Birmingham city university,united kingdom

ARCHITECT A.F.M.MOHIUDDIN AKHAND
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
BIRMINGHAM CITY UNIVERSITY
Department of Interior Design

INTRODUCTION
 Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh and the most important city of
country for its centralized administration, commerce, culture and
education.
 Along with its glorious history of human settlement, Dhaka is now burdened
with over population and every conceivable urban problem due to
unplanned urbanization and inefficient city infrastructures and
management.
 It has become very challenging for the local government to provide every
necessity of life to the additional mass population due to inflation and very
limited recourse.
 Among them, lack of electricity supply has gone over the alarming
situation with inadequate power generation and overloaded
consumption demand which affecting the production in every sector.
 Commercial private offices have the similar scenario. There are
approximately 3600 commercial buildings in Dhaka city and they are the
third major consumer of electricity in Dhaka city.

 By implementing Correlational Research Strategy this thesis intends to
find the current situation of the office interior environment in private
sectors in the context of energy consumption through conducting several
field studies in specific areas of Dhaka city.
 It is found that the present scenario of the private offices’ dependency on
active design incinerates more energy than passive design and as a
result creates severe environmental impact on city climate.
 The another purpose of this research is to understand the concept of
sustainable design in interior development and to formulate means to
apply in the interior spaces of existing office for energy efficiency by
considering local climatic factors and resources.
 Several cases that fulfill the criteria of sustainable design are assessed
meticulously to understand the design basics to provide discussions and
recommendations for the practice of energy efficient interior design in
the existing offices of private sectors in Dhaka city.

KEY WORDS
Dhaka City
Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Dhaka City

Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Dhaka CityDhaka City
Key Facts
 Dhaka city has an area of 376 square kilometers
(145 sq mi).
 The population of Dhaka city 7.0 million.
 In combination with localities forming the wider
metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 16.6
million as of 2011.
 Growth of Population : 4.2% per year. Migration
contributes to at least 40% of Dhaka’s population.
 Density is 81,116.9/km2
 The fastest growing Mega city in the world.
 Dhaka is projected to be the world's 4th most
populous city by 2020 with 22 million inhabitants,
according to United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA).

Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Climate
 Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical
climate.
Climatic Data JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
Normal Maximum Temperature (°C) 25.4 28.1 32.5 33.7 32.9 32.1
Normal Minimum Temperature (°C) 12.7 15.5 20.4 23.6 24.5 26.1
Average Normal Rainfall in mm 7.7 28.9 65.8 156.3 339.4 340.4
Number of Normal Rainy Day 2 3 5 10 15 14
Climatic Data JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Normal Maximum Temperature (°C) 31.4 31.6 31.8 31.6 29.6 26.4
Normal Minimum Temperature (°C) 26.2 26.3 25.9 23.8 19.2 14.1
Average Normal Rainfall in mm 373.1 316.5 300.4 172.3 34.4 12.8
Number of Normal Rainy Day 17 16 13 7 2 1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
25.4
28.1
32.5 33.7 32.9 32.1 31.4 31.6 31.8 31.6
29.6
26.4
12.7
15.5
20.4
23.6 24.5
26.1 26.2 26.3 25.9
23.8
19.2
14.1
Annual Tempareture
Normal Maximum Temperature (°C) Normal Minimum Temperature (°C)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average Normal Rainfall in mm 7.7 28.9 65.8 156.3 339.4 340.4 373.1 316.5 300.4 172.3 34.4 12.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
mm
Average Normal Rainfall in mm

Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Electricity Consumption
52%
34%
11% 3%
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Others
70%
20%
8% 2%
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Others
Under DESCO Area
Under DPDC Area

Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Current Problems
Because of highly dense population and rapid
urbanization, Dhaka is suffering with various
problems.
Such as
Huge extraction of water bodies and wetlands.
Unplanned high rise building construction.
 Creation of city heat islands.
Traffic congestion and transportation problem.
Crisis of pure drinking water.
Shortage of electricity and gas.
Water, air and noise pollution.
Incapacitated drainage system.
Insufficient disposal and sanitation facilities for
solid waste.

Office
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design
Current Problems
Result is
Harmful effect on public health
and the quality of life in the city.

