renewable energy resources slides

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2. 1 Radiation from a hot body
2 Solid Angle
3 Definitions
4 Calculation of Luminance
5 Laws of Illumination or Illuminance
6 Laws Governing Illumination of Different Sources
7 Polar Curves of CP Distribution
8 Uses of Polar Curves
9 Determination of MSCP and MHCP from Polar Diagrams
10 Integrating Sphere or Photometer
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3. 11 Diffusing and Reflecting Surfaces: Globes and Reflectors
12 Lighting Schemes
13 Illumination Required for Different Purposes
14 Space / Height Ratio
15 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts
16 Utilization Factor
17 Depreciation Factor
18 Floodlighting
19 Artificial Source of Light
20 Incandescent Lamp Characteristics
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4. 22 Incandescent Lamp Characteristics
23 Clear and Inside and Frosted Gas Filled Lamps
24 Discharge Lamps
25 Sodium Vapor Lamp
26 High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp
27 Fluorescent Mercury Vapor Lamps
28 Fluorescent Lamp Circuit with Thermal Switch
29 Startless Fluorescent Lamp Circuit
30 Stroboscopic Effect of Fluorescent Lamps
31 Comparison of Different Light Sources
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5. Radiation from a hot body
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Light is simply a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
sandwiched between ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
Radiant Energy: Depends on the temperature of the hot body.
Radiant Efficiency:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
Radiant efficiency is maximum at 6200 Cº with 20 % efficiency

6. Visible Spectrum
700 nm 400 nm

8. The angle subtended by an area at a point is called solid angle.
ω =
𝐴
𝑟2 steradian
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=
4 π 𝑟2
𝑟2 = 4π
Solid angle subtended at the center by whole of the spherical
surface:

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12. 1. Candela
2. Luminous Flux ( F or φ )
3. Lumen - hour
4. Luminous Intensity (I) or Candle Power
5. Reduction Factor
6. Illuminance or Illumination ( E )
7. Luminance ( L ) of and Extended Source
8. Luminance Exitance ( M ) of a Surface
9. Transmittance ( T ) of an Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting Surface
10. Reflection Ration or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance ( p )
11. Specific Output or Efficiency
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1. Candela:
-Unit of Luminance Intensity of source.
-1 /60th of Luminance intensity per cm2 of platinum at 2045 º K.
- Source of one candela (cd) emits one lumen per steradian.
- Total flux emitted allround is :
- 4 π x 1 = 4 π lumen
2. Luminous Flux ( F or φ ):
Flux contained per unit solid angle of a
source of one candela or standard candle.
1 lumen = 0.0016 watt (approx.)

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3. Lumen – hour:
It is the quantity of light delivered in one hour by a flux of one
lumen.
4. Luminous Intensity (I) or Candle-Power:
Luminous flux radiated out per unit solid angle in that direction.
I=
𝒅𝜱
𝒅𝝎
If a source has an average luminous intensity of I lm/sr (or I
candela), then total flux radiated all around:
𝜱 = 𝝎l = 4πI lumen
Mean spherical candle power (M.S.C.P)
M.S.C.P =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔
𝟒 𝝅

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Mean hemispherical candle power (M.H.S.C.P)
M.S.C.P =
𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝟐 𝝅
5. Reduction Factor:
Reduction factor of source is given by the ratio:
f=
𝑴.𝑺.𝑪.𝑷
𝑴.𝑯.𝑪.𝑷
6. Illuminance or Illumination ( E ):
When luminous flux falls on a surface, it is said to be illuminated.
The illumination of a surface is measured by a normal luminous flux
per unit area received by it.
E=
𝜱
𝑨

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7. Luminance (L) of an Extended Source:
L=
∆𝑰
∆𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜱
=
∆𝑰
∆𝑨′ , cd/m2
E = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ . 𝒅𝝎 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 θ . 𝒅𝝎
8. Luminous Existance (M) of a Source:
M=
∆𝜱
∆𝑨
lm/m2
9. Luminous Existance (M) of a Source:
M= 𝑻 𝑬 𝒐𝒓 𝑻 = 𝑴/𝑬
10. Reflection Ratio or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance
(ρ):
ρ = M/E

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11. Specific Output or Efficiency:
11. Specific Consumption:

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Polished surface:
Luminance depends on angle of viewing.
Matt and diffusion:
-Luminance or brightness independent of the angle of viewing.
-Reflectance of the surface reduces the brightness proportionately.
A = Small area of diffusing surface
M= Point on a hemisphere with center
O and radius R, illuminance is C cd/m2
Luminous intensity at point
M is = L x A cosθ
𝜱 = 𝟎
π/𝟐
π 𝑳 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐θ. 𝒅θ = π𝑳 𝑨 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏

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4 π Lumen = 1 candela
1 lumen = 1/ 4π candela
1200 lumen = 1200/ 4π candela

