in the learning and growth
perspective provides the infrastructure that enables the ambitious goals The third
perspective is reached. The objectives in this perspective are to achieve excellence
controller’s outcome previous three perspectives.
2.3. Theoretical Analysis
The theoretical review will cover the below theories related to performance and organisation
culture. This study will be based on three major theories namely:
1. Schein’s theory of organisational culture,
2. Hofethed’s cultural dimension theory,
3. McGregor’sTheory X and Theory Y by,
4. Denison’s model,

26. 20
5. Deal and Kennedy’s model and
6. O'Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell model
Organizational culture is the atmosphere that pervades the interior of a company or association.
Organisational culture was also identified as what was conveyed to the individuals with the
organisation, what they experienced, believed, and demonstrated. Theories of organizational
culture attempt to explain the phenomena that occur in and around individuals. The conceptual
study regarding organizational culture is often called the phenomenon of interest. Rather than a
mathematical formula, the study of organizational culture includes shared understanding,
intangible values and assumptions, and the effects culture has on human behaviour. Understanding
the phenomenon of organizational culture allows companies to strengthen their working
environments. The study of theories of organizational culture is often difficult due to the lack of
concrete evidence on veracious cultures. A shared understanding of organizational culture is one
of the different theories among private and public sector organizations. Individuals in a company
often hire like-minded individuals in order to promote
a specific, well-defined purpose. This allows the business or organization to have a singular focus
in terms of Performance. Theories on organizational culture typically have different overall
corporate mind-sets, such as ethics, profits, or philanthropy. The shared characteristics only change
through time when hiring managers replace older workers (Nadler, 1998).
2.3.1. Schein’s - organisational culture theory
Schein's model of organizational culture is not only one of the most cited culture models but also
one that serves a high degree of abstraction and complexity reduction. It mainly consists of three
domains: basic underlying assumptions, espoused values, and artefacts. She distinguishes between
observable and unobservable elements of culture. It therefore becomes clear that there is a certain
hierarchy between these domains. Visible behaviour influences and is influenced by unobservable
assumptions through rules, stand. This is further clarified in figure 2. Artefacts are the surface level
of an organizational culture, tangible, easily seen and felt manifestations such products, physical
environment, language, technology, clothing, myths and stories, published values, rituals and
ceremonies ,etc. Espoused beliefs and values are the next level of organisational culture, including

27. 21
strategies, goals, shared perceptions, shared assumptions, norms, beliefs and values instilled by
founders and leaders. Basic underlying assumptions are the base level of organisational culture,
and are the deeply-embedded, unconscious, taken for granted assumptions that are shared with
others. Any challenge of these assumptions will result in anxiety and defensiveness. The most
visible symbols should not be the only aspects used to interpret culture; due to the ease with which
they can be misinterpreted. Focusing only on visible symbols will result in a failure to grasp the
underlying basic assumptions that are fundamental to understanding the culture. Similarly, it is
important to recognize that even espoused beliefs and values may only reflect the aspirations of a
culture, and not the actuality (Schein, 2004).
Artefacts Visible organisational structures, behaviours and processes
Espoused values
Strategies, goals, rules, standards philosophies (Espoused justifications)
Basic underlying
Assumptions
Unconscious, invisible, taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and
feelings (Ultimate source of values and actions)
Author; Schein (2004)Figure 2. Schein's theory of organisational culture
2.3.2. Hofstede's- Cultural Dimensions Theory
Cultural differences existing in regions and nations, and the importance of international awareness
and multiculturalism for the own cultural introspection. Cultural differences reflect differences in
thinking and social action, and even in "mental programs", a term Hofstede uses for predictable
behaviour. Hofstede relates culture to ethnic and regional groups, but also organizations,
profession, family, to society and sub cultural groups, national political systems and legislation,
etc. Hofstede suggests of the need of changing "mental programs" with changing behaviour first
which will lead to value change and he suggests that however certain groups like Jews, Gypsies
and Basques have maintained their identity through centuries without changing. Hofstede
demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour of

