(S) Complete WTE Knowledge and Tools for Management and Analysis - 全面知識及電腦工具介紹

3/30/2015 ACS Technologies - WTE Specialist - Abe Shu (舒成光編寫及主講) 1
With 35 years of professional experience and as the leading
industrial expert, we conduct practical, useful and powerful
waste to Energy and Renewable Energy related private lectures
and provide user-friendly products of the following:
 Comprehensive cost analysis model (Excel program)
 Comprehensive financial analysis model (Excel program)
 Comprehensive operational management and analysis
model (Excel program)
 Comprehensive Waste to Energy knowledge package that
covers all related topics including design, construction,
operation, maintenance, market status and forecast,
financials, costs, equipment details, etc. in about 2,000
Power Point slides
We aim to build up knowledge and tools for and improve the
efficiency and profitability of your business
ACS Technologies
11251 Sierra Ave, Suite 2E – 726,
Fontana, CA 92337, USA
Tel: + 1 – 626 – 253 – 6933
Email: Abraham.shu@gmail.com
Waste-to-Energy and Renewable
Energy Services and Products

Abraham Shu
President
ACS Technologies
 Internationally renowned
waste-to-energy expert
 Full technology transfer and
services (cost, financial,
business, acquisition, design,
engineering, technologies &
operation)
11251 Sierra Ave, Suite 2E - 726 ,
Fontana, CA 92337
U.S.A
Tel: + 1 – 626 – 253 – 6933
Email: Abraham.shu@gmail.com

Introduction of the Instructor/Author
著者/演讲者介绍 - 舒成光 (Abraham Shu)
現任美國加州 ACS Technologies 工程管理及財務 - 技術轉移及顧問公司總裁；
針對垃圾焚燒發電及再生能源行業，進行全方位的技術轉移培訓, 並提供完整管理及分析使用之各種電腦程式
(2010 至 2013）– 美國惠樂科技（為全球第一大之綜合廢棄物管理公司 - 美國惠明環保，紐约股市代碼 WM ）高级顧問；
(2006 至 2010）：全球第一大之垃圾焚燒發電公司 - 美國卡万塔能源（亞太）投资有限公司（紐约股市代碼 CVA);
總公司全球副总裁兼亞太區首席技术、环保及运营官
聯絡方式：郵箱（1）： abraham.shu@gmail.com
經歷摘要：
在美国和亚洲，有35 年从事垃圾焚烧发电, 可再生能源和可替代能源的專業工作经验。
專業領域含蓋 - 业务开发、成本、財務, 戰略規劃及商務管理，工程及设計、技术，研發，工厰及商務运营及公司全面管理
从1994年开始担任美国及歐洲相關大形跨國公司的，总公司副总裁或分派國家地區總經理以上的職務至今
1999-2004年：太古升达废料处理有限公司台湾地区总经理（由英商太古集团和法商苏伊士环境合资），负责该公司台湾地区业务绩效的所有方面并全面负责盈亏。
从1996年至2001年被台湾環保署任命为垃圾焚烧发电事务和产业发展的正式顾问。
為众多歐美囯際专业协会荣誉会员, 在美国创立南加州环保协会（从1991年起）并任第一届會長
1993/1994 年美國 Business Who‘s Who 名人錄列名 ; 1992 年美國 Environmental Who’s Who 環保名人錄列名
受到众多亚洲政府和亚洲开发银行邀请发表与垃圾焚烧发电相关的演讲和培训演讲会。发表了20多份专业论文，数十次公開專業演講 (在 Youtube 上有多只視頻 )
并著有关于BOO/BOT 垃圾焚烧发电业务、财务管理和技术一书。
受邀在多項媒體及專業及著名商務期刊接受專訪；並獲頒多項國際成就奬；為國際公認之圾焚烧发电事業專家
美國工程碩士學位；並在美國接受多項法務，財務，融資及商務管理之專業訓練; 美國國家注册環保經理執照；羙國加州環保評鑑技師執照
個人開發撰冩有全方位全功能的電腦程式，該程式能分别及同時做垃圾物理及化學組成及熱值分析，全工廠質能平衡計算，設備功能及大小之計算，操作運營之摸擬，
分析，效率鍳定及問题診斷，建廠及操作運營之成本估算，完整並專業的財務分析，投資回報等等
個人撰冩有全方位 2500 多張的幻燈片，可作爲垃圾焚烧发电全方位全功能的培訓教材，含蓋所有與該工業有關的理論與實際的相關知識；主題含蓋基楚理論，專業
技術，設備，投資，貸款及海外債劵發行，各式合約，風險及管理，設計，建廠，操作運營，维修保養，操作分析与評鑒, 環保標凖及相對影響, 安全与衛生,
爐排, 焚化爐體及鍋爐之技术与设計, 等等
.

Introduction of the Instructor/Author – Mr. Abraham Shu ; 著者/演讲者介绍（舒成光先生)
Current – President, ACS Technologies (CA, USA) - Training Lecturer, Technology Transfer providing Knowledge Package and Computerized Tools
(2010 ~ 2013) – Senior Advisor, US Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (US Waste Management, Inc.; NYSE listed: WM)
(2006 ~ 2010) Vice President, Chief Technology, Environmental and Operational Officer
– US Covanta Energy (NYSE listed: CVA) Asia Pacific Holding Ltd.
Contact Information: - Email: Abraham.shu@gmail.com ;
Background Highlights:
35 years working experience in waste-to-energy, renewable and alternative energy directly in US and Asia and Europe.
Professional background covers Marketing, Business Development, Cost, Financial, Strategic planning, Business Management, Design & Engineering, Technology, R&D,
Operation and Corporation General Management.
USA – Ogden Corporate Headquarter VP (global) and Asian Country Managing Director since 1994
1999 – 2004: Taiwan Country General Manager, Swire SITA Waste Services Limited, (JV between the British Swire Group and the French Suez Environment)
responsible for all business performance including full P&L responsibilities in the region.
Official advisor to the government of Taiwan on waste-to-energy affairs and the development of the industry from 1996 till 2001.
Founder (since 1991) and the first president of US Southern California Chinese-American Environmental Protection Association and honorable member of many
international professional associations.
Enlisted in Business Who’s Who, USA., 1993/1994; Enlisted in Environmental Who’s Who, USA., 1992
Invited by many Asian governments and Asia Development Bank and delivered WTE related speeches and training seminars, published 20 plus professional papers,
several dozens of public speeches (some are available on Youtube) and wrote one book regarding BOO/BOT WTE business, financial management and technology.
Received many interviews (ex. Business Weekly) and recognition awards (ex. US, HK, Taiwan, etc.); with worldwide recognition as a renowned WTE expert
US M.S. degree (chemical engineering) plus completed numerous US industrial and commercials short term training programs in areas of legal, financial and business
management; Registered Environmental Assessor (“REA”), State of California, USA ; Registered Environmental Manager, National Registry of Environmental
Professionals, USA
Developed several computer software (Excel programs) that is capable of performing MSW physical and chemical analysis, various heating value calculations, mass and
energy balance for the entire WTE plant, equipment sizing, O&M simulation, efficiency analysis, bottleneck diagnosis, construction and operation cost estimation, full
cost and financial analysis, various tax treatment and investment returns, etc. Programs can perform all of above on separated or on all-integrated basis (one does all).
Developed a full spectrum knowledge training package including more than 2,500 slides and short videos that covers topics of basic technical and engineering theories,
process technologies, equipment sizing, various agreements and contracts, risks and mitigation, construction and operational cost estimation, financial modeling and
analysis, plant design, construction, operation and maintenance, stoker and boiler technologies, health and safety, modern APC and secondary waste disposal technologies,
budget and cost control, monthly report, environmental standards, etc.

Begin of the Simple
Introduction
Instructor/Author: Mr. Abraham Shu
(Email: abraham.shu@gmail.com)
開始簡單版的介紹
(舒成光撰寫及主講)
35 years working experience in
waste-to-energy, renewable and
alternative energy directly in US
and Asia and Europe.
Professional background covers
Marketing, Business Development,
Cost, Financial, Strategic
planning, Business Management,
Design & Engineering,
Technology, R&D,
Operation and Corporation
General Management.
US Multinationals Corporate VP
(global) and Asian Country
Managing Director since 1994

Introduction of
A Complete and Comprehensive
WTE Technology, Operation and Business
Knowledge and Tools Training Workshop
Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu
垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項
目内容之剛要介紹
(舒成光主講)
Technology, R&D,
General Management.

Introduction of
Knowledge and Tools Training Workshop – (P: 1/1)
Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: abraham.shu@gmail.com)
垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項目内容之剛要介紹
(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)
 Part-A: The Overall Waste-to-Energy Knowledge (3 days training)
 垃圾焚燒發電全面整體知識介紹 - 共需三天上課時間
 Part-B: The Cost and Financial Modeling (8 hours training)
 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬之财務模式培訓講座 – 共需八小时上課時間
 Part-C: The Operation and Facility Management Simulation System (8
hours training)
 操作運營管理電腦模擬系統之培訓講座 - 共需八小时上課時間
 Part-D: The Waste Blending Model (3 hours training
 垃圾物理，化學，熱值估算電腦程式培訓講座 - 共需三小时上課時間
waste-to-energy, renewable
and alternative energy directly
in US and Asia and Europe.
Professional background
covers Marketing, Business
Development, Cost, Financial,
Strategic planning, Business
Management, Design &
Engineering, Technology,
R&D,
General Management.
US Multinationals Corporate
VP (global) and Asian Country

Introduction of
(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)
Part –A:
The Complete Knowledge
Approximately 2,000 Power Point slides Plus
Videos
約兩仟張的幻燈片加視頻
Cost, Financial, Strategic planning,
Business Management, Design &
Engineering, Technology, R&D,
General Management.