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Here x = 0
LB =LA Theefore,
(102 + 02)
cos θ = cos 0=1
10
X=?
r

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200

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F 0r Φ = 3300 lm
Average brightness (B) = ?
B= E / π
E = Φ /A
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Efficiency of lamp = 20 lm/w
Utilization coefficient= 0.40
E = 800 Lux Wattage of lamp=?
A= π r2
= π (d/2)2
= π d2/4
Luminous flux reaching the surface= ρ A E
Ρ = 1 (for perfect reflector)
20 lm = 1 watt
1 lm= 1/20 watt
Utilization coeff= Luminous flux reaching the
surface/ total flux emitted by lamp

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Φ
All directions
E=Φ /A Tan θ= a/b
= r/10

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Cosθ =1
r= 202 + 02
20m
10m
E=Φ /A
A= π r2
= π (10)2

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36. Illumination
Light Sources
The lighting industry makes millions of
electric light sources, called lamps. Those
used for providing illumination can be
divided into three general classes:
1. Incandescent,
2. Discharge,
3. Arc Lamps.

37. Electric Lamp
A) Incandescent
Lamp
1-Filament Vacuum
Lamp
2-Filament Gas
filled
Lamp
B) Arc Lamp C) Discharge Lamps
1-Carbon Arc Lamp
2- Flame Arc Lamp
1-Sodium Vapor
Lamp
2-Mercury Vapor
Lamp
3-Neon tubes
3-Magenetic
Arc Lamp
4-Flourescent Tube

38. Illumination
Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent lamp technology uses electric
current to heat a coiled tungsten filament to
incandescence. The glass envelope contains a
mixture of nitrogen and a small amount of
other inert gases such as argon. Some
incandescent lamps, such as some flashlight
lamps, also contain xenon.

39. Illumination

40. Illumination

41. Illumination
Advantages
1. Inexpensive
2. Available in many configurations
and colors
3. No warm-up required
4. Not temperature sensitive
5. Easily controlled

42. Illumination
Disadvantages
1. Inefficient (10 - 25 lumens/watt)
2. Short lamp life
3. Vibration sensitive
4. Over-voltage sensitive

43. Illumination
Discharge Lamps
Discharge lamps produce light by passing an
electric current through a gas that emits
light when ionized by the current. An auxiliary
device known as a ballast supplies voltage to
the lamp’s electrodes.

44. Illumination
High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps
In a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, light is
produced by an electric discharge through
gaseous mercury.

46. Illumination
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps
Light is produced in a high-pressure sodium
(HPS) lamp by an electric discharge through
combined vapors of mercury and sodium. The
hard glass outer bulb may be clear, or its inner
surface may be coated with a diffuse powder
to reduce the brightness of the arc tube.

48. Illumination
Fluorescent Lamps
The fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge source that
contains mercury vapor at low pressure, with a small
amount of inert gas for starting. Once an arc is
established, the mercury vapor emits ultraviolet
radiation. Fluorescent powders (phosphors) coating
the inner walls of the glass bulb respond to this
ultraviolet radiation emitting wavelengths in the
visible region of the spectrum.

49. Illumination
Linear Fluorescent Lamps
Linear fluorescent lamps range in length from
six inches to eight feet, and in
diameter from 2/8 inch (T2) to 2-1/8 inches
(T17). Their power ranges from 14 to
215 watts. Figure shows the construction of a
linear fluorescent lamp.

50. Illumination

51. Illumination
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
CFLs produce light in the same manner as
linear fluorescent lamps. Their tube diameter
is usually 5/8 inch (T5) or smaller. CFL power
ranges from 5 to 55 watts. Figure shows
several styles of CFLs.

52. Illumination

53. Illumination
Advantages
1. Efficient (75+ lumens/watt)
2. Available in many configurations
3. Desirable colors available (2,700K
to 4,100 K)
4. No warm-up required
5. Long life (6,000 - 20,000 hours)

54. Illumination
Disadvantages
1. Require a ballast
2. Temperature sensitive
3. May require special controls
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55. Illumination
Stadium Light:
Stadium lights should be such that it should have the
brightness of day light and should reach each and every
corner of the ground. With modern technological
advancements lighting arrangements in stadiums have
improved considerably.
The most common form of stadium lights is metal halide
lighting system. This system has immense power and can
simulate natural daylight conditions. The halide lamps are
compact in size and can be focused to a particular point when
required. Halide lamps also provide clear visibility to the
spectators as well as create the perfect amount of light for
television broadcasting.

56. Illumination
Lighting poles should be at a height of 120-
130 feet above the main playing field for
better propagation of light in the full stadium.
There are various manufacturers of stadium
lighting equipments . All manufacturers try
their best to provide the best lighting service
in the stadiums. Some of the stadiums also
have special stadium lights for the galleries
and tiers.
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57. Illumination

58. Illumination
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59. Illumination

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