28. 22
organizations and identified four dimensions of culture in his study of national cultures the
following (Hofstede, 2016):
Power distance - Different societies find different solutions on social inequality. Although
invisible, inside organizations power inequality of the "boss-subordinate’s relationships" is
functional and according to Hofstede reflects the way inequality is addressed in the society. Power
Distance Reduction theory subordinates will try to reduce the power distance between themselves
and their bosses and bosses will try to maintain or enlarge it, but there is also a degree to which a
society expects there to be differences in the levels of power (ibid.)
Uncertainty avoidance- is the coping with uncertainty about the future. Society copes with it with
technology, law and religion (however different societies have different ways to addressing it),
and according to Hofstede organizations deal with it with technology, law and rituals or in two
ways - rational and non-rational, where rituals being the non-rational. Hofstede listed as rituals the
memos and reports, some parts of the accounting system, large part of the planning and control
systems, and the nomination of experts (ibid).
Individualism vs. collectivism - disharmony of interests on personal and collective goals Hofstede
brings that society's expectations of Individualism/Collectivism will be reflected by the employee
inside the organization. Collectivist societies will have more emotional dependence of members
on their organizations, when in equilibrium - organization is expected to show responsibility on
members. Research indicates that some people and cultures might have both high individualism
and high collectivism, for example, and someone who highly values duty to his or her group does
not necessarily give a low priority to personal freedom and self-sufficiency.
Masculinity vs. femininity - reflect whether certain society is predominantly male or female in
terms of cultural values, gender roles and power relations (ibid).
2.3.3. McGregor’s - Theory X and Theory Y

29. 23
McGregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his Theory X and Theory Y in 1960.
His work is based upon Maslow's hierarch of needs theory, in that he grouped the hierarchy into
lower-order needs (Theory X) and higher-order needs (Theory Y). He suggested that management
could use either set of needs to motivate employees, but better results would be gained by the use
of Theory Y, rather than Theory X. These two opposing perceptions theorized how people view
human behaviour at work and organizational life. With Theory X assumptions, management's role
is to coerce and control employees to perform since; People have an inherent dislike for work and
will avoid it whenever possible, secondly People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or
threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives, thirdly
people prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition and finally
people seek security above all else (McGregor, 1960).
With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help
them to release that potential towards common goals since employees view; Work as natural as
play and rest, secondly People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to their own
objectives, thirdly people are committed to objectives since it is a function of the rewards
associated with their achievement, fourthly people learn to accept and seek responsibility,
creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population therefore
people are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem and finally that
people have potential to propel the organizational performance. Intellectual creativity cannot be
'programmed' and directed by Management programs but through proper impartation of cultural
values of personal responsibility and accountability. This kind of intellectual contribution to the
enterprise cannot be obtained by giving orders, by traditional supervisory practices, or by close
systems of control (ibid).
2.3.4. Denison’s model
Denison’s model has been developed staring from the approach to organizational culture.
Therefore, the core of the model is represented by the underlying beliefs and assumptions. At the
more surface-level, there are the values and the artefacts (symbols, heroes) and the behaviour. In

30. 24
this model, the comparison between organizations is made according to the surface-level values
and their manifest practices. The organizational culture model of Denison is based on four cultural
traits: involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission. All these traits have been shown to have
an influence on organizational performance (Denison, 1990).
⮚ Adaptability
High performing organizations distinguish from low performing organizations by their ability to
understand and react to the competitive environment and customers. In addition, they restructure
behaviours and processes that help them to adapt. Moreover, high performing organizations
encourage new ideas and different solutions for solving problems. In addition, employees seek
new and better ways to meet customer expectations on a continuous basis. Controlled risk taking
is encouraged as the organizations learn from both successes and failures.
⮚ Mission
Successful organizations have a clear mission that shows employees why they are doing their tasks
and how the work they do help the organizational performance. Strategic direction and intent are
about multi–year strategies and high priorities are established. In successful organizations the goals
and objectives are short term. In addition, specific goals are defined so that employees understand
how their daily routines relate to the vision of the organization. Vision represents the main reason
an organization exists and competes on a certain market.
⮚ Consistency
Consistency represents the main source of integration, coordination and control. In addition, it
helps organizations develop a set of procedures that create an internal system of governance which
is based on support that is consensual. Successful companies have a clear set of values that support
employees and managers in making consistent decisions. When facing difficult issues and
misunderstandings, the members discuss them openly and try to reach an agreement. In these
organizations, each employee is aware of the fact that their work impacts others and how the work
of others impacts them. The employees always make sure that their work is aligned with the
organizational goals and objectives.
⮚ Involvement