Part A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 1/5)
Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 1/5 頁)
可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間
 Part-A1: Introduction of WTE and basic knowledge Includes topics : 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38,
approximately 3 hours
 第一部：垃圾焚燒發電之基礎知識介紹 (含主題 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), 約 3 小時
 Part-A2: Business and financials (topics: 5 ~ 12, approximately 3 hours)
 第二部：商務及財務 (含主題 5 ~ 12) , 約 3 小時
 Part-A3: Technical and operation (topics : 13 ~ 21, approximately 3 hours)
 第三部：技術及操作與運營 (含主題 13 ~ 21) , 約 3 小時
 Part-A4: Major equipment/system (topics: 22 ~ 25, approximately 3 hours)
 第四部：主要設備及系統 (含主題 22 ~ 25) , 約 3 小時
 Part-A5: Health and safety (topic: 34, approximately 2 hours)
 第五部：安全與衛生 (含主題 34) , 約 2 小時
 Part-A6: Other equipment (topics: 26 ~ 33, 35, approximately 3 hours)
 第六部：其它設備與系統 (含主題 26 – 33, 35) , 約 3 小時
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part – A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 2/5)
Videos (視頻教學) – 24 minutes videos (共二十四分鐘，三段視頻）
 Video 1&2: WTE plant in operation with build-in community-center like public
serving facilities
 視頻 1&2: 運營中的垃圾焚燒發電廠及廠方提供囘餽並美化社區之免費設施
 Video-3: WTE plant during construction
 視頻-3: 建設中的垃圾焚燒發電廠
Power Point Slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片）
 Topic-1: Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV
 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值
 Topic-2: Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status
 主題-2: 垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論
 Topic - 3: General Introduction of MSW Management and Technology
 主題 - 3: 垃圾管理及垃圾焚燒發電技術概論
 Topic - 4: Reserved topic
 主題 - 4: 預留的主題
alternative energy directly in
US and Asia and Europe.
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Topic - 5: Business general,
marketing, development and
competitor analysis
主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論,市場,
商務開發，竟爭對手
Topic - 6: Cost and financials
主題 - 6: 各式成本及財務模式
Topic - 7: Acquisition, valuation, IRR, WACC,
etc.
主題 – 7: 項目及公司收購及訂定价格，
投資囘收報酬 ,資金成本
Topic - 8: Contracts and Service
Agreements
主題 – 8: 各式合約及主要内容
35 years working experience
in waste-to-energy, renewable
and alternative energy
directly in US and Asia and
Europe.
R&D,
General Management.
VP (global) and Asian
Country Managing Director
since 1994
Topic - 9: Business plan and
HR planning
主題 – 9: 商務計劃及定性定量人
事規劃
Topic - 10: Bid proposal and
associated costs
主題 – 10: 各式投標書及相關支出
花費
Topic - 11: Financing and loan
agreements
主題 – 11: 貸款及融資合約
Topic - 12: Project risks and
management
主題 – 12: 項目風險及風險控管

Topic - 13: Plant Design
主題 - 13: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計
Topic - 14: Plant Construction
主題 - 14: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠
Topic - 15: Performance Test
主題 - 15: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之全廠功能測試
Topic-16: Plant Operation and Management
主題- 16: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理
Topic - 17: Plant Maintenance and Repair
主題 - 17: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修與保養
Topic - 18: Operational Report and Analysis
主題 - 18: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之運營報告及分析
Topic - 19: Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and Revision
主題 - 19: 預算，預測及調整
Topic - 20: Environmental Compliance and Monitoring
主題 - 20: 環保合規及監測
R&D,
General Management.
Topic - 21: Plant Operational Audit and
Tools
主題 - 21: 操作運營之審計及工具
Topic - 22: Waste Receiving, Handling,
Storage and Feeding
主題 - 22: 垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進
料論述
Topic - 23: Crane and Pit Management
主題 - 23: 垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理
Topic - 24: Stoker and Furnace Technology
主題 - 24: 爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介
Topic - 25: Boiler
主題 - 25: 鍋爐
Topic - 26: Cooling Tower
主題 - 26: 冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹
Topic - 27: Boiler Feed Water Treatment
主題 - 27: 锅炉用水知识介紹

Topic - 28: Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and
Chemical Dosage
主題 - 28: 煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化
器与化学藥品剂量知识介紹
Topic - 29: Baghouse Filter and Particulate
Removal
主題 - 29: 布袋除尘器与织物知识介紹
Topic - 30: SNCR deNOx System
主題 - 30: 煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识
Topic - 31: Steam Turbine
主題 - 31: 蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹
Topic - 32: Electricity Generator
主題 - 32: 发电机设备及技術知识介紹
Topic - 33: Electricity Distribution System
主題 - 33: 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识
介紹
R&D,
General Management.
Topic - 34 : Health and Safety
主題 - 34 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全，
翳療與衛生概論
Topic - 35 : Introduction of
Thermodynamics and
Fluid Mechanics
主題 - 35 : 热力学及流體力学知识介
绍
Topic - 36 : Basics of Combustion and
Control
主題 - 36 : 燃烧原理與控制
Topic - 37 : MSW Combustion and
Control
主題 - 37 : 生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控
制

Introduction of
(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)
Part –B: Cost & Financial
約40多張的 Excel計算表格和30多
張的幻燈片
40 plus spreadsheets and 30 plus
slides
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part B: WTE Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and BOT/BOO Financial Modeling Knowledge
Training Workshop – 8 hours course - (P: 1/2)
Part B: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬 - 之财務模式培訓講座
(舒成光主講)
可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間 – (P: 1/2 頁)
Part B: Workshop Topics （培訓主題）
Introduction (財務模式簡介）
General Notes （特殊注意事項）
The Structure of the Model （財務模式之结構）
The Input Module (Worksheet) - （電腦程式 – 輸入部份）
The Sensitivity Module (Worksheet) - （结果與敏感度分析）
The O&M Cost and Financial Output Model （操作運營成本及財務輸出结果）
The Operation Module (Worksheet) - （工廠操作運營模擬電腦程式）
The Module for the Project Cost and various BOT Investment Financial Returns （財務模式之電腦
程式本体）
Key Algorithms and Assumptions （主要數學邏輯及假設）
Relevant Tax Rules Applicable to China’s WTE Projects （相關的税務處理）
The Difference in Tax Treatment between the WTE Investor/Owner vs. the Plant Operator （投資方
与操作運營方 -税務處理之差異）
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part B: WTE Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and BOT/BOO Financial Modeling
Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course - (P : 2/2)
Part B: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬 - 之财務模
式培訓講座 - (舒成光主講)
可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間 – (P: 2/2 頁)
35 years working experience in waste-
to-energy, renewable and alternative
energy directly in US and Asia and
Europe.
Operation and Corporation General
Management.
(global) and Asian Country Managing
Director since 1994
Part B Training:
Model demonstration and on-
site practicing the use of the
computer Excel program for
cost and financial modeling
and analysis （Requires
approximately 4 hours)
敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練
（約四小时）
Left hand block is a sample of
the Cash Flow Diagram Logic
used in the Excel model （左
圖為電腦程式中所用的現金
流量圖）
Pay Tipping Fee
Pay Power Sale Revenue
Pay
Pay Split %
Pay
Pay Split %
Split %
Pay
Split % Pay Split %
Pay
Pay Split %
Split %
Pay
Pay Split %
Split %
Pay Pay
Split %
Pay Receive
Receive Pay
Pay
Pay
Keep
Pay
Keep
October 09, 2012 Updated (A. Shu)
Municipal
Sanitation
Bureau Power Bureau
WTE Project Investor
and Owner
WTE Plant
Operator
Bank Loan P & I
Pay Tipping Fee
Pay O&M Fee
Chemicals and
Consumables
General and
Administration
Receive VAT
Refund
Business Tax
Income Tax
Wages and
Benefits
General and
Administration
Pay Owed VAT
Receive VAT
Refund
Pay (or
exempted)
Business Tax
Income Tax
Profit
Project Cash Flow Diagram
Chemicals and
Consumables
Maintenance ,
Repairs and
Major Overhaul
Treat Secondary
Wastes at Cost
Maintenance,
Repair and Major
Overhaul
Treat Secondary
Wastes at Cost
Wages and
Benefits
Pay Owed VAT
Profit

Introduction of
(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)
Part –C: Operation
約30 多張的Excel計算表格和20
多張的幻燈片
30 plus Excel Spreadsheets and
20 plus Power Point Slides
General Management.

Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P: 2/3)
Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course
Part C: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營管理系統 - 之相關知識培訓講座 – (P: 2/3 頁)
- (舒成光主講)
可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間
R&D,
General Management.
50.00 100.00
1.00 C = 14.58 S = 0.22 C =
500 3 30.00 H = 2.22 Cl = 0.44 H =
1,700 24 0.50 O = 11.12 H20 = 55.62 O =
40 384 2.50 N = 4.45 Ash = 11.33 N =
Year: 2012 Month July Date: (C - in) divided by (C - out) in wt. % = 100 C = 13.11 N = 4.00 H2O = 50.00
No. 101 H = 2.00 S = 0.20 Ash = 10.18
1 600 92 O = 10.00 Cl = 0.40 Total % 89.89
2 130 104
3 470
4 1,000
5 Furnace average temperature 1000 1,061 0.15
6 65.0 1,504 0.76
7 4.0 103.37
8 Total steam flow (mt / hr) 38.0 100.65 0.14 ~ 0.16
9 1.94 99.01 0.10 ~ 0.14
10 0.72 ~ 0.94
11 0.12
12 Ton-fly-ash / ton of MSW incinerated 0.01
13 3.00 5.08
14 4.58
15 30.0
16 40.0 329
17 45.0 20
18 O2 % at boiler exit (specify clearly wet basis) 6.5 263
19 87,000 23
20 Wet 139
21 7.50 66
22 7.00 258
23 24.00 206
24 In-plant steam consumption (ton) / ton-MSW- as incinerated 0.50
25 3.50 213.70
25 10.00 9.23
26 50.00 61.54
27 302 7.05
28 248 20.88
29 100 3.64
30 0.00 (mt / mo)
31 0.00 1,116.87
32 0.00 2,310.97
33 0.00 4,170.87
34 0.00
35 90
Dry Flue
Gas PPM PPM
36 SO2 88.4 67.2
37 HCl 107.7 81.8
38 NOx 267.7 203.4
39
Wet Flue Gas
SO2
HCl
NOx
Reported Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line
Reported Carbon consumption - mt / mo / /boiler line
Reported Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line
KPIs (Either total amount, weekkly or hourly average)
Min. tonnage
Unburnt carbon % in wet-bottom ash (average if multiple data)
Steam flucturation %
Ton-bottom-ash / ton of MSW incinerated
Reported Superficial Availability (% of Time)
Reported Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line
Calculated Acidic Gases PPMV in Flue Gas
(H - in) divided by (H - out) in wt. % =
(O - in) divided (O - out) in wt. % =
(N - in) divided by (N - out) in wt. % =
Key formula used for
estimation of power and
O / Carbon Ratio (World) =
As-incinearted MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =
Check Air - to - Fuel Ratio based on MSW-as-Incinerated
O2%
Reported boiler monthly availability (%) =
Carbon consumption - mt/ / mo / boiler line
Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =
Aux. fuel consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =
Reported lime consumption quantity - mt / mo / boiler line
Check - power generation & Leachate removal rate (%)
Gross Power (kw-hr / ton-
MSW-Incinerated) = - 272.4 +
0.4 * (Kcal / kg LHV MSW-as-
Parasitic load (%) = 35 - 0.01 *
(LHV as-Incinerated)
Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated
Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated
Calculated parasitic load (%) =
Calculated combustion air (with specified excess air) /
MSW-as-Incinerated (mt / mt) =Actual plant reported combustion air + Estimated leak-
in air / MSW-as-Incinerated (mt / mt) =
CO2
H2O
Scrubber make-up water (ton) /ton MSW as-incinerated
Max. tonnage
Flue gas flow (NM3 / hr) - specify clearly wet basis
Flue gas composition (CEMs at stack), specify wet basis
Reported net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated
Reported gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated
Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =
Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =
Bottom Ash Extractor Make Up Water (Kg/Hr)
Initial guess H2O % in wet as-received MSW =
Initial guess of N2 in wet MSW (%) =
Wet Fly Ash (Including excess lime,
scrubber reaction products, chelate and
Wet bottom ash to be disposed off (mt / mo)
Leachate removed (mt / mo) =
Initial guess of leak-in & cooling air (wt. %) =
Reserved
Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated (liters); approx. 1,000 L/week
1-air flow (NM3 / hr) - avg; (or ton / hr)
Superheated steam (mt/hr/line)
at 40 Bar & 4000
C
2-air flow (NM3 / hr) - avg; (or ton / hr)
Steam / ton of MSW as-incinerated; (or ton / hr)
MCR HV (Kcal/kg - as
incinerated)
No. of Boiler Lines
Initial guess of H2 in organic raw MSW (ton / hr) =
Initial guess O2 in organic raw MSW (ton / hr) =
T / G Capacity (Mw) ; entire
plant
Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated
Boiler Line # 1: Monthly Averaged Operational Data (Plant Reported)
07/01 ~ 07/31
Gross Power designed at 8
MW T/G Capacity per 500 mt /
Average tonnage
O / C ratio =
H / C Ratios (in Asia) =
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Furnace Excess Air (wt. %) =
MSW Elemental Composition After NORMALIZATION - Imported from Sheets '1st
Yr MSW Received' and Sheet ' 1st Yr MSW Incinerated'
As -Received Total (%) = As - Incinerated Total (%) =
Calculation Results - Import from sheet '1st Yr
Trial Balance'
Back Calculated Elemental Ratios -
NORMALIZED MSW As-received:
H / C ratio =
Typical Ratios Reference:
H / C Ratios (western world) =
Block-1 Balance %
Block-2 Balance %
Block-3 Balance %
Initial Guess
Summary of Elemental Balance
Input the Following Key Parameters - Note: all INPUTs are
Plant Description: XXX Plant; 3 x 500 Mt/day + 2 x 12 Mw T/G
Design Data:MSW Incineration/Line at MCR
condition (Mt/Day/Line)
Re-constructed raw MSW elemental analysis (wt.%); use
calculated Elements - In Data; Before Normalization
Imported from sheet ' Elemental Balance'
As-received MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =
MSW Received at gate (weighing bridge data) - Ton / Day
Leachate Removed
MSW - as - incinerated (Grapple data); ton / day
Total
Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS based on
the reported CEMs Data
Component
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - BEFORE
scrubber - based on the ME Balance Calculation
Component
CO2
Calculated leachate removal rate (%) =
Calculated leachate removal tonnage (mt/day) =
Calculated in-plant power usage (kh-hr / mt-MSW-inc.) =
Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received
Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received
Lime as Ca(OH2) consumption - mt /
month / boiler line =
Calculated Major Chemicals and Consumables's
Monthly Requirement (Mt / MO) - per boiler line
Leachate removal Rate (%) =
55 % - 0.03 * (LHV of MSW-as-
Received)
MSW LHV / HHV are
Calculated based on
reconstructed Elemental
Balance
Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS - AFTER
Component
Scrubber Acidic Gases Removal Efficiency
SO2 (%) =Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - AFTER
O2
N2
H2O
SO2
HCl
Total
Calculated Secondary Wastes
Generated per Month - per boiler line
O2
N2
H2O
SO2
HCl
Total
CO2
O2
N2
Component
CO2
H2O
SO2
HCl
Total

Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P: 1/3)
- (舒成光主講)
Part C: Workshop Topics （培訓主題）
 Production (waste processed and steam/power produced) – 生産報表
 Utilities (chemicals, consumables, purchased power and aux fuels) – 耗材報表及統计
 Superficial and Effective Availability – 表面及實際有效利用率
 Performance comparison (actual vs. planning; actual vs. design; variance and explanations) – 生產
效率比較
 Performance analysis – capacity utilization, efficiency, KPIs comparison, etc. -生產效率分析
 Revised forecast – 預算修訂
 Sampling and analysis (MSW, ashes, leachate, WW, flue gas, etc.) – 垃圾，灰，水之採樣与分析
 Measured and back-calculated MSW HHV/LHV (ASME method) – 測量与倒算獲得之垃圾熱值
 Summary of maintenance, repair, overhaul, improvement, etc. – 維修，保養，替換，翻修
 Accidents – report and analysis; lesson learned – 事故意外報告
 Major spare parts inventory list – consumed, replenish quantity and final inventory – 零件庫存
 Attached DCS data sheets – DCS 報表
 Visitors – 參訪記錄
 Government audits – 政府審计
 In-Company operational audit – 公司内查与審计
 Planning – semi-annual and annual outage maintenance - 每半年及年度停爐維修之凖備
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P : 3/3)
- (舒成光主講)
 Excel program – monthly report key-
in – 月報表電腦程式
 Excel program – MSW HHV/LHV
(boiler as calorie meter based on
plant operational data) -倒算獲得之
垃圾熱值電腦程式
 Excel program – evaluation and
analysis -效率分析評估電腦程式
 Excel program – mass and energy
balance – 质能平衡電腦程式
 Excel program – elemental balance
and plant data quality check – 操作運
營之元素平衡電腦程式
Marketing, Business
General Management.
Part C Training:
Model demonstration and on-site
practicing the use of the computer
Excel program for operational system
management (Requires
approximately 3 hours)
Part C: 敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練
（約三小时）
Left hand block is a list of Excel
programs used in the operational
management system
(左圖為操作運營管理系統中所用的
電腦程式）

Introduction of A Complete and Comprehensive
(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)
Part –D: Waste Characterization
20 多張的Excel計算表格
和20多張的幻燈片
20 plus Excel Spreadsheets and 20
plus Power Point Slides
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part D: WTE Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Blending Modeling – (P : 1/2)
Part D: 垃圾焚燒發電应用 - 垃圾物理，化學，熱值估算電腦程式 - 培訓講座
– (P: 1/2 頁) - (舒成光主講)
可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三小时上課時間
Part D: Workshop Topics （培訓主題）
 Correct Way of the Sampling and Analysis 取樣與分析
 Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis 個别物理性值與組份分析
 Chemical Properties and Elemental Analysis個别化學性值與元素分析
 HHV and LHV Calculations 高低熱值之計算
 Introduction to the Data Base 背景數據介紹
 Blended Waste Composition and Properties 混合垃圾物理化學性值及熱值計
算
Plus
 Model demonstration and on-site practicing the use of the computer Excel
program
 加上敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練（共約三小时）
Marketing, Business
General Management.