Office EnvironmentOffice
Dhaka City
Definition & Types
 A room or other area in which people work.
 Also denote a position within an organization with
specific duties attached to it;
 A place originally referring to the location of one's
duty.
There are different types of office based on
 Activities: back office, front office, mobile office, etc.
 Management system: private, government, semi-
private, etc.
 Space planning: open plan office, close plan office.
 Mode of running: serviced, conventional, virtual,
commercial, home-office,
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design

SustainabilitySustainable Design
Office
Dhaka City
Basic Concepts
 Sustainability is the ability to achieve continuous
economic prosperity while protecting the natural
systems.
 The term sustainable design is environmental
design-for people, planet and profit.
 The term "Sustainable Architecture" is
environmentally conscious architectural design.
 Sustainable design and architecture is about a
combination of issues including sustainability,
durability, longevity, appropriate materials and
sense of place.
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design

SustainabilitySustainable Design
Office
Dhaka City
Sustainable Design Aspects
in the context of Architecture
 Sustainable energy use
 Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency
 Renewable energy generation
 Solar panels
 Wind turbines
 Solar water heating
 Heat pumps
 Sustainable building materials
 Recycled materials
 Lower volatile organic compounds
 Materials Sustainability Standards
 Waste management
 Building placement
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive Design

Sustainable Design
Office
Dhaka City
Definition
Sustainable Design
Active Design
Passive Design
Energy Efficiency
 Percentage of total energy input to a machine or
equipment that is consumed in useful work and
not wasted as useless heat.
 One of the key elements for sustainable energy
development.
 It has proved to be a cost-effective strategy for
building economies without necessarily growing
energy consumption.
 This not only saves money, but also plays a great
role of reducing load from main energy
consumption hence climatic impact.

Sustainable Design
Office
Dhaka City
Definition
 Technologies or design features used to serve
building and its occupants by power or fuel
consumption.
 Such as air conditioner, artificial lights, other
mechanical systems.
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Passive Design
Active Design

Sustainable Design
Office
Dhaka City
Definition & Aspects
 It responds to local climate and site conditions
to maximize building users’ comfort and health
while minimizing energy consumption.
 Uses free, renewable natural sources of energy to
provide user comfort, thereby removing the need
for mechanical system. The key aspects are:
• Design for Climate
• Building Location and Orientation
• Shading and Window Design
• Passive Solar Heating
• Passive Cooling and Ventilation
• Insulation
• Thermal Mass
• Daylighting
Energy Efficiency
Active Design
Passive DesignPassive Design

THESIS RATIONALLY
•The country’s electricity shortage is increasing every year causing
whole country to face huge load shedding problem.
• Dependency on active design is creating city heat and increase in
micro climatic temperature.
•Demand for electricity increases due to rising temperature.
•For socio-economical development this problem needs to be solved
which due to limited resources and lack of infrastructures is not
possible in short time.
•Long-term government policy along with public awareness from the
root level towards this problem and its solution can resolve this situation
in near future.
•Sustainable design measures consider the local climatic factors and
resources and occupants comfort level and reduces energy usage.
Therefore, this thesis has been conducted on the chosen topic to
initiate awareness to reduce the overload on local electricity
consumption of Dhaka city.

AIMS
 This thesis paper will determine the facts and issues of current
situation of energy consumption by existing private offices in
Dhaka city.
 It will then do comprehensive research on sustainable design in
architecture and interior environment
• followed by several distinctive energy efficient office buildings
• to understand the implementation of the basics of sustainable
design by considering local climatic factors and resources.
 This research will then evaluate the findings to draw a suitable
conclusion for the present situation and awareness of Dhaka’s
existing private offices
• and will put forward possible recommendations for the practice
of energy efficient interior design in the existing offices.

OBJECTIVES
 To perform several physical surveys and case studies on interior
environment of existing private offices in selected areas in Dhaka
city to establish the current situation concerning higher energy
consumption due to dependency on active design.
 To do comprehensive research on the characteristics of sustainable
design in architecture and interior design concentrating on thermal
comfort, lighting and energy efficiency measures.
 To conduct thorough assessment on some existing sustainable
office buildings from by identifying the features that made the
chosen projects energy efficient.
 To propose alternative solutions to the existing office interior space
for the enhancement of energy consumption.
 To draw a reasonable conclusion through significant evaluation of
the research for further recommendations about the issues
addressed.