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Highly involved organizations differentiate from the rest of the companies by creating a sense of
responsibility. This particularity creates a greater commitment to the organization and autonomy.
In these organizations, employees know kind of decisions they are allowed to take and which ones
are beyond their responsibility. In other words, employees are empowered to take decisions in an
informed framework. Employees are encouraged to work in teams and they support each other to
attain their work goals. Last but not least, the high-involved companies use training and coaching
to develop employee capability.
2.3.5. Deal and Kennedy’s model
A model of culture that is based on 4 different types of culture. They each focus on how quickly
the organization receives feedback, the way members are rewarded, and the level of risks taken
Work-hard, play-hard culture- this has rapid feedback/reward and low risk resulting in: Stress
coming from quantity of work rather than uncertainty. High-speed action leading to high-speed
recreation. Examples: Restaurants, software companies.
Tough-guy macho culture- this has rapid feedback/reward and high risk, resulting in the
following: Stress coming from high risk and potential loss/gain of reward. Focus on the present
rather than the longer-term future. Examples: police, surgeons, sports.
Process culture- this has slow feedback/reward and low risk, resulting in the following: Low
stress, plodding work, comfort and security. Stress that comes from internal politics and stupidity
of the system. Development of bureaucracies and other ways of maintaining the status quo. Focus
on security of the past and of the future. Examples: banks, insurance companies.
Bet-the-company culture- this has slow feedback/reward and high risk, resulting in the following:
Stress coming from high risk and delay before knowing if actions have paid off. The long view is
taken, but then much work is put into making sure things happen as planned. Examples: aircraft
manufacturers, oil companies (Deal &Kennedy, 1982)
2.3.6 O'Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell Model

32. 26
Developed a model based on the belief that cultures can be distinguished by values that are
reinforced within organizations. Their Organizational Culture Profile Model (OCP) is a self-
reporting tool which makes distinctions according seven categories - Innovation, Stability, and
Respect for People, Outcome Orientation, and Attention to Detail, Team Orientation, and
Aggressiveness. The model is not intended to measure how organizational culture effects
organizational performance rather it measures associations between the personalities of individuals
in the organization and the organization's culture. Employee values are measured against
organizational values to predict employee intentions to stay, and predict turnover. This is done
through instrument like OCP to measure employee commitment (O’Reilly, Chatman & Caldwell
1991).
2.4. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
A: Consistency Theory- According to the consistency theory, organizations tend to be effective
because they have strong cultures that are highly consistent, well-coordinated and well integrated
Employee behaviour is rooted in a set of core values and leaders and followers are skilled at
reaching an agreement even when they have differing views. This type of consistency is a powerful
source of stability and internal integration that results from a common mindset and a high degree
of conformity (Nadler, 1998).
B: Involvement Theory- this theory is based on the idea that involvement and participation will
contribute to a sense of responsibility and ownership and hence organizational performance and
loyalty. Effective organizations empower their people, build their organizations around teams, and
develop human capability at all levels. Executives, managers and employees are committed to their
work and feel that they own a piece of the organization. People at all levels feel that they have at
least some input into decisions that will affect their work and that their work is directly connected
to the goals of the organization (ibid).
C: Adaptability Theory- this theory is based on the idea that norms and beliefs that enhance an
organization’s ability to receive, interpret and translate signals from the environment into internal

33. 27
organizational and behavioural changes will promote its survival, growth and development.
Ironically, organizations that are well integrated are often the most difficult ones to change due to
the deep levels of adaptability acquired over time. Adaptable organizations are driven by their
customers, take risks and learn from their mistakes and have the capability and experience at
creating change. Such organizations are continuously changing their systems to promote
improvements and provide value for their customers (ibid).
D: Mission Theory- a shared sense of purpose, direction and strategy can coordinate and galvanize
organizational members toward collective goals. Successful organizations have a theory is based
on the idea that norms and beliefs that enhance an organization’s ability to receive, interpret and
translate signals from the environment into internal organizational and behavioural changes will
promote its survival, growth and development. Ironically, organizations that are well integrated
are often the most difficult ones to change due to the deep levels of adaptability acquired over
time. Adaptable organizations are driven by their customers, take risks and learn from their
mistakes and have the capability and experience at creating change Such organizations are
continuously changing their systems to promote improvements and provide value for their
customers (ibid).
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Design and Methodology
This part deals with the design and methodology that will be applied to the overall research. It
includes sources of data (primary and secondary), research design (sampling technique, sampling
procedure and sample size), data collection technique, data preparation, presentation and analysis.
3.1. Sources of Data