Part D: WTE Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Blending Modeling Knowledge
Training Workshop – (P : 2/2) – 3 hours course
R&D,
General Management.
Left hand block is a sample clip of
the Waste Blending Model in the
Excel model
左圖為電腦程式中部份截取）
Waste Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic
Normalization Un-normalized Normalized in MSW
Element(mt/hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)
C 58.72 58.71 2.58
H 7.06 7.06 0.31
O 22.15 22.15 0.97
N 0.01 0.01 0.00
S 0.03 0.03 0.00
Cl 0.04 0.04 0.00
Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00
H20 2.00 2.00 0.09
Ash 10.00 10.00 0.44
Total 100.01 100.00 4.39
H/C (%) 0.12 0.12
O/C (%) 0.38 0.38
(MJ/Kg) 26.06
(Kcal/kg) 6,233.46
(Btu/Lb) 11,212.66
(MJ/Kg) 24.58
(Kcal/kg) 5,879.96
(Btu/Lb) 10,576.79
LHV/HHV % 94.33
Wt. % in MSW 4.39
Calc. HHV
Calc. LHV
Part D: 垃圾焚燒發電应用
- 垃圾物理，化學，熱值
估算電腦程式 - 培訓講座
– (P: 2/2 頁) - (舒成光主講)
-可用中英混合或單語主講
– 共需三小时上課時間

End of the Simple
Introduction
結束簡單版的介紹
Technology, R&D,
General Management.

Begin of the Expanded
Introduction
開始完整版的介紹
Technology, R&D,
General Management.

Begin of
Part-A Introduction
Part-A
簡介開始

Introduction:
This is an encyclopedia-like WTE industry full knowledge training workshop including approximately 37 major topics (with each
major topic further containing approximately 10 sub topics) using approximately 2,000 colorful, graphical and pictorial Power
Point Slides (some are motion pictures) plus video pieces to facilitate the teaching. These topics will cover subjects of basic
knowledge, design, construction, operation, maintenance, market status, forecast, costs, financial analysis, equipment details,
contract and legal aspects, health and safety and many more.
During this part of the training, the author will go over approximately 2,000 colorful, graphical and pictorial power point slides
and a few videos explaining the following major topics (with each major topic further containing approximately 10 sub topics)
that are relevant to the waste to energy business, technology, market status and outlook, engineering, operation, agreements
and contractual affairs, bidding proposal, merger and acquisitions, and various government requirements in different
geographical regions.
The actual training workshop includes the following details:
Videos (視頻教學) – 24 minutes videos (共二十四分鐘，三段視頻）
Video 1&2: WTE plant in operation with build-in community-center like public service facilities
視頻 1&2: 運營中的垃圾焚燒發電廠及廠方提供囘餽並美化社區之免費設施
Video-3: WTE plant during construction
視頻-3: 建設中的垃圾焚燒發電廠

Introduction - continue
Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片）
Topic-1: Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and the HV
主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值
Topic-2: Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status
主題-2: 垃圾管理及全球, 亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論
Topic - 3: General Introduction of MSW Management and Technology
主題 - 3: 垃圾管理及垃圾焚燒發電技術概論
Topic - 4: Reserved topic for specific country or economic regions
主題 - 4: 預留的主題
Topic - 5: Business general, marketing, development and competitor analysis
主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論,市場, 商務開發, 竟爭對手
Topic - 6: Cost and financials;
主題 - 6: 各式成本及財務模式
Topic - 7: Acquisition, valuation, IRR, WACC, etc.
主題 – 7: 項目及公司收購及訂定价格, 投資囘收報酬 ,資金成本
Topic - 8: Contracts and Service Agreements;
主題 – 8: 各式合約及主要内容
Topic - 9: Business plan and HR planning;
主題 – 9: 商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃
Topic - 10: Bid proposal and associated costs
主題 – 10: 各式投標書及相關支出花費

Topic - 11: Financing and loan agreements
主題 – 11: 貸款及融資合約
Topic - 12: Project risks and management
主題 – 12: 項目風險及風險控管
Topic - 13: Plant Design
Topic - 14: Plant Construction
主題 - 14: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠
Topic - 15: Performance Test
主題 - 15: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之全廠功能測試
Topic-16: Plant Operation and Management
主題- 16: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理
Topic - 17: Plant Maintenance and Repair
主題 - 17: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修與保養
Topic - 18: Operational Report and Analysis
主題 - 18: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之運營報告及分析
Topic - 19: Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and Revision
主題 - 19: 預算,預測及調整
Topic - 20: Environmental Compliance and Monitoring
主題 - 20: 環保合規及監測

Topic - 21: Plant Operational Audit and Tools
主題 - 21: 操作運營之審計及工具
Topic - 22: Waste Receiving, Handling, Storage and Feeding
主題 - 22: 垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進料系統論述
Topic - 23: Crane and Pit Management
主題 - 23: 垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理
Topic - 24: Stoker and Furnace Technology
主題 - 24: 爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介
Topic - 25: Boiler
主題 - 25: 鍋爐
Topic - 26: Cooling Tower
主題 - 26: 冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹
Topic - 27: Boiler Feed Water Treatment
主題 - 27: 锅炉用水知识介紹
Topic - 28: Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and Chemical Dosage
主題 - 28: 煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化器与化学藥品剂量的知识介紹
Topic - 29: Baghouse Filter and Particulate Removal
主題 - 29: 布袋除尘器与布袋织物知识介紹
Topic - 30: NCR deNOx System
主題 - 30: 煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识

Topic - 31: Steam Turbine
主題 - 31: 蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹
Topic - 32: Electricity Generator
主題 - 32: 发电机设备及技術知识介紹
Topic - 33: Electricity Distribution System
主題 - 33: 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识介紹
Topic - 34: Health and Safety
主題 - 34 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全,翳療與衛生概論
Topic - 35: Introduction of Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
主題 - 35 : 热力学及流體力学知识介绍
Topic - 36: Basics of Combustion and Control
主題 - 36 : 燃烧原理與控制
Topic - 37: MSW Combustion and Control
主題 - 37 : 生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控制

These topics are grouped into the following 6 parts based on the purpose and nature of relevance of the topic content
Part-1: Introduction of WTE and basic knowledge, (topics: 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), approximately 3 hours
第一部: 垃圾焚燒發電之基礎知識介紹 (含主題 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), 約 3 小時
Part-2: Business and financials (topics: 5 ~ 12, approximately 3 hours)
第二部: 商務及財務 (含主題 5 ~ 12) , 約 3 小時
Part-3: Technical and operation (topics : 13 ~ 21, approximately 3 hours)
第三部: 技術及操作與運營 (含主題 13 ~ 21) , 約 3 小時
Part-4: Major equipment/system (topics: 22 ~ 25, approximately 3 hours)
第四部: 主要設備及系統 (含主題 22 ~ 25) , 約 3 小時
Part-5: Health and safety (topic: 34, approximately 2 hours)
第五部: 安全與衛生 (含主題 34) , 約 2 小時
Part-6: Other equipment (topics: 26 ~ 33, 35, approximately 3 hours)
第六部: 其它設備與系統 (含主題 26 – 33, 35) , 約 3 小時
It will take approximately three full days at 7 to 8 hours a day to complete this part of the training if the audiences
already have some basic knowledge of WTE. If the audiences are somewhat new to this industry, it may take an entire
full week at 7 to 8 hours a day to complete this part of training.

Part-A:
The Overall Waste-to-Energy Knowledge -
Selected Sample Training Slides
Part-A:
垃圾焚燒發電全面整體知識介紹
代表性的幻燈片範例

Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片
範例
Topic-1:
Understand the Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) and HV

Topic-1 : Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV
Sub-topics 子題
• MSW characterization
• 垃圾組成及特性
• HV and its impacts
• 熱值及其影響
• HV calculation methods
• 熱值計算方法
• Waste blending model
• 垃圾混合模式
• HV growth rate estimation
• 熱值成長估算
• Boiler as HV measurement device
• 鍋爐倒測熱值
• Acceptable waste
• 可接受之垃圾

Topic-1 : Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV
垃圾特性
物理分类数据
(Physical Composition)
组分分析
(Proximate Analysis)
元素分析
(Elemental Analysis)

37
 開發中国家生活垃圾焚烧发电项目的运作模式表明，项目收入的 55 % - 80 % 来
自于电量的销售。（这与西方国家的模式大相径庭。在西方国家，项目收入的 55
% - 80%来自于有担保的垃圾补贴费。）因此，正确估算最初的低位热值及其增长
率是保证生活垃圾焚烧发电项目成功的关键因素。
 It is important to understand the waste and the impact of the HV as 55% to
80% of project revenue come from the power sale for WTE projects in
developing countries. This is almost reverse of the western business
model which 55% to 80% of the project revenue come from the guaranteed
tipping fee.
The Importance of HV
认识生活垃圾 HV 的重要性 (1/2)

38
The Importance of HV
认识生活垃圾 HV 的重要性 (2/2)
Project’s return is sensitively depending upon correct estimation of the following
熱值影響囘收報酬率
Initial waste heating value (LHV and HHV) – 初始熱值
The growth or decreasing (due to recycling) rate of the heating value - 熱值增長或
遞減率
Above estimation decides the plant MCR point (the size and capacity limitation of
the plant) and therefore the total cost to build the plant and operating income
熱值影響工廠大小之設計，因此影響建厰成本及賣電收入
In general and approximately: 熱值及其增長或遞減率影響一切
Every 100 Kcal/kg of the initial waste LHV changes 1 ~ 1.5% of Project IRR
Every 1% of LHV growth-rate variation can affect 1 to 1.5% of the Project IRR

Measurement and Estimation of MSW HHV (continue)
 For plant in operation – use boiler as the calories meter to back calculate HHV of
MSW as-incinerated (Note: this is different from MSW as –received)
 For projects still in development –
 First choice – burn MSW (10 to 60 kg per batch) in small size (pilot size)
incinerator using water (not steam) to absorb the heat and direct measure
the HHV (see slide 38 for the pilot scale incinerator schematic diagram)
 Second choice – physical sorting of truck and landfill samples plus
mathematical regression models – such as modified Dulong , etc.
 Third choice - let experienced WTE specialist to eye exam the waste and
make estimation based on the his/her experience
 Last choice – this is also the least accurate method – use the bench scale
oxygen bomb calories meter to burn 1 to 5 grams samples. Note: this
method is not really correct for the heterogeneous waste such as MSW. The
results can be off by +/- 30% or even more.

Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片例
Topic-2:
Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status
主題-2:
垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論

Topic-2 : Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status
主題 - 2: 垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論
Sub-topics 子題
• Worldwide practice and
statistics - 全球管理方法
與統計
• Asia practice and statistics
- 亞洲作法與統計
• China market 中國市場
• Market status 各地市場現
況
• Trend and future 趨勢與未
來
• Country-by-country project
list - 各國各地區項目清單

Worldwide Statistics – WTE Plants in Developed and Near Developed Countries/Regions
全球统计数据和重大行情 – 发达和接近发达国家的垃圾焚烧发电厂

Asia Summary – 亞洲統計摘要

Worldwide Statistics – WTE Plants in Asia (2005 Data)
全球统计数据和重大行情 – 亚洲垃圾焚烧发电厂 (2005数据)

China WTE Market
中囯垃圾焚燒發電市場介紹 – (1/4)
• Most populated (with 1.3 billion population) and the fourth largest
country (with 9.6 square kilometer of land) in the world
• 十三億人口，960 万平方公里土地
• More than 160 cities with populations greater than one million -
suitable for hosting WTE projects
• 有160個城市人口超過一百萬，适合興建垃圾焚燒發電項目
• GDP per capita – US$ 7,400 adjusted for purchasing power parity
and US$ 4,300 at the official exchange rate (2010 World Bank data)
• 按官方匯率人均 GDP 每人每年美金 4,300 元，按實際購買力調
整之人均 GDP 每人每年美金 7,400 元

China WTE Market
• Currently generates approx. 280 million metric-tonnes of MSW per year
of which 80 % (approx. 230 million metric tones) is generated in urban
areas with approximately 70% (160 million metric tones) are effectively
collected
• 目前全國每年產生約兩億八千万噸垃圾，其中約百分之八十（約兩
億三千万噸）是由都市區產生。其中約百分之七十（約一億六千万噸）
為有效收集之垃圾
• As of Dec 2009, there are approximately 70 WTE plants in China,
including stoker and CFB, are in operation capable of handling
approximately 56,500 mt/day of MSW.
• 至2009年為止，共有約七十座垃圾焚燒發電廠在操作運營中，日処理
量約56,500噸

China WTE Market
• Currently, there are approximately 80 WTE plants in China, including stoker and
CFB, are under construction or in the development stage. Once completed, these
plants will add additional 80,000 mt/day of MSW treatment capacity.
• 目前尚有約八十座圾焚燒發電廠項目正在興建中或在開發中, 建成后將加添
80,000 噸的日処理量
• National Plan: Ministry of Construction’s goal – increase MSW incineration from
current 1.65% (2005 estimate) to 30% by 2030, equivalent to 400 WTE plants
each rated at 1,000 mt/day
• 按建設部之規劃, 於2030年止，需有百分之三十的全囯垃圾是由圾焚燒發電
廠來処理。這相當於到時將有 400 座，每座日処理量 1,000 噸之焚燒發電廠
• Privatization: Moving toward private initiative with ownership and operation
• 目前的發展趨勢是走民營化，由民間去開發，經營，管理

China WTE Market
• Favorable Policy: With policies favorable to WTE
• 囯家利多政策含
– VAT refund 增值税退税
– Guaranteed subsidized price for purchase of electricity 購電補
貼价
• Market : The largest WTE market (meaning new tonnage
to be added) in the world for the next 10 ~ 20 years in
terms of treated tonnage
• 往后十年囯際上最大的市場（僅指新添加的噸數或厰
數而言）

Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片範例
Topic - 3:
Introduction of MSW Management
Technology, Application and Practice
主題 - 3:
垃圾管理技術概論

Topic – 3 : Introduction of MSW Management Technology, Application and Practice
主題 – 3 : 垃圾管理技術概論
Sub-topics 子題
• Waste management system 垃圾
管理系統
• WTE technology 垃圾焚燒發電
• Landfill 填埋
• Recycling and reuse 囘收再利用
• WTE benefits 焚燒發電的優點
• Fluidized bed technology 流化床
技術
• Gasification 垃圾氣化技術
• Pyrolysis 垃圾液化技術
• Rotary kiln 旋轉窯技術
• Fly ash management 灰処理
• Bottom ash management 渣処
理
Typical Mass Burn WTE Plant
典型爐排式垃圾焚燒發電廠

51
Typical MSW Management System - 典型的垃圾处理系统
产生垃圾
(MSW
Generation)
储存垃圾 (MSW
Storage)
收集 (collection)
处理场
(Treatment
Facilities)
资源分类
(sorting and
Separation)
中转站 (transfer
Station)
循环利用
(Recycling and
Reuse)
材料回收设备
(Material
Recovery)
堆肥处理
(Composting)
垃圾焚烧
WTE
填埋
(Landfill)
再利用
(Reuse)
再利用
(Reuse)
MSW Management System and WTE Application
城市生活垃圾管理与垃圾发电

One Ton
of MSW
200 - 400 kWhrs of Power
20 kgs of Recycled Metal
Ash: 10% of Original
Volume
Climate Change One ton of trash reduces one ton of CO2 eq.
Energy Security Renewable energy available locally
Creates Jobs Typical facility creates 700 ~ 1,000 construction
(2 + years) and 80 ~ 100 permanent jobs
WTE Meeting Three critical Global Challenges
垃圾焚燒發電解決目前全球三大挑戰議題- 氣候變遷，能源安全及創造就業

CO2 Reduction (WTE)
二二氧化碳减排 (垃圾焚烧发电)
 Avoids one ton of CO2 equivalent for
each ton of waste processed through
WTE technology.
 适用焚烧技术每处理1吨生活垃圾相当于
减少1吨二氧化碳排放.
CO2 from the
combustion of biomass
not counted as an
emission
CO2 from the
combustion of plastics
counted as an emission

1 Ton MSW
1吨生活垃圾
1 Barrel Oil
1桶石油
WTE
Conventional
Boiler
Produce same amount
steam/electricity
产生等量蒸汽/电力
1/4 ton Coal
1/4 吨煤
Coal Fired Boiler
1/2 ton Wood
1/2 吨木材
Direct Fired Boiler
400 m3 Landfill Gas
400立方米填埋气
ICE/Burner
20 Gallon
Bio-Ethanol
20加仑生物柴油
ICE/Burner
WTE Additional Benefits
技术摘要 - 垃圾发电其他的好处

WTE Technology - 垃圾焚燒發電技術
• Mass Burn Stoker WTE Technology is the most
commonly used technology for treating MSW
while generating energy
• 爐排式垃圾焚燒發電為目前最爲廣泛使用之技術
• Well proven technology with 100 plus years
history started in Germany
• 有德囯首先開發，已有超過一百年的應用歷史
• Today there are more than 600 mass burn plants
operating worldwide, burning more than 130
million tonnes a year of MSW and recovered more
than 84,500,000 Mw-hr of electricity (equivalent
to 20,000,000 household electricity needs) – [as of
2003]，
• 截至 2003 年為止，已有 600 多座中大型垃圾焚
燒發電廠在運營中，年処理超過一億三千多万噸
垃圾，發八百四十五億度電，供兩千万戶家庭使
用
美
美國弗罗里达州焚化厰
歐洲設計概念厰

Typical WTE Plant Flow Chart

Modern WTE Facility Meet all Emission Standards
現代化垃圾焚燒發電廠可全面控制環保排放
• NOx − controlled by urea or ammonia
injection 用氨水中和 NOx
• Dioxin and heavy metals − removed by
activated carbon injection
• 用活性炭吸附二噁英及重金屬
• HCl and SOx − removed by lime injection
用石灰水中和 HCl and SOx
• Air born particulates − removed by bag
filter 用布袋除塵器去除粉塵
• Zero water discharge − through
complete in-plant recycle and reuse of
the wastewater 全面囘收再利用廢水
• Fly ash − solidified and chemically fixed
• 飛灰固化安定化
• Bottom ash − recycled and reused
• 底灰囘收再利用
3/30/2015
ACS Technologies - WTE Specialist - Abe Shu (舒成光編
寫及主講)
57
台北八里厰位於太平洋邊
德國萊茵河畔焚化厰

Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片
範例
Topic - 5: Business general, marketing
and development
主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論市
場開發

Topic – 5 : Business general, marketing and development
主題 – 5 : 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論及市場開發
Sub-topics 子題
• Business scope and topics
• 商務範圍及涵蓋子題
• Life cycle events
• 生命周期業務事項
• Life cycle cost concept
• 生命周期縂成本概念
• Research reports
• 各式研究報告
• Market competitors
• 市場競爭

Plant
Transfer
Marketing
Business
Develop-
ment
Long Term Operation
Implemen-
tation
(EPC)
LevelofEffort
Yr (-1) Yr -0 Yr -1 Yr -4 Yr -29
Introduction of Project Life Cycle Events
市
場
開
發
商
務
開
發
項
目
設
計
建
厰
測
試
完
成
•
長
期
操
作
運
營
移交

Market Study Reports
• Ecoprog GmbH - “The Worldwide Market for Waste
Incineration Plants”, covers approximately 40 countries’ WTE
industry and plants. Approximately 400 pages, renew
annually, cost US$ 4,000 to get subscription.
• “Market Study Municipal Waste Management in China”, also
by Ecoprog GmbH, renew annually. Approximately 200 pages
covering all projects’ background, cost and status, etc.
• In addition, major banks such as ADB, Morgan Stanley, HSBC,
etc. all have their own research report regarding WTE
industry in China.

