History Manometer,Bouyancy Force and pressure measurement. Arcamdian up principle

1. PRESENTATION ON:-
MANOMETERY , BUOYANCY AND
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

2. • Abdul Sattar Shar
• 20CH
• Chemical Engineering
• Fluid Mechanics
• Mehran University of Engineering and
Technology Jamshoro

3. History of Buoyancy Force
➢Archimedes, the Greek mathematician,
discovered the principle of buoyant forces
while sitting in his bath tub.
➢He discovered that the upward buoyant force
on a submerged body was equal to the mass
of the displaced liquid.
➢ The displaced volume is equal to the volume
of the body submerged in the liquid.

4. Definition
• The buoyant force is the upward force exerted
on an object wholly or partly immersed in a
fluid.
• This upward force is also called Upthrust. Due
to the buoyant force, a body submerged
partially or fully in a fluid appears to lose its
weight.
• E.g : Appears to be lighter.

6. What causes Buoyant force ?
➢Buoyant force is the force on an object
exerted by the surrounding fluid
➢When an object pushes water ,the water
pushes back with as much force as it can .
➢If the water can push back as hard the object
floats (boats)
➢If not , it sinks (Steel)
➢Simply we can say that this is the game of
density on which all is happening

7. Archimedes' principle
• “The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the
center of mass of the displaced fluid”.
Archimedes’Principle Formula
In simple form, the Archimedes law statesthat
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight
of the fluid displacedby the object. Mathematically
written as:
Fb = ρ x g x V

8. • Where
• ( Fb ) is the buoyant force,
• ( ρ ) Is the density of the fluid
• (V) is the submerged volume
• ( g ) is the acceleration due to gravity.

9. Derivation:-
We know that the density is defined as
➢ Density(ρ)=Mass(M)/Volume(V)
➢ Therefore, the mass of the displaced liquid can be written as follows:
➢ Mass (M)= Density (ρ) Volume (V)
➢ Now, the weight of the displaced liquid can be calculated as follows:
➢ Weight=Mass × Acceleration due to gravity
➢ Weight = Mass × g = ρ×V×g

10. ➢ From Archimedes’ principle, we know that the apparent loss of weight is
equal to the weight of the water displaced thereforethe thrust force is
given by the following equation:
➢ Thrust Force= ρ×V×g
➢ Where ρ is the density of the liquid, V is the volume of liquid displaced
and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
➢ The thrust force is also called the buoyantforce because it is responsible
for objects floating. Thus, this equation is also called the law of buoyancy.

11. Types of Buoyancy forces
There are 4 types of Buoyancy forces
✴Neutral Buoyancy-
The object is neither sinking nor floating...
✴Positive Buoyancy-
The object is floating at the top of the surface...
✴Negative Buoyancy-
The object is sitting at the bottom of the body of water..

12. Archimedes’ Principle Applications:-
• Submarines:-
• The reason why submarines are always underwater is that they
have a component called ballast tank which allows the water to
enter making the submarine be in its position underwater as the
weight of the submarine is greater than the buoyantforce.
• Hot Air Baloons:-
• Hot air balloons rise into the air because the density of the air
(warmer air) inside the balloon is less dense than the air outside the
balloon (cooler air). The balloonand the basket displacesa fluid
that is heavierthan the balloonand the basket, so it has a
buoyantforceacting on the system.

13. • Hydrometer:-
• A hydrometer is an instrument used for
measuring the relative density of liquids.
Hydrometer consists of lead shots which
makes them float vertically on the liquid. The
lower the hydrometer sinks, the lesser is the
density of the liquid.

14. MANOMETER
By Zubair Odho
• What is Manometer ?
• A Manometer is a device used for measuring
the fluid pressure with respect to an outside
source which is usually considered to be the
earths atmosphere.
• There are two types of Manometers are there:

15. ❖ Simple Manometers
o Peizometer
o U-Tube Manometer
o Single Column OR Well Type OR Micro
manometer
o Inclined U-Tube Manometer
❖ Differential Manometers
• Differential U-Tube Manometer
• Inverted U-Tube Manometer
• Inclined U-Tube Manometer

16. • PIEZOMETER
• A piezometer is a device used to measure liquid
pressure in a system by measuring the height to
which a column of the liquid rises against gravity.

17. • Same fluid used in piezometer and glass tube.
• It can measure positive pressure only.
• It can not measure negative or vacuum
pressure.
• It can not measure high pressure.
• Gas pressure can not be measured.

18. • U-Tube Manometer
U-tube manometer features a vertical or inclined
U-tube column that is filled with a reference liquid
(mercury) to display the pressure level.

19. • Density mano > Density fluid
• High pressure can be measured.
• U-Tube can measure positive as well as negative
preesure.
➢SIGN CONVECTION
P+ρ1gh1+ρ2gh3-ρ2gh3-ρ2gh2+Patm = 0
• Take the lower level of reference fluid as reference
line whose sum is always 0.

20. PRESSURE MEASUREMENT:-
BY BASIT ALI
➢ Pressure gauges, which are devices that measure the internal
pressure of media within a system, are among the most often
used instruments in any given industrial facility. Pressure
measurement is, along with temperature measurement, one
of the most important measurements for operations in a wide
variety of applications – especially industrial applications –
and it is essential in ensuring both the quality of a product
and the safety of a facility and its personnel.

21. ➢Pressure gauges are used to monitor and
control pressure – which is often a necessity in
industrial processing. Without pressure
gauges, industrial processing systems would
be both unpredictable and unreliable.Pressure
gauges are used by industry professionals to
troubleshoot fluid power machines – which
are designed to work within a set pressure
range. With properly installed gauges, leaks
and unwanted pressure changes can be
monitored and addressed immediately.