Overview of the Sustainable Development Goals and how far it has come in Nigeria.

1. Department Of Pediatrics, Faculty Of Clinical Sciences, College Of
Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.
Tutorial Presentation On Sustainable
Development Goals.
Presentation by Abdulsamad Ibrahim
Moderated by;
Dr Jalo Ilya
Dr Aishatu M.
Dr Bashar Y.

2. Introduction.
• In an effort to ensure a better, safe future for next generations, the United
Nations enacted various development programmes for this goal to be achieved,
which includes the MDG(2000-2015) and now the SDG(2015-2030)
• The Sustainable Development Goals,SDGs, were developed as the future global
development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals which
ended in 2015.
• The SDGs, are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a
“blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”
• It is a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that
all people enjoy peace and prosperity, via global partnership(5 P’s of SDG).
• They were adopted by all United Nations Member States in September 2015, and
is intended to be achieved by 2030.
• The 17 SDGs with 169 of its targets are interrelated-which implies that action in
one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance
social, economic and environmental sustainability.

3. Introduction Contd.
• Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to
fast-track progress for those furthest behind first.
• That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-
changing ‘zeros’, including zero; poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination
against women and girls.
• Everyone is needed to reach these ambitious goals. The creativity, knowhow,
technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve
the SDGs.

4. Intro Contd.
• The SDGs can be broadly divided into 3 categories:
• First an extension of MDGs that includes first 7 SDGs
• Second group is inclusiveness (job, infrastructures, industrialization
& distribution).
• Third group is on sustainability and urbanization that covers last 7
goals.

5. What are the SDGoals?
1. NO POVERTY.
2. ZERO HUNGER.
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING.
4. QUALITY EDUCATION.
5. GENDER EQUALITY.
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION.
7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY.
8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH.
9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE.
10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES.
11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND
COMMUNITIES.
12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION.
13. CLIMATE ACTION.
14. LIFE BELOW WATER.
15. LIFE ON LAND.
16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS.
17. PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS.

7. GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
Did you know that:
• 736 million people still live in extreme poverty.
• Some 1.3 billion people live in multidimensional
poverty.
• Half of all people living in poverty are under 18.
• One person in every 10 is extremely poor.
• 80 percent of people living on less than
$1.90(N785.10) a day are in South Asia and sub-
Saharan Africa.

9. GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
• The major target of SDG-1 is “By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for
all people everywhere”, currently measured as people living on less than
$1.25 (N516.51) a day.
• Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges
facing humanity.
• Although the number of people living in extreme poverty dropped by more
than half between 1990 and 2015, too many are still struggling for the most
basic human needs.
• So far progress has been limited in regions like South-East Asia and Sub-
Saharan Africa accounting for 80% of those living in extreme poverty.
• The SDGs hold a bold commitment to end poverty in all forms and
dimensions by 2030.
• This involves targeting the most vulnerable, increasing basic resources and
services, and supporting communities affected by conflict and climate-
related disasters.

10. GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
Did you know:
• The number of undernourished people reached
821 million in 2017.
• In 2017 Asia accounted for nearly two thirds,
63%, of the world’s hungry.
• Nearly 151 million,22%,children under five, were
still stunted in 2017.
• More than 1 in 8 adults is obese.
• 1 in 3 women of reproductive age is anemic.

12. GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
• The major target of SDG-2 is “By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by
all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year
round”
• Although, The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in
the past two decades because of rapid economic growth and increased
agricultural productivity.
• Unfortunately, a large percentage of individuals still are in living in extreme
hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to development in many
countries.
• This is as a direct consequence of environmental degradation, climate change,
drought and biodiversity loss.
• Thus making sure all people especially children have sufficient and nutritious
food all year. Which involves promoting sustainable agricultural, supporting
small-scale farmers and equal access to land, finance, technology and markets.

13. GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
Did you know:
• At least 400 million people have no basic healthcare, and
40 percent lack social protection.
• Every 2 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies
prematurely from non-communicable diseases.
• By the end of 2017, 21.7 million people living with HIV
were receiving antiretroviral therapy. Yet more than 15
million people are still waiting for treatment.
• At least 1.6 billion people live in fragile settings where
crises, combined with weak national capacity to deliver
basic health services, present a challenge to global health.

15. GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELLBEING
• The major aim of SDG-3 is “ by 2030, the global maternal mortality ratio
will be reduced to less than 70 per 100,000 live births and an end to
preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age”.
• Universal health coverage will be integral to achieving SDG 3 as well as
ending poverty and reducing inequalities.
• Great progress has been made against several leading causes of death and
disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal
mortality rates have declined, the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved.
• Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda
reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two.
• It takes into account widening socioeconomic inequalities, rapid urbanization,
and the continuing burden of HIV with other infectious diseases, and emerging
challenges such as non-communicable diseases and antimicrobial resistance.

16. GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
Did you know:
• Still, 57 million primary-aged children remain out of
school, more than half of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
• About half of all out-of-school children of primary school
age live in conflict-affected areas.
• 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and
more than 60 percent of them are women.
• 6 out of 10 children and adolescents are not achieving a
minimum level of proficiency in reading and math.
• Enrollment in primary education in developing countries
has reached 91 percent.

18. GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
• The major target of SDG-4 is “By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys
complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary
education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”
• It also aims to provide equal access to affordable vocational training, to
eliminate gender and wealth disparities, and achieve universal access to a quality
higher education.
• Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of
universal primary education. The total enrolment rate in developing regions
reached 91% in 2015, and the general out of school children dropping by half.
• There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls
are in school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes.
• Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels of
poverty, armed conflicts and other emergencies.
• Disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four
times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households.
Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high.

19. GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY
Did you know:
• At least 1 in 3 women have experienced either physical or sexual violence at
some point in their life resulting in both short- and long-term consequences
for their physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health.
• Women earn only 77 cents (N318.70) for every dollar(N413.21) that men get
for the same work.
• Almost 750 million women and girls alive today were married before their
18th birthday.

21. GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY
• The major aim of SDG-5 is “End all forms of discrimination
against all women and girls everywhere, eliminate all
harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage,
female genital mutilation”
• It also aims to eliminate all forms of violence against all women and
girls in both public and private spheres.
• Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic
human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future.
• It’s proven that empowering women and girls helps economic growth
and development; as majority of the labor force is occupied by
women.
• Although there still exists large inequalities in some regions, with
women systematically denied the same work rights and privileges as
men.

22. GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
Did you know:
• 80% of wastewater goes into waterways without
adequate treatment.
• The world has lost 70% of its natural wetlands over
the last century.
• Water stress affects more than 2 billion people, with
this figure projected to increase.
• In 2015, 844 million people lacked even basic
drinking water.

24. GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
• The major target of SDG-6 is “By 2030, achieve universal and
equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all, and
to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation as well as
hygiene for all and end open defecation.”
• Water stress affects more than 40% of people, an alarming figure that is
projected to rise with increase in temperatures, drought and desertification,
which is leading to dwindling water and drinking supply affecting all.
• For this goal to be achieved, we are required to invest in adequate
infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, encourage hygiene as well as
protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems which is essential.
• Ensuring universal safe and affordable drinking water involves reaching
over 800 million people who are in extreme poverty and improving
accessibility and safety of services for over two billion.

25. GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
• SDG-7 aims “to ensure by 2030, universal access to affordable,
reliable and modern energy services and increase substantially
the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix”
• Energy still is the main contributor to climate change, it produces around
60% of greenhouse gases, with more than 40% of the world’s population,3
billion, rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking and other activities.
• As the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy,
and an economy reliant on fossil fuels will keep creating drastic changes to
our climate.
• Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity,
and expanding infrastructure as well as upgrading technology to provide
clean and more efficient energy in all countries.
• Doing so will encourage growth and help the environment which is vital if
we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030.

27. GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH.
• The major target of SDG-8 is “to promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment as
well as decent work for all”.
• 172 million people worldwide were without work in 2018-an unemployment
rate of 5%, with 61% of the world’s workforce in informal employment in
2016, and 700 million workers lived in extreme or moderate poverty in
2018.
• As the population keeps growing, challenges such as widening inequalities,
and not enough jobs to keep up with a growing labor force keep coming up.
• The SDGs promote sustained economic growth, higher levels of productivity
and technological innovation.
• Encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation are key to this, as they are
effective measures to eradicate forced labor, slavery and human trafficking
which may arise is this issue is not resolved.

29. GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION & INFRASTRUCTURE.
• With the goal to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation” in mind;
• This goal aims to promoting sustainable industries, and investing in
scientific research and innovation, which are all important ways to facilitate
sustainable development.
• With over half the world population now living in cities, mass transport and
renewable energy are becoming ever more important, as are the growth of
new industries and information and communication technologies.
• More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90%
are from the developing world. Bridging this digital divide is crucial to
ensure equal access to information and knowledge, as well as foster
innovation and entrepreneurship.
• Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of
economic growth and development.

31. GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES
• The major target of SDG-10 is “by 2030, to progressively achieve and
sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at
a rate higher than the national average”
• Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10% have up to 40% of global
income whereas the poorest 10% earn only between 2 to 7 %.
• These widening disparities require sound policies to empower lower income
earners, and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex, race or
ethnicity.
• Income inequality requires global solutions. This involves improving the
regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions
• Encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to regions
where the need is greatest.
• Thus facilitating the safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging
the widening divide.

33. GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND
COMMUNITIES.
• The major target of SDG-11 being “By 2030, ensure access for all to
adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and
upgrade slums.”
• Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities,
safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies.
• More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, 2-third of all humanity-6.5 billion
people, will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without
significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.
• The rapid growth of cities as a result of rising populations and increasing
migration has led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing
world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.
• Investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving
urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways, is
essential to achieving this goal.

35. GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION
Did you know that:
• 1.3 billion tons (1.3 trillion kg) of food is wasted
every year, while almost 2 billion people go hungry
or undernourished.
• The food sector accounts for around 22% of total
greenhouse gas emissions, largely from the
conversion of forests into farmland.
• Globally, 2 billion people are overweight or obese.

37. GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
• This goal’s target is to ensure “Sustainable Consumption and
Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed
countries taking the lead, taking into account the development
and capabilities of developing countries”
• Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we
urgently reduce our ecological footprint by changing the way we produce
and consume goods and resources.
• The efficient management of our shared natural resources, and the way we
dispose of toxic waste and pollutants, are important targets to achieve this
goal.
• Encouraging industries, businesses and consumers to recycle and reduce
waste is equally important, as is supporting developing countries to move
towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030.

38. GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION
• The major target of SDG-13 is “Strengthen resilience and adaptive
capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries Integrate climate change measures into national
policies, strategies and planning.”
• There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate
change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50% higher than in 1990.
• The annual average economic losses from climate-related disasters are in
the hundreds of billions of dollars.
• The goal aims to mobilize $100 billion (N41 trillion) annually by 2020 to
address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change
and invest in low-carbon development.
• Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to SDG-13
but also to the other SDGs. These actions must also go hand in hand with
efforts to integrate disaster risk measures, sustainable natural resource
management, and human security into national development strategies

40. GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER
• The major target of SDG-14 is “By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine
pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including
marine debris and nutrient pollution.”
• The world’s oceans-their temperature, chemistry, currents and life drive global systems
that make the Earth habitable for humankind.
• How we manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to
counterbalance the effects of climate change.
• Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.
However, today we are seeing 30% of the world’s fish stocks overexploited, reaching
below the level at which they can produce sustainable yields.
• Marine pollution, an overwhelming majority of which comes from land-based sources, is
reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic litter to be found on
every km2 of ocean.
• The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from
pollution, as well as address the impacts of ocean acidification. Enhancing conservation
and the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through international law will also help
mitigate some of the challenges facing our oceans.

42. GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND
• The major target of SDG-15 is “By 2020, ensure the conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests,
wetlands, mountains and dry lands”
• Every year, 13 million hectares of forests are lost, while the persistent
degradation of dry lands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares,
disproportionately affecting poor communities.
• While 15% of land is protected, biodiversity is still at risk. With 1 million
species of animals and plants facing extinction, nearly 7,000 have been
illegally traded,. Wildlife trafficking not only erodes biodiversity, but creates
insecurity, fuels conflict, and feeds corruption.
• Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and
biodiversity which are part of our common heritage and support global food
and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and peace
and security.

44. GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE & STRONG
INSTITUTIONS.
• The major targets of SDG-16 is “to Significantly reduce all forms of
violence and related death rates everywhere, end abuse, exploitation,
trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children”
• We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace, stability, human
rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law.
• Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security and
prosperity, while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and
violence. This is not inevitable and must be addressed.
• Armed violence and insecurity have a destructive impact on a country’s
development, affecting economic growth, and often resulting in grievances that
last for generations.
• The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with
governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity.
• Promoting the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is
reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of
developing countries in the institutions of global governance.

46. GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS
• The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and cooperation.
Official Development Assistance remained steady but below the target of $5-
7trillion (N2-2.8 quadrillion), at $147 billion (N60 trillion) in 2017.
• While humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters continue
to demand more financial resources and aid.
• Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage
growth and trade.
• The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving access to technology and
knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster innovation.
• Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage their debt, as well as
promoting investment for the least developed, is vital for sustainable growth and
development.
• The goals aim to enhance international trade, and helping developing countries
increase their exports is all part of achieving a universal rules-based and
equitable trading system that is fair and open and benefits all.

48. SDG IN NIGERIA
• Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Nigeria has
continued to demonstrate its commitment to the SDGs promise through
leadership and ownership of the implementation process.
• Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) focuses on the key issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive
economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender
equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16),
and partnerships (SDG-17).
• SDG1- No Poverty: Although efforts have been made through various poverty
alleviation programmes, Nigeria remains the poverty capital of the world and if
this still doesn’t change it will be a home of 110 Million people in extreme
poverty by 2030.
• SDG3-Health and Wellbeing: While Nigeria has some poor health outcomes,
such as high rates of maternal mortality, there have been improvements in the
under-five mortality rates (from 157 to 132).
• Nigeria’s current access to basic drinking water stands at 64%. There must be
more investment in public health and to ensure the most vulnerable are reached
through universal access to essential services.

49. SDG IN NIGERIA Contd.
• SDG4-Education: A key challenge confronting the country has to do with Out-of
School-Children, a demographic challenge that relates to an interplay with other SDGs.
• With a population of approximately 200 million people, regional disparities are
significant, with 78% of South Western children able to read full or part sentences,
while only 17% of North Eastern children can. With only 1.6% of GDP devoted to
education, the country needs to increase the resources to provide quality education.
• SDG8-Inclusive Economy: Nigeria’s informal economy is one of the largest on the
continent-estimated at 53% of the Labor force and accounting for 65% of GDP.
• It is estimated that 75% of all new jobs are informal. Youth have a combined
unemployment and under-employment rate of 55.4% or 24.5 million.
• SDG16- Peace and Justice: Nigeria continues its downward trend due to corona
virus issues, Banditry, Endsars, and other security vices.
• The crime rate in Nigeria is extremely high. Institutions remain weak with
insufficiently protected property, rights, high corruption, and undue influence. In
addition, the security situation remains serious in Nigeria.

51. CHALLENGES OF ACHIEVING THE SDGs
• Lack of influential leadership.
• Shortage of investments,.
• Competing Interests.
• Trade-offs.
• Issue of accountability.
• Lack of integration and common ground for
assessment.
• Challenges of data collation and monitoring.
• Financing of projects.
• Dichotomy of benchmarks between developed and
developing nations.

52. References:
• THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development
(un.org)
• United Nations Association of Nigeria »
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS)
(unanigeria.org)
• Sustainable Development Goals | UNDP in
Nigeria

53. THANK YOU!