An Example of Price Evaluation Formula for WTE O&M Contract
with Partial Capacity for Merchant Use (生命周期縂成本概念)

Topic – 6 :
Cost and Financials
主題 6 :
各式成本及財務模式

Topic – 6 : Cost and Financials
主題 6 : 各式成本及財務模式
Sub-topics 子題
• Rule of thumb 粗估模式
• Unified model concept
• 統一整合全模式概念
• EPC cost model 建厰成本模式
• O & M cost model
• 操作運營成本模式
• Project total cost model
• 項目縂成本模式
• Financial model 財務模式
• Financial model structure
• 財務模式架構

Level – A 粗算 Level – B 中等 Level – C 精算
Technical Model
-M&E Balance
技術計算模式
• Preliminary
Marketing use
• Business
Development use
• Technical Sales use
• Design and Project
Implementation use
Cost Model
− EPC Model
− O&M Model
− Total Project Model
• ± 50% accuracy
• Preliminary
Marketing use
• Need 50% margin
• ± 25% accuracy
• Manager use
• Need 25% margin
• ± 5% accuracy
• Cost Engineer use
• Need 5% margin
• Down to accounting
details
Financial Model
財務計算模式
• Preliminary
Marketing use
• Business
Development use
• Financial
Analyst/Asset
Management use
• Financial Manager
use
• Financial Analyst use
Unified Model (for
companies with roles
as Developer +
Investor + EPC +
Operator + Consultant)
統一整合全模式
• Preliminary
Marketing use
• Business
Development use
• Consulting Service
use
• Business Operation
use
• Consulting Service
use
3/30/2015
寫及主講)
65
Level A, B,C of Technical, Cost and Financial Models
成本計算模式

Rules of Thumb – Construction and O&M Cost

XXX WTE plant - real case based on one boiler line at 288 mt/day (12 mt/hr)
Steam per boiler Steam/MSW ratio Steam/Mw ratio Steam per plant Gross Power Net Power
MSW LHV (mt/hr) (mt/mt) (mt-steam/Mw Gross) (mt/hr) Kw-hr/mt-MSW-as-Incinerated
1300 kcal/kg 21.10 1.76 6.29 63.30 279.4 219.3
1400 kcal/kg 22.97 1.91 6.21 68.91 308.3 242.8
1500 kcal/kg 24.70 2.06 6.14 74.10 335.2 264.8
1600 kcal/kg 26.50 2.21 6.07 79.50 363.7 288.2
1700 kcal/kg 28.10 2.34 6.02 84.30 389.1 309.2
1800 kcal/kg 30.10 2.51 5.97 90.30 420.4 335.2
1900 kcal/kg 31.90 2.66 5.93 95.70 448.5 358.7
2000 kcal/kg 33.70 2.81 5.87 101.10 478.2 383.7
Notes:
(1) Steam flow is calculated from Abe's M&E balance runs - agrees well with MHI design case
(2) Gross power is from the reading of MHI new plant's turbine curve
XXX new plant MCR (LHV = 1700 kcal/kg) varying boiler load% - with three boilers all on-line
Boiler thermal load Clean Boiler Fouled Boiler
% of MCR Steam (mt/hr) Steam (mt/hr)
70 58.80 56.70
100 84.00 81.00
110 92.40 89.10
Notes:
(1) MHI's design calculations
3/30/2015
寫及主講)
67
LHV vs. Steam Flow & Power

Level A, B,C of Technical, Cost and Financial Models
財務模式基本架構
Model also does the followings with build-in technical formula
Sensitivity analysis
Detail year-by-year maintenance, repair and MO cost
Others
Input
MSW Tonnage & HV
Interest Rate
EPC Cost
Drawdown Schedule
Financing Assumption
Assumed Tipping Fee
Power tariff
Tax and others
Calculates
O&M Cost
Power Output &
Revenue
IDC
Others
Generates
Income
Statement
Cash Flow
Balance Sheet
Others
Output
Return of
Investment
Others

Topic – 7 : Acquisition, valuation, IRR,
etc.
主題 – 7 : 項目及公司收購及訂定价
格，投資囘收報酬

Topic – 7 : Acquisition, valuation, IRR, etc.
主題 – 7 : 項目及公司收購及訂定价格，投資囘收報酬
Sub-topics 子題
• Due Diligence for Acquisition of
Operational Projects
• 項目收購尽职调查
• Due Diligence for Acquisition of
WTE business
• 公司收購尽职调查
• Valuation of project and assets
• 項目定价及資產定价
• IRRs -
• 各式内部投資囘收報酬率
• WACC –
• 公司加權平均的資金成本

Valuation of Project and Assets –
discounted cash flow method

• Example:
– Market value of debt （債務的市場价值）= US$ 300 million
– Market value of equity （淨資產的市場价值) = US$ 400 million
– Cost of debt = 8%
– Cost of equity = 18%
– Corporate tax = 35% (Interest payments are tax deductible)
• WACC of the company
• = 300/700 * 8%*(1-0.35) + 400/700*18%
• = 12.5%
• Note: Credit line is included in equity or debt depends on when
and how to use it
Definition of WACC (2/2)

• IRR = the interest rate that makes the net present value of all cash flow
equal to zero
• 按複利連續折舊現金流,使將來所有現金流縂和,減去起初投入之自有
資金等于零。該複利率即為 IRR.
• Modified IRR = assuming that all cash flows to be reinvested at the
investor’s/firms cost of capital
• 依將來再轉投資之資金成本,計算得來的内部投資囘收報酬率
• Dividend IRR = the discount rate at which the present value of cash
dividend payouts equal to the present value of equity investment
• 依分配得紅利, 計算得來的内部投資囘收報酬率
• IRR value needs to be higher than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital
内部投資囘收報酬率,需高於公司加權平均的資金成本
Definition of IRRs and Notes (1/2)
内部投資囘收報酬律

• Usually equity IRR is greater than
project IRR due to debt financing
• 通常自有資金 IRR 高於項目資金 IRR
• Project IRR needs to be higher than
interest rate of the debt. If not,
project will not work
• 項目資金 IRR需高於貸款資金之利息
• If no debt but all equity, than project
IRR equal to equity IRR
• 如果項目完全無貸款, 則自有資金 IRR
等於項目資金 IRR
Definition of IRRs and Notes (1/2)
内部投資囘收報酬律

Topic – 8 : Contracts and Service
Agreements
主題 – 8 : 各式合約及主要内容

Topic – 8 : Contracts and Service Agreements
主題 – 8 :各式合約及主要内容
• Preliminary Agreements 初期合約合同
– LOIs, MOUs and Term Sheets
– 各式框架協議
– Consortium Agreements
– 投標聯合体協議
– Confidentiality Agreements 保密協議
• Acquisition Agreements
• 收購相關的合約合同
– Subscription Agreements and Share Sale and
Purchase Agreements
– 增資認購及股權買賣協議
• Joint Venture Agreements
• 合資企業相關合同
• Project Agreements 項目相關合約合同
– Concession Agreements - (BOT, BOO), Waste
Disposal Agreements, Power Purchase Agreements
and Waste Discharge Agreements, etc. BOT，買賣
電及灰渣填埋合約等
Sub-topics 子題

Topic - 9:
Business plan and HR planning
主題 – 9:
商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃

Topic – 9 : Business plan and HR planning
主題 – 9 : 商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃
Sub-topics 子題
• Business plan 商務計劃
• Human resource planning
定性定量人事規劃
• Job description
• 職位需求及功能描述
• Performance review
• 工作評鍳

XXX WTE Co., Ltd
Business Plan - Table of Content
Preliminary Details 正式文件性質
Contact information 聯絡資訊
Document control 文件分發管制
Professional advisors 專業顧問群
Definitions 定義
Executive Summary 縂結摘要
Review of Current Business Operation
目前商務運作縂敍述
Basic corporate information 公司基本資料
History 公司歷史
Current business organization 公司組織
Core business 核心業務
Current business operations
目前公司運營狀況
Core competencies 核心竟爭力

XXX WTE Co., Ltd
Business Plan - Table of Content - continue
Overview of Projected Market and Business Environment 市
場及商業環境之現況及預測
The economy and national policy of China
中國經濟及囯家相關政策
Waste-to-energy market analysis 市場分析
Market player/competitor analysis 竟爭分析
XXX WTE Co. Ltd’s competitive advantages 公司
的竟爭優勢
Strategy and Plans 經營策略及執行計劃
Mission 使命
Vision 願景
Objectives 目標
Business strategy 商業策略
Business implementation plan 商業執行計劃

XXX WTE Co., Ltd
Financial Analysis 財務分析
Assumptions 各種假設
Financial projections 財務預測
Risk Analysis and Management 風險分析與控管
SWOT - Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats
優勢，弱點，機會與威脅分析
Limiting factors 發展的限制因素
Critical success factor 関健性的成功必要因素
Specific risks and their solutions
特殊風險及解決方法
Conclusion 結論

XXX WTE Co., Ltd
Annexes 附表
A. Projects in Focus, 2007-2012 五年内所関注的相目表列與說明
A-1 XXX WTE BOT Projects in Focus, 2007-2012
A-2 XXX EPC and Equipment Sales Projects in Focus, 2007-2012
B. Financial Assumptions 財務假設，分析與預測
B-1. Revenue and Cost Assumption of BOT Projects in Focus, 2007-2012
B-2. Revenue and Cost Assumption of EPC/Equipment Sales Projects in Focus, 2007-2012
B-3. Estimated Project Completion Schedule of EPC/Equipment
C. Projects in Focus, 2007 – 2012 五年内的資金需求
C. Equity and Cash Summary
C-1. XXX Projected Equity Investment Summary, 2007 – 2012
C-2. XXX Cash Summary for BOT Projects in Focus, 2007 – 2012
D. Financial Projections 五年内的各式財務報表預測
D-1 XXX Projected Profit and Loss Statement, 2007-2012
D-2 XXX Projected Balance Sheet, 2007-2012
D-3 XXX Projected Cash Flow, 2007-2012