Correlational Research
Strategy
 In this method, the only Dependent Variable was Electricity
Consumption of the year 2011 which was measured in the basis of
Electricity Bill stated in Taka.
 Here the area of study, DESCO maintained area and Dhaka’s
Climatic Conditions were taken in consideration as Control
Groups.
 The observation was conducted on the Interior Space of Existing
Private Offices as Independent Variable where Space area,
Number of employee, Office working hour, Number of AC, Artificial
light and Computer were varied one office to another. As a result,
electricity bill varied case to case.
 With the use of table and chart diagram, it showed the relationship
among collected data to establish the fact of high energy
consumption due to active design.

Sampling Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Problem Findings
Field Survey
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Finding
Pilot Survey
Selection of Study Area
Thesis Report & Presentation
Literature Review
Set Up Objectives
Research Proposal Presentation
Research Question
ConceptualizationTopic Selection
Main Study
Primary Data Secondary Data
Problem Identification
Published and unpublished thesis, Journals,
Books, Reports, Newspapers, Websites
Recommendation & Conclusion

Study Area Selection
 Dhaka’s power distribution system is mainly maintained by DPDC and
DESCO.
 Study area was selected on the basis of the DESCO zonal area.
 Random sampling for Primary data collection was done on the
existing private office spaces under Gulshan 1 and 2, Banani,
Uttara and Kallyanpur which are under DESCO.
 These areas represent significant number of commercial office of
Dhaka city.
 Another reason to select DESCO zonal areas as its information was
reachable and could represent the situation of Dhaka city in an
accurate manner.
 In the addition to this, Secondary data from Malibagh, Elephant
Road and Purana Paltan was collected to strengthen the primary
data.

Dhaka City
Map
Study area for
Primary Data
Study area for
Secondary Data

Map of DESCO Zonal Area
Zone-A
Gulshan 1 ( 1 office)
Zone –B
Gulshan 2 (3 offices)
Zone-C
Banani (2 offices)
Zone-D
Uttara (2 offices)
Zone-E
Kallayanpur (1 office)

Field Survey: Findings
 Almost all the offices are using AC and artificial lights for cooling and
lighting and do not use passive cooling or lighting system.
 Offices of Givensee Group of Industries Ltd. and Assort Housing &
Engineering Ltd. uses mixed mode as AC and ceiling fans for cooling
and ventilation. They try to utilize operable windows for ventilation
and natural lighting at some of the spaces.
 Other than these, all the offices use mechanical device such as AC
for whole working hours due to their fixed or non-operable windows.
 As an exception, Swadesh Properties Ltd. has own time schedule for
using AC to minimize electricity consumption.
 All the offices use generator as backup energy supply during the load
shedding period which occurs four to five times daily during the office
working hour.
 Assort Housing & Engineering Ltd. uses solar power as backup.

Field Survey: Findings
 The rooms of high designated management persons are located at
the peripheral areas where there are large windows with nice outdoor
view.
 This tendency of occupying spaces with windows is wastage of
daylight as their occupants seldom or occasionally works or uses the
space.
 The average load shedding occurs in summer for five to eight hours.
During office hour, which is in average eight hours per day, it occurs
more for four to five hours
 In 2011, Ramadan took place in August. Due to this reason, some
offices reduced their working hour, some worked more hours in the
previous or next month. A long Eid holiday also influenced the office
working days.

Graph of Secondary Data
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
ElectricityBill(Taka)
Month
Shikdar Tradrers Ltd., Malibagh Amity Properties Ltd., Malibagh
S.M.E. International Ltd., Purana Paltan Mayas Secutronics Ltd., Elephant Road
The Professional ICT Ltd., Gulshan-2 Rapid Securities Ltd., Gulshan-1
Pipuly Trade Intl., Arambagh

Electricity Consumption by
Commercial Office Spaces
 In commercial office
buildings 80% of the
electricity
consumption is by
Air Conditions &
Elevators, 10% by
Light, 10% by PC,
Laptop, Printer and
less than 1% is by
others.
80%
10%
10%
Less
than 1%
Electricity Consumption Ratio
AC & Lift
Light
PC & Laptop
Others

Change in temperature in different seasons effects the
interior environment and its mechanical system which
causes variation in energy consumption as well as the
annual electricity cost as summer is longer.
62%
38%
Electricity Consumption Difference is
approximately 20%
Summer
Winter
The summer
(hot and
humid) is
March to
October and
Winter (cool
and dry) is
November to
February.
Interior spaces are lacking of passive design and
dependent on mechanical cooling and artificial lighting.

