3. 2. Typesof Philosophy
3. Traditional Philosophy
Naturalism
· It isconcernedwithnature andbelievesthatrealityandnature are identical andbeyond nature there isnoreality.
· For naturalist,nature iseverythingandnothingexistssuperiorthannature sotheyseparatesnature fromGod.Man is
regardedas a childof nature.
· Naturalistsalsobelieve thatall ouractivities,whetheritmaybe biological,psychological orsocial are initiatedbyour
instincts.
· Natualismstressesthe needtoreturnto the nature fromartificiality.
Idealism
· Idealismisthe oldestphilosophy.Itbelievesthatmanisthe combinationof spiritual andmaterial aspects,the spiritual
aspectis more real and important.
· Idealismregardsspiritandintellectare of supreme value thanphysical matter.Asperthe idealismindividual experience is
validthanthe material worldandman livesinthe worldof ideasratherthanfacts.
Pragmatism
· Pragmatismmeansthinkingof ordealingwithproblemsinapractical way ratherthan by usingtheoryorabstract
principles.
· Pragmatismisessentiallyahumanisticphilosophymaintianingthatmancreateshiswon valuesincourse of activity,that
realityisstill makingandawaitsitspartof completionfromthe future.
Realism
· Accordingto this,thingswe see andperceive are real andknowledgeacquiredthroughsensesistrue.
4. “Realismisthe reinforcementof ourcommonacceptance of thisworldas apearsto us”– Butter
4. Modern contemporaryphilosophy
Existentialism
It isthe youngestphilosophy,describedasmodern20 th centuryphilosophy.
Meaning:Thisphilosophystressesthe importantof humanexperience andsaysthateveryone isresponsible forthe results
of theirownaction.
Assumptions
· The centerof existence ismanratherthantruth,laws,principlesoressence.
· Man isnot alone inthe world.Man is a social being.
· Man cannot acceptthe ready-made conceptsof existence forceduponhim
· Man isfree agentcapable of shapinghisownlive andshapinghisowndestiny.
Man isnot complete:Manhas to meetthe challengesinthe changingsociety.
Progressivism
It isan Americanphilosophy.
Meaning
Progressivismisthe theoryof educationthatisconcernedwithlearningbydoingthatchildrenlearnbestwhenpursuing
theirowninterestandsatisfyingtheirneeds.
Behaviourism
Person’sbehavioristhe resultof environmentalconditioning.Manis a passive recipient,whoreactstoexternal stimuli,he
has no will ordecisionof hisownorthe capacity to take spontaneousaction.
Principles
· Individual’sactionare predeterminedbyhisheredityorimmediate surroundings.
· Man isnot separate fromhissurroundingenvironment.
· Human behavioriscontrolledbycreativity.
Educational applications
· Learningisgovernedbyman’sactionand reactionto variousmedia(oral,written,machine).
· Learningoccurs as a personal achievementthroughinteractionbetweenthe learnerandenvironment.
5. Humanism
Man isan end,nota means.
Principles
The humanistemphasisisonliterature.He hastoovercome the conflictsof hisowntime.
The role of Education
· Childrenmustbe taught to respectlanguage,asense of language perfection.
Childrenmustbe trainedinmodernliterarystandardsof academics
Experimentalism
It believesthatthingsare constantlychanging.Itisbasedonthe view thatrealityiswhatworksright now.Schools existto
discoverandexpandthe societywe live in.Studentsstudysocial experiencesandsolve problems
Man isa social beingandproduct of hisenvironment.Learningdependsonexperiment.
Eclecticism
It isthe processof pullingoutandputtingtogetherof the useful andessential aspectsof variousphilosophiesof education.
Meaning
· The fusionorsynthesisof differentphilosophiesof education.
· The processof puttingtogetherthe commonviewsof differentphilosophiesintocomprehensive whole.
Aimsof education
· The childshouldbecome efficientmemberof society.
· Promotionof goodhealth
· Skillful training.
· Developmentof moral character.
Conceptandmeaningof nursingeducation
“the unique functionof the nurse istoassistthe individual,sickorwell,inthe performance of those activitiescontributing
to healthorits recovery(orto peaceful death) thathe wouldperformunaidedif he hadthe necessarystrength,will or
knowledge.
The concept of nursingaccordingto Virginiahenderson1958
The essential componentsof professional nursingpractice accordingtoAmericannursesassociationinclude;care
cure andcoordination.
6. Nursingbasedonscientificprinciplesandanart ie,composedof skillsthatrequiresexpertisednessandproficiencyfortheir
execution.
Factors influencingthe philosophyof education
• BeliefsandvaluesregardingGod,man,life,health,diseases,nursing.
• The philosophical valuesandbeliefsof the institution.
• Environmentwhereeducationtakesplace.
• Studentlife activities.
• The culture and backgroundof the people.
•The goalsand objectivesof the healthcare system.
• The diseasespatternandhealthawarenessandfacilities.
• The available resourcesintermof man,money,
and material.