Topic – 10 : Bid proposal and
associated costs
主題 – 10 :各式投標書及相關支
出花費

• Letter of Interest 投標意願及承諾書
• Prequalification proposal – legal status,
financial status, technical and plant
performance including environmental
aspects 資格標書
• Technical proposal 技術標書
• Commercial proposal – bid consortium,
technology license, guarantees, bid bond,
power of attorney to submit, certificate of
incorporation, notarization and
certification, etc. 商務標書
• Financial and price proposal 價格標書
• Cost to prepare a proposal 標書及投標成
本
Topic – 10 : Bid proposal and associated costs
主題 – 10 : 各式投標書及相關支出花費
Sub-topics 子題
投標

Topic - 11:
Financing and loan agreements
主題 – 11:
貸款及融資合約

• Financing sources
• 一般囯際常用之融資安排
• Key points of loan
agreement
• 貸款融資合約的主要内容
• Impact of financing terms
• 融資條件對項目的影響
• Major financing conditions
• 融資的先決條件
Topic – 11 : Financing and loan agreements
主題 – 11 : 貸款及融資合約
Sub-topics 子題

Sample of Information Memorandum
囯際貸款資訊備忘錄

Hypothetical Cases Comparison
( Importance of the Financing Term) – Next 3 Slides
Major Assumptions:
• 1,650 tons/calendar day; as received
• Tipping fee: 90 Rmb/ton- as received in 2010
• Power Tariff: 615 Rmb/Mw-Hr
Conclusion Summary:
• Total net cash flow for the first 10 years and average DSCR:
• 20 years financing – US$ 32.2 million; average DSCR = 1.50
• 15 years financing – US$ 22.7 million; average DSCR = 1.32
• 10 years financing – Negative; DSCR = average Negative

Assumptions: Total Debt (US$, MM) 67.57$
Tip Fee Bid (US$/Ton): 13.18 Total Equity (US$, MM) 29.28$
EPC Cost ($,MM): 75.88 Total Project Cost 96.86$
Average Availability: 85%
Rmb/US$ 6.83 Year 1 EBITDA (US$, MM) 10.20
Implied EBITDA Multiple 9.5x
US$, MM Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Revenue
Waste & Service Revenues 7.2$ 7.2$ 7.4$ 7.4$ 7.7$ 7.7$ 7.9$ 7.9$ 8.1$ 8.1$
Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7
CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -
Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8
Operating Expenses (5.9) (6.1) (6.5) (6.4) (7.7) (7.1) (7.9) (8.0) (7.5) (11.0)
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Net Income (USGAAP) 2.2$ 2.4$ 2.6$ 2.6$ 2.0$ 2.9$ 2.3$ 2.5$ 3.8$ 1.3$
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Interest (4.3) (4.1) (3.8) (3.6) (3.4) (3.2) (2.9) (2.7) (2.4) (2.2)
Taxes - - - (0.4) (0.3) (0.4) (0.8) (0.9) (1.3) (0.5)
Working Capital/Other (3.2) 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 (0.2) 0.5
Operating Cash Flow 2.7 7.2 7.3 7.4 6.7 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.2 5.5
Maintenance CapEx - - - - - - - - - -
Free Cash Flow Before Financing 2.7 7.2 7.3 7.4 6.7 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.2 5.5
Financing Activities (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) Total/Avg
Net Cash Flow (0.7)$ 3.8$ 4.0$ 4.1$ 3.3$ 4.2$ 3.7$ 3.9$ 3.9$ 2.1$ 32.2$ Positive
DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) 1.33 1.36 1.40 1.48 1.39 1.56 1.55 1.62 1.93 1.39 1.50 Positive
Hypothetical Case - 20 Years P & I Repayment

Revenue
Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7
CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -
Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Interest (4.3) (4.0) (3.8) (3.5) (3.2) (2.9) (2.6) (2.3) (2.0) (1.7)
Taxes - - - (0.4) (0.3) (0.5) (0.9) (1.0) (1.4) (0.6)
Net Cash Flow (1.8)$ 2.7$ 2.9$ 3.0$ 2.3$ 3.3$ 2.8$ 3.0$ 3.1$ 1.4$ 22.7$ Positive
DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.22 1.37 1.37 1.44 1.73 1.25 1.32 Positive

Revenue
Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7
CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -
Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$
Interest (4.4) (4.4) (4.3) (4.3) (4.2) (4.1) (4.1) (4.0) (3.9) (3.9)
Taxes - - - (0.3) (0.2) (0.3) (0.6) (0.6) (1.0) (0.1)
Net Cash Flow (4.1)$ 0.2$ 0.1$ 0.1$ (0.8)$ (0.1)$ (0.6)$ (0.5)$ (0.7)$ (2.5)$ (8.9)$ Negative
DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) (0.91) (0.91) (0.92) (0.94) (0.86) (0.94) (0.90) (0.91) (1.05) (0.73) (0.91) Negative

Topic – 12 : Project risks and
management
主題 – 12 :項目風險及風險控管

Topic – 12 : Project risks and Management
題 – 12 : 項目風險及風險控管 – (1/2)
– Heating value or calorific value of MSW 熱
值風險
– Delay in receiving licenses, permissions
and approvals
– 延期取得各式許可証之風險
– Delay in construction / costs overrun
– 延期完工或超支完工之風險
– Availability of services/infrastructure
– 基礎建設未完備之風險
– Waste availability
– 垃圾產生及有效供應量之風險
– Significant reduction of actual construction
cost
– 完工价低於投標价之風險
Sub-topics 子題

Topic – 12 : Project risks and Management
題 – 12 : 項目風險及風險控管 - (2/2)
– Client involvement in major
equipment selection 政府介入設備
選擇之風險
– Fluctuation of interest rate 利率變
動之風險
– Foreign exchange 匯率變動之風險
– Inflation 通貨膨漲之風險
– Force majeure 不可抗力之風險
– Default 違約之風險
– Change in law 法律變更之風險
Sub-topics 子題

Topic - 13:
Plant Design
主題 - 13:
垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計

Topic - 13: Plant Design – Proprietary Technology Related
 Obtain the waste composition data (prefer 5
years data) 垃圾組成
 Decide the treatment capacity (mt/day, MCR
HV and operational range - firing diagram)
決定最大設計點
 Combustion calculation 燃燒計算
 Stoker grate and furnace design 爐排與爐膛
設計
 Boiler design (heat transfer surfaces) 鍋爐設
計
 Mass and energy balance 質能平衡計算
 Equipment sizing 計算各設備尺寸大小
 Equipment specifications 設備功能規範
 Equipment procurement package 設備採購規
範
 Combustion control 燃燒自動控制系統
Sub-topics 子題 :
(有專業技術相關的設計工作）

Mass and Energy Balance Calculation – P 1/5
XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation
XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as received (before leachate removal)
Un-normalized Normalized
Wet MSW MSW (Before Leachate Removal) MSW Project Specific:
Element (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) MSW As-received (mt/day) = 580.00
C 20.53 20.53
H 2.84 2.84
O 14.53 14.53 LHV AS-Received = 1,581Kcal/kg
N 0.47 0.47
S 0.06 0.06 After Normalization
Cl 0.01 0.01 Organic = 38.44% = 222.97 mt/day
Fl 0.00 0.00 H20 = 55.21% = 320.19 mt/day
H20 55.20 55.21 Ash = 6.35% = 36.83 mt/day
Ash 6.35 6.35 Total = 100.00% = 580.00 mt/day
Total 99.99 100.00Reserved:
H/C (%) 0.14 0.14
O/C (%) 0.71 0.71
Calc. 8.43 (MJ/Kg)
HHV = 2,016.43 (Kcal/kg)
3,627.12 (Btu/Lb)
Calc. 6.61 (MJ/Kg)
LHV = 1,580.75 (Kcal/kg)
2,843.43 (Btu/Lb)
LHV/HHV 78.39 %
Note: Input cells are highlighted in blue. Data are plugged in from physical sorting results and simulated by the Consultant (Abraham Shu)

XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation
XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal)
Un-normalized Normalized
Wet MSW MSW (After Leachate Removal) MSW (Mt/Hr)
Element Un-normalized (Mt/Hr) Normalized Project specific:
C 20.12 22.55 MSW As-incinerated (mt/day) = 517.54
H 2.78 3.12 MSW As-incinerated (mt/hr) = 21.56
O 14.24 15.96
N
0.46 0.52 LHV AS-Incinerated = 1,790Kcal/kg
S 0.06 0.07
Cl 0.01 0.01 After Normalization
Fl 0.00 0.00 Organic = 42.22% = 218.51 mt/day
H20 45.21 50.66 H20 = 50.66% = 262.19 mt/day
Ash 6.35 7.12 Ash = 7.12% = 36.83 mt/day
Total 89.23 100.00 Total = 100.00% = 517.54 mt/day
H/C (%) 0.14 0.14
O/C (%) 0.71 0.71 Process Water balance
Calc. 9.26 (MJ/Kg) H2O from MSW = 262.19 mt/day
HHV = 2,214.58 (Kcal/kg) H20 from H2 Combustion = 145.84 mt/day
3,983.56 (Btu/Lb) H2O from Scrubber = 33.36 mt/day
Calc. 7.48 (MJ/Kg) Total Water in Flue = 441.39 mt/day
LHV = 1,789.87 (Kcal/kg) = 18.39 mt/hr
3,219.59 (Btu/Lb)
LHV/HHV 80.82 % Total Leachate Removed = 62.46 mt/day
Leachate removal (wt. %) of Raw MSW 10.00
Organic removed with leachate (wt. %) of dry organic 2.00
Organic in lechate (wt. %) 0.00
Note:
1. Blue means directly imported from sheet 'MSW as Received' plus further removal of free water and disolved organic as leachate