Possible Options for Energy
Efficient Office Interior
Space Planning
Passive Cooling and Ventilation System
Daylight Utilization
Renewable Power Supplies
Low Energy Equipments
Energy Saving Measures for Office Building
Occupants

Implementation of Possible
Options
 For implimentation purpose the office of GAC Uni-Global
Business Ltd. located at Gulshan-02 has been chosen.
Current Situation

Space Planning
Current Plan Proposed Plan

Daylight Utilization
Cross Section
Current Full-height Window Proposed Treatment for Maximum Daylight
Penetration

Layout of Mechanical Devices
Current Plan Proposed Plan

Renewable Energy Usage
Lights are LED lights (8 watt, lesser than 22watt CFL light) which will be
connected to solar panel (PV system) installed on the roof.

Renewable Energy Usage
Load calculation of solar energy for this office:
It is an office of 2600 sft which would be using 7% of their total
estimated energy consumption from solar PV panels according to
Government’s rule.
Following is the calculation:
•Total office space area is 2600 sft
•61 LED lights (as task light) of 8watt as per floor area.
•2 split and 5 cassette Air Conditioners (2 ton per A/C) for cooling
system.
•Energy usage by 61 LED lights = 61x8= 488 watt = 0.488 kwatt
•Energy usage by 7 ACs = 7 x 2 = 14 ton x 1200watt = 16.8 kwatt
•Total electricity consumption = Light + AC + Equipments + Others
Therefore, 0.5kwatt solar power will be used by lights for 4 hours during
load shedding times. More energy can be used for other work.

Passive Cooling & Ventilation
Cross Section
Current Fixed Windows
Proposed Operable Windows

Using EE Mechanical Device &
Equipments
Electricity Consumption and Bill Comparison between Mechanical
Cooling Systems
Energy consumption by one 1 ton AC
=1750watt
=1750x8x26
=364000/1000
=364 kilowatt-hour
Electricity Bill =364x9.31
=3388.84Tk per month
Therefore,
Electricity bill for 1 AC is
40666.08 Tk. per annum
Air Conditioner Ceiling Fan
For common office working time is 8 hours, 26 days per month. Electricity Tariff 2011 of peak time is 9.31
Energy consumption by 1 Ceiling Fan
=80watt
=80x8x26
=16640/1000
=16.64 kilowatt-hour
Electricity Bill =16.64x9.31
=154.91Tk per month
Therefore,
Electricity bill for 1 Fan is

Electricity Consumption and Bill Comparison between Working
Equipments
Energy consumption by 1 Desktop computer
=400watt
=400x8x26
=83200/1000
=83.2 kilowatt-hour
=774.60Tk per month
Therefore,
Electricity bill for 1 PC is
Desktop Computer Laptop
For common office working time is 8 hours, 26 days per month. Electricity Tariff 2011 of peak time is 9.31
Energy consumption by 1 Laptop computer
=75watt
=75x8x26
=15600/1000
=15.6 kilowatt-hour
=145.23Tk per month
Therefore,
Electricity bill for 1 Laptop is

Conclusion
 The power and energy supply authorities or the policy makers are still
thinking solution with managing the electricity scarcity by load
shedding or establishing new power plant is also considered
which is long term process.
 Though it is undeniable that new power or energy generation plants
are needed to meet the demand, the awareness regarding energy
efficiency and sustainable consumption must be build up among the
end users-the common people for sustainable future.
 Along with the modifications, occupants’ understanding needs to
be changed positively towards passive design.
 In the building construction sector, there needs a firmer policy and
focused strategies to increase the acceptance of energy efficiency
measures and the use of sustainable approach to building design and
construction.

Conclusion
 Public needs to participate in it and it should start from the place he
lives, he works and he uses.
 In conclusion it can be said that sustainable development in every
sector including architecture and interior design is essential to
improve the quality of life for the population.
 Initiating the practice of energy efficient office design can be a
step towards the better future for the mega city Dhaka.
 This thesis can be a good source for further studies on relevant
topics.

Birmingham city university,united kingdom

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