Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * IntroductionPresent existing body of knowledge or existing problemState “gaps” in knowledge/understandingWhat “gaps” will your study address? EXAMPLE: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide, and it is estimated that 439 million adults will be affected by diabetes by 2030Type 2 diabetes(T2DM)identification of risk factors of T2DM is of significant importance to the primary prevention40% of children, 33% of male nonsmokers and 35% of female non-smokers were exposed to passive smoking worldwidePassive smoking can cause disease, disability, and deathLittle is known about the relationship between passive smoking and T2DM risk. Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * Research Question What is the relationship between passive smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]? THIS IS JUST A SAMPLE HOW THE POWER will look like--- pls use this as sampls to the topic Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * Objectives (or Specific Aims)Meta-analysis to systematically assess the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM based on prospective cohort studies. Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * MethodsEligibility criteria: Types of studies Types of participants Types of interventions Types of outcome measures Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * Methods (Cont.)Search Strategies and Data SourcesSystematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Web of Science Date: 2000 to 2013 to identify relevant prospective cohort studies regarding the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM. Searched the reference lists of all retrieved articles to identify any additional literatures.English languageThe search terms were: Diabetes mellitus, type 2 OR Diabetes mellitus OR Pre-diabetic state OR impaired fasting glucose OR impaired glucose tolerance OR Metabolic syndrome OR Glucose intolerance OR Hyperglycemia OR Glucose metabolism disorders OR Insulin resistance OR Glucose) AND (Tobacco smoke pollution OR Passive smoking OR Air pollution, tobacco smoke OR Second-hand smoking OR Involuntary smoking) Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides * Methods (Cont.)Methodological Quality AssessmentTwo independent reviewers; disagreements would be resolved by consensusThe reference groups were never smokers who were not exposed to passive smokingRisk estimates (including RRs, ORs and HRs) adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables with corresponding 95%Cis Data extractionVariable extracted:Name of the first author, publication year, study location, age of the participants, total number of participants involved, confounding factors that were adjusted for in the analysisA 9-star system based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. 4, 2, 3 scores were assigned for selection of study groups, c ...

1. Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
IntroductionPresent existing body of knowledge or existing
problemState “gaps” in knowledge/understandingWhat “gaps”
will your study address?
EXAMPLE:
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide, and
it is estimated that 439 million adults will be affected by
diabetes by 2030Type 2 diabetes(T2DM)identification of risk
factors of T2DM is of significant importance to the primary
prevention40% of children, 33% of male nonsmokers and 35%
of female non-smokers were exposed to passive smoking
worldwidePassive smoking can cause disease, disability, and
deathLittle is known about the relationship between passive
smoking and T2DM risk.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Research Question

2. What is the relationship between passive smoking and type 2
diabetes mellitus [T2DM]?
THIS IS JUST A SAMPLE HOW THE POWER will look like---
pls use this as sampls to the topic
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Objectives (or Specific Aims)Meta-analysis to systematically
assess the association between passive smoking and risk of
T2DM based on prospective cohort studies.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
MethodsEligibility criteria:
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Types of outcome measures
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*

3. Methods (Cont.)Search Strategies and Data SourcesSystematic
search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Web of
Science Date: 2000 to 2013 to identify relevant prospective
cohort studies regarding the association between passive
smoking and risk of T2DM. Searched the reference lists of all
retrieved articles to identify any additional literatures.English
languageThe search terms were: Diabetes mellitus, type 2 OR
Diabetes mellitus OR Pre-diabetic state OR impaired fasting
glucose OR impaired glucose tolerance OR Metabolic syndrome
OR Glucose intolerance OR Hyperglycemia OR Glucose
metabolism disorders OR Insulin resistance OR Glucose) AND
(Tobacco smoke pollution OR Passive smoking OR Air
pollution, tobacco smoke OR Second-hand smoking OR
Involuntary smoking)
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Methods (Cont.)Methodological Quality AssessmentTwo
independent reviewers; disagreements would be resolved by
consensusThe reference groups were never smokers who were
not exposed to passive smokingRisk estimates (including RRs,
ORs and HRs) adjusted for the maximum number of
confounding variables with corresponding 95%Cis Data
extractionVariable extracted:Name of the first author,
publication year, study location, age of the participants, total
number of participants involved, confounding factors that were
adjusted for in the analysisA 9-star system based on the
Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment.
4, 2, 3 scores were assigned for selection of study groups,