Stream No 1 2 3 4 5
Stream Description
Wet MSW (as
incinerated) Auxiliary Fuel In Primary Air 2nd Air + Leak in + Cooling Air Fur. Surface Heat Loss Mass Balance: Unit
Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) Mass-in = M1 + M2+M3+M4 (Mt/HR) 153.34
CO2 N/A Mass-out = M6 + M7 (Mt/HR) 153.34
O2 22.13 1,450,700 5.53 144,673 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00
N2 83.27 5,925,489 20.82 590,485 N/A Energy Balance: Unit
SO2 N/A Enthalpy-in = H1+ H2+H3+H4 (MMcal/HR) 56,078,084
HCl N/A Enthalphy-out = H5 + H6+H7 (MMcal/HR) 56,060,909
H2O 10.92 N/A (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.03
Ash 1.53 N/A
Dry Organics 9.10 N/A Scale-up/down factor 0.21564188 Basis (100 mt/hr)
Others N/A % of designed thermal limit 80.08
StreamTotal 21.56 47,755,678 0.020 211,060 105.40 7,376,189 26.35 735,158 N/A 279,335
Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) Heat loss equals to Mass Balance: Unit
Temp (C) 25 290.00 290 125.00 125 0.50 % of total Mass-in = M7 + M8 (Mt/HR) 206.19
Pres. (PSIA) heat input Mass-out = M10 + M11 (Mt/HR) 206.19
NM3
/HR 81,563.64 20,390.91 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00
ACFM N/A Energy Balance: Unit
Stream No 6 7 8 9 Enthalpy-in = H7+ H8 (MMcal/HR) 59,488,245
Stream Description Flue Gas to WHB BFW WHB Surface Heat LossEnthalphy-out = H9 + H10+H11 (MMcal/HR) 59,483,991
Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.01
CO2 (or Carbon) 0.24 1,887,107 17.00 7.07 275.01 4,675,855 N/A Boiler efficiency (HHV) % =
O2 13.33 7.62 244.77 3,262,417 N/A (H10)/(H1+H2+H3+H4) = 76.48
N2 104.20 68.04 265.30 27,643,173 N/A
SO2 0.03 0.01 0 N/A
HCl 0.00 0.00 0 N/A Mass Balance: Unit
H2O 17.00 17.27 1,050.16 17,853,937 54.40 5,984,000 N/A Mass-in = M11 + M12 (Mt/HR) 153.18
Ash 1.30 390,222 0.23 299.13 68,863 N/A Mass-out = M13 (Mt/HR) 153.18
Dry Organics 0.00 0 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00
Others 0.00 0 N/A Energy Balance: Unit
Stream Mass Total 1.55 2,277,329 151.79 100.00 N/A 53,504,245 54.40 5,984,000 N/A 535,042 Enthalpy-in = H11+ H12 (MMcal/HR) 16,060,878
Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) 5,469 Heat loss equals to Enthalphy-out = H13 (MMcal/HR) 16,058,583
Temp (C) 1000 1000 1000 1000 135 135 1.00 % of flue gas (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.01
Pres. (PSIA) 14.7 heat input Reserved
NM3
/HR 122,587 N/A
ACFM N/A
Stream No 10 11 12 13
Stream Description Steam to T/G Flue Gas to Scrubber Water to Scrubber Flue Gas to B/H
Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR)
CO2 17.00 7.07 42.94 730,128 17.00 6.97 37.72 641,331
O2 13.33 7.62 37.99 506,386 13.33 7.51 33.24 443,093
N2 104.20 68.04 41.24 4,297,228 104.20 67.09 36.08 3,759,566
SO2 0.03 0.01 0 0.03 0.01
HCl 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00
H2O 54.40 17.00 17.27 618.55 10,516,124 1.390 18.39 18.42 609.24 11,204,719
Ash 0.23 47.83 11,012 0.00 0.23 42.90 9,875
Dry Organics 0.00 0 0.00
Others 0.00 0 0.00
Stream Mass Total 54.40 42,888,070 151.79 100.00 N/A 16,060,878 1.39 0 153.18 100.00 N/A 16,058,583
Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) 5,469 5,546
Temp (C) 410 410 175 175 175 25 155
Pres. (PSIA) 661 14.7 14.7
NM3
/HR 122,587 124,318
ACFM
Tons Steam/Tons MSW Burn 2.52
Reserved
Total Combustion Air = 101,955
Stack Flue Gas = 124,318
Comb Air / Stack Gas = 82.01%
H20 in Feed / H20 Stack = 59.40%
XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation based on HHV
XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal) - Stream No. correspond to the numbers in the Process Flow Diagram (a)
Carbob/Ash to Extractor
Note: input cells are highlighted in green
Check on Balance - Furnace Block
Check on Balance - WHB Block
Check on Balance - Scrubber Block

Un-normalized Normalized Unburnt MSW Theoretical . Theoretical . Combustion Primary
Wet MSW MSW (After Leachate Removal) MSW Carbon & Ash Combusted Oxygen Air Air Air
Element (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)
C 22.55 22.55 1.13 21.42 57.13
H 3.12 3.12 3.12 24.96
O 15.96 15.96 15.96 0.00 127.90 102.32 25.58
N 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.00 481.16 384.93 96.23
S 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Cl 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
H20 50.66 50.66 50.66 0.00
Ash 7.12 7.12 6.05 1.07 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 7.18 92.82 82.15 391.18 609.06 487.25 121.81
H/C (%) 0.14 0.14 C in Ash (%) = 15.71
O/C (%) 0.71 0.71 Excess Air (%) = 55.70 For MSW
Calc. 9.26 (MJ/Kg) 1-Air/Air (%) = 80 Block 1 = 100.03 %
HHV = 2,214.58 (Kcal/kg) 2-Air/Air (%) = 20 Block 2 = 100.01 %
3,983.56 (Btu/Lb) Unburnt C (%) = 5.00 in Ash Block 3 = 100.01 %
Calc. 7.48 (MJ/Kg) Fly ash/ash (%) = 15.00
LHV = 1,789.87 (Kcal/kg)
3,219.59 (Btu/Lb) Excess Air (%) = 30.00 For Diesel
LHV/HHV 80.82 %
21.56 (mt/hr), or 517.54
Mt/hr Mt/year US$/Mt US$/yr
0.02 148.92 806 120,097
0.01 80.28 800 64,227
0.035 263.09 N/A N/A
0.053 394.63 288.00 113,653
0.298 2,221.23 N/A N/A
0.119 888.49 264.00 234,562
0.009 66.64 13,500.00 899,599
4,731.22 N/A N/A (100 % dry fly ash + 40% dry cement + 70 % water)
0.03 224.79 920.00 206,810 (1.4 kg of Urea solution at 50 % purity per mt-MSW as-incinerated)
Total Chemicals US$/Yr 1,638,948
42,888,070 Reserved 31.30 Turbine Curve 432.6
8,111,347 Reserved 10,454 Turbine Efficiency 484.8
5,984,000 Reserved 1,861
Regression with
Air Cooled
Condenser 355.6
28,792,723 Reserved 8,593 N/A 398.5
2,754 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
5.20 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
2.52 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
Notes
Note: (1) Green cells are input numbers (2) Yellow cells are imported from sheet 'Msw As-incinerated'
Basis for calculating Chemicals, consumables and power generation
MSW as-incinerated (mt/day as-incinerated)
Reserved
Steam Enthalpy from Boiler (Kcal/Hr)
Net Kw-hr / ton MSW
Received =
Net Kw-hr / ton MSW
Incinerated =
M&E Balance Check
(0.50 kg per mt-MSW as-incinerated)
35 % excess lime
(feed fly ash + excess Ca (OH)2 + CaSO4 + CaCl2)
Gross Kw-hr / ton MSW
Received =
Gross Kw-hr / ton MSW
Incinerated
Turbine Heat Rate (Kcal/Kw-Hr)
Tons Steam per Kw-Hr Gross
XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation based on HHV
XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal) - Chemicals, Consumables and Power Generation
2nd + Leak-in +
Cooling Air
Enthalty from Preheated Combustion Air
(Kcal/Hr)
Enthalpy from Preheated Boiler Feed
Water (Kcal/Hr)
Net Enthalpy for Power Conversion
(Kcal/Hr)
Total fly ash product including solidified water (mt/yr)
Urea (50% pure solution) - (kg/hr)
Fly ash (mt/hr) = feed fly ash + reaction
products =
Ca(OH2) actual at 90% purity w/excess
(mt/hr) =
Tons Steam per Tons MSW As-Incinerated
Steam Cycle and Power Generation Calculation
Turbine conversion Efficiency (%) =
Gross Power (kw-hr) =
In-Plant Power Usage (kw-hr) =
Net power Output for Sale (Kw-hr) =
Ca(OH2) theoretical and pure (mt/hr) =
Auxuliary fuel (diesel) (mt/hr) =
Activated carbon (mt/hr) =
Calcuting Chemicals and Consumables Based on
Cement for fly ash solidification (mt/hr) =
Chelate for Fly ash Fixation (mt/hr) =

Topic - 14:
Plant Construction
主題 - 14:
垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠

Topic – 14 : Plant Construction
主題 – 14 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠
– EPC concept
– 統包合約的概念
– Construction activities and
management
– 建厰工作及管理
– Scheduling 建厰進度表
– Budget management
– 建厰預算及成本控制
– Progressive reporting
– 建厰進度報告
Sub-topics 子題

EPC concept
統包合約的概念

(S) Complete WTE Knowledge and Tools for Management and Analysis - 全面知識及電腦工具介紹

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