34. 28
This study will apply both Primary and Secondary data sources to obtain reliable and valid data:
3.1.1. Primary data source
To collect the primary data both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be applicable.
Regarding to quantitative data collection, careful designed self-administered, structured
questionnaires and will be employed, these will have adopted because they elicit specific responses
that is easy to analyse. It was also economical in terms of time since it was easy to fill. Regarding
to qualitative technique Personal interview will be applicable; it has the ability to obtain a detail,
comprehensive and fully answered questions.
3.1.2. Secondary Sources of Data
The use of secondary data is chosen to fulfil the research objectives. This is possible because
Eastern District Commercial Bank of Ethiopia; accordingly, key information about their policies,
procedures, processes and performance are widely publicised. Additionally, data will be collected
from secondary sources: such as Annual Reports and Accounts and other relevant historical
materials. Furthermore, there are considerable benefits associated with the use of secondary data.
Firstly, since the data is already in existence and widely available, the challenges associated with
the collection of primary data, especially high refusal rates can be avoided. Secondly, the use of
secondary data can generate considerable cost and resource savings. Thirdly, secondary data can
often be higher in terms of quality than primary data.
3.2. Research design
3.2.1. Sampling technique
Stratified sampling technique, keeping in mind the effective coverage and lower cost, will be
important to select the candidates for the study because the commercial bank is classified in
departments. The stratified sampling is chosen as the technique for this study Employees will
selected from each different unit is divided into 4 strata/ four different departments namely

35. 29
1) Business Development and Strategies Department 2) Finance & Investment Department3)
Human Resources and Development Department 4) Bank Academy Department, Specifically, the
stratified sampling is the technique that involves a process of stratification or segregation, followed
by random selection of subjects from each stratum. Out of these 102 employees were selected to
constitute the sample size by simple random sampling technique.
3.2.2. Sampling procedure and sample size
Determining an efficient sample size is of great significance in any research. This is because too
small samples may lead to inaccurate results, while samples that are too large may waste time and
resources.
CBE Eastern District head quarter Office and Staff size
Stratum departments No. of applications Sampling fraction No. of sample
Business Development and
Strategies Department
80 30% 24
Finance & Investment
Department
70 30% 21
Human Resources and
Development department
130 30% 39
Bank Academy Department 60 30% 18
Total 340 30% 102
Table 2.Source: CBE Easter District Human resource department, 2016
3.3. Data collecting technique
Survey instruments-The self-administered questionnaire will be distributed to the targeted
respondents in CBE Eastern District by applying the drop-off and pick-up method, the drop-off

36. 30
and pick-up technique are an effective technique as it reduces the potential non-response bias
though increase response rate. Face-to-face contact and verbal communication with the
respondents. The questionnaire was made up of 4 different sections: Section A- focused on the
demographic information of the respondents with items such as age, gender, race, educational
level, present position, level of management and working experience. Section B- had items related
to organizational culture, precisely. Section C- Concentrated on the employee performance.
Personal interview- will be applicable for qualitative.
3.4.Data preparation, presentation and analysis
The data from the predetermined sources will be edited first, coded and summarized and present
through tables, percentages and pie charts. Simple descriptive statistical analysis will be used with
different supporting tables, pie chart, mean and simple percentages. Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS) version 20.0 will be applicable software to process the gathered data. Correlation
and regression analysis will be undertaken to know the relationships and its intensity among the
study variables, because some of the variables are dichotomous in nature. Grand mean will also
applicable to conclude the result of each dimension at the end of analysis. Manual analysis will be
utilized for qualitative aspects of the analysis.
Furthermore, the use of triangulation method was adopted in this study. The triangulation method
involves the use of more than one form of data collection to test the same hypotheses within a
unified research plan. By combining methods in the same study, researchers can partially
overcome the deficiencies that flow from employing one method.

37. 31
BUDGET AND TIME SCHEDULE
3.1.Time Schedule
No Activities
Months /Years 2022
De Ja Fe Mr Ap Ma Jn Ju Au Se
1 Problem Identification &
Literature Review
X
2 Sample Design X
3 Questionnaire Development X
4 Data Collection & Organization X

38. 32
5 Data Analysis & Interpretation X
6 Report Writing X
7 Submission of Paper X
8 Defense & Presentation X
3.2. Budget Schedule
To complete the overall works of the research paper should expect to spend costs for different
activities. The costs for each activity are as shown in table.
No Description Unit per quantity Unit price in Br. Total in Br.
1 Paper sheet 290 sheet 0.50 145.00
2 Pens Number 4 item 7.00 28.00
3 Notes Book package 2pad 25.00 50.00
4 CD Re-Writable Item/Br. 3RW-Drive 20.00 60.00

39. 33
5 Internet Hour/Br 72 hr. 0.35 504.00
6 Print sheet 240 sheet 1.75 420.00
7 Photocopy km 300 sheet 1 300.00
8 Phone expense Hour/Br. 15hr. 1.00 747.00
9 Transportation Km/Br. 175 1.5 262.50
10 Contingency(10%) of
total
- - - 251.65
Total 2768.15
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