4. comparability of study groups, assessment of outcomes and
adequacy of follow-up.Studies with scores of 0–3, 4–6, 7–9
were considered as low, moderate and high quality,
respectivelyData Synthesis
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Results
Figure 1. Flow chart of the selection of publications included in
the meta-analysis.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Results (Cont.)Description of the selected studies and
methodological qualityCharacteristics of the studies: Studies
were conducted in United States, Japan, Germany and South
Korea, respectively. The population size per study ranged from
885 to 100,526, with a total of 112,351 participants. Three
studies consisted of males and females and one study involved
only females. Adjusted RRs (ORs/HRs) were reported in all
studies. Adjustment for potential confounding factors differed
across studiesMain adjusted factors were: age, sex, body mass
index (BMI), alcohol drinking, family or parental history of
diabetes, physical activity and hypertension.The maximum
follow-up years were 4, 6, 7 and 24 years. Quality assessment
of NOS: 1 study [high quality; 3 moderate quality]

5. DiscussionPresent findings in relation to “big
picture”Compare/contrast to other related studiesMay
include:ImplicationsLimitationsFuture
directionsExample:Results suggested that passive smoking was
associated with a significantly increased risk of T2DM [28%
increase in RR of T2DM]A recent meta-analysis [25 cohort
studies]: active smoking was associated with a 44% increase in
RR (RR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.31–1.58) of T2DMSimilar results
were found in the study by Zhang L et al. [passive smoking was
associated with 10% increase in RR] Explanation: dilution of
passive smoke by room air, which makes a non-smoker be
exposed to less tobacco smoke than an active smoker.Although
passive smoking was associated with a smaller increase in RR
of diabetes compared with active smoking, the burden of
diabetes caused by the high prevalence of passive smoking in
workplace and at home should not be neglected.Possible
mechanism
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
LimitationsThe results of this analysis were based on
prospective cohort studies [observational studies cannot prove
causality].Although all the included studies controlled several
known risk factors for T2DM, residual or unmeasured
confounding may still affect the observed association.
Heterogeneity between studies in regard to adjusting for

6. confounding factors, which may lead to misleading overall
results.Self-reported exposure status of passive smoking:
possibility that participants tend to narrow their exposure status
that may lead to underestimate or exaggerate of the risk
estimates. Small numbers of studies Possibility of publication
bias No assessment of dose-response relationship between
passive smoking and T2DM
ConclusionsThe present study suggests that passive smoking is
associated with an increased risk of T2DM.
Further well-designed studies are warranted to confirm this
observed association.
The dose-response relationship should be well explored by
studies in the future.
ImplicationsImportance of anti-smoking legislation to the
reduction of T2DM risk by population level.
Achieve a significant reduction of T2DM in the burden to
society, prohibitions on both passive and active smoking should
be targeted.
Acknowledgement!{Name the people that help in the process of
your research study. Name the grant(s) that supported the
study}
Thank you
You can add your information: name, email, phone number, and

7. website
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Template for Systematic Reivew
STUDY TITLE:
INVESTIGATOR(S): names
ABSTRACT
RESEARCH QUESTION
OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC AIM(S):
BACKGROUND
RESEARCH METHODS
Eligibility criteria:

8. Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions ((if applicable)
Types of outcome measures
Search Strategy and Information Sources
Methods of the Review (data collection process):
Assessment of methodological quality
Data extraction
Data synthesis
REVIEW RESULTS
Description of the selected studies
Methodological quality
Results of individual studies:

9. DISCUSSION
Limitations
Conclusions
Implications for practice
Implications for research
REFERENCES: (USE ENDNOTE)
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