The Holy Quran in Brief

1. 1
1. The Quran is the Last Book of Allah revealed to mankind
2. It is His direct word
3. It was revealed to the Holy Prophetpbuh
between 610 and 632 AD through angel Jibrail
4. It was revealed in portions
5. A single revelation is called ‘Wahi’
6. This Book tells us about the Oneness of Allah, and how Muslims must live their lives. It is
thus a complete code of life, as it provides guidance in all aspects of life
7. The Quran teaches righteousness and piety to Muslims
8. Divine Scriptures were also awarded to other Messengers of Allah before Hazrat
Muhammad
9. However, these scriptures have been corrupted, changed and lost, while the Quran will
remain forever
10. The Quran is eternal and incorruptible as Allah Himself has vowed to protect it
11. It is universal and for all of mankind, as anyone can benefit from following the teachings
of Quran
1. The Quran was preserved in the Loah-e-Mehfooz (The Well-Guarded Tablet)
“Nay, this is a Glorious Quran (Inscribed) in a Tablet Preserved” (85:21-22)
Only Allah knows its reality
2. It descended from the Loah-e-Mehfooz to the lowest heaven Baitullah-Izza
It did so on the Laila-tul-Qadr
3. It was revealed to the Holy Prophetpbuh
through angel Jibrail in portions
4. Now the Prophetpbuh
memorized it and recited it to his companions
5. His companions, most notably the scribes, would write down revelations on pieces of
leather, tablets of stone, palm leaves, camel bones, etc.
6. He would listen to their recitations of their written version to make sure that no
mistakes were made

2. 2
1. The Quran is divided into 30 EQUAL Juz
2. Each Juz is divided into 4 EQUAL parts
3. The Quran is also divided into 7 Manazil
4. The Quran has 114 Surahs
5. They are not arranged according to when they were revealed, but were sorted under
Divine Guidance by the Prophetpbuh
himself
6. Surah: A Step or Degree by which we climb up
7. Each Surah begins with “Bismillah” (In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, the Most
Merciful) except the 9th
Surah (Surah Taubah)
8. The Quran has 6360 verses or Ayats (and 6360 – 113 = 6247 without Bismillah)
9. Ayat: Sign or communication from Allah
10. Large Surahs are divided into small chapters (Ruku), each generally dealing with a
certain topic. The last 35 Surahs are not divided into Rukus
11. 86 Surahs were revealed in Makkah. They are called Makki Surahs
12. 28 Surahs were revealed in Madinah. They are called Madni Surahs
1. The Quran is the direct word of Allah, revealed to mankind through angel Jibrail and the
Holy Prophetpbuh
Muhammad. It is directed towards all of mankind and its teachings are
for everyone and for all times
2. The Quran is a Book of Wisdom. When the Prophetpbuh
started preaching, all he had for
guidance was the Quran. However, it was sufficient to convert many pagans to Islam,
e.g. Umar
3. It is eternal and universal. During the 1400 years of its presence in this world, not a
single letter has been changed. This is due to the fact that Allah Himself has taken
responsibility for its preservation, and who can be a better guardian than Allah?
“We have, without doubt, sent down the Message and We will assuredly guard it (from
corruption)” (15:9)
4. Its style and way of writing is unique as it is not the word of a human, but that of Allah.
This, therefore, is proof of its divinity. The Holy Quran challenges anyone to come forth
and write in a style to match that of the Quran’s
“If the whole of mankind and jinns were to come forth to produce the like of the Quran,
they could not produce the like thereof, even if they backed each other up with moral
support and help” (17:88)

3. 3
5. The Quran characterizes moderation as Islam is not a religion of extremity. It calls
Muslims the “middle-nation” and commands all believers to characterize harmony and
balance between the physical and spiritual, social and secular.
6. It provides guidance in all walks of life. It is a complete code of life
“Nothing have We omitted from the Book” (6:38)
What proves this is the fact that it was generally acknowledged by the Prophetpbuh
’s
companions and wives that his excellent conduct was based on the Quran’s teachings
“…but We have made the Quran a light wherewith We guide such of our slaves as We
will” (42:52)
7. The Quran perfected and completed the religion of Islam:
“…This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you and
have chosen for you Islam as your religion…” (5:3)
1. Articles of Faith, Pillars of Islam:
The Quran tells about Tauhid, Salat, Fasting, Charity, Hajj, Angels, Shahadat, Previous
scriptures, Messengers and Prophets, the Hereafter and Allah’s Predestination and the
Divine Decree
2. Life and Death:
The Quran tells us how Muslims should live their lives. It explains how this world should
not be valued, and it explains what happens to humans when they face death. The
Quran instills in man the fear of the Last Day, which in turn emphasizes on the
realization of Allah’s Majesty and Supremacy
3. Allah:
The Quran tells us how Allah created man and so is his Cherisher, Sustainer and
Supreme Lord and Ruler. He alone is man’s God and everything belongs to Him. It tells
about various attributes of Allah.
4. Stories:
The Quran narrates some stories about previous messengers and communities so that
future generations may learn from their neglect and example. It also tells about the
creation of the Universe
5. Prophecies:
The Quran has various prophecies, some of which have been fulfilled and some which
will be fulfilled. An example is the prediction of the defeat of the Romans by the
Persians and of the Persians by the Romans, one after the other.
6. Shariah:
The Quran contains direct commandments of Allah (Nussus) which concern the pillars of
Islam, daily affairs, matters of divorce, marriage, inheritance, etc. It encourages its own
use as the most authentic and primary source of Islamic law and gives various
commandments and instructions which satisfy the Quran’s position as such

4. 4
1. The Quran is the primary means of Allah’s communication with mankind. It is His direct
word and so its style is unique and unlike that of any other book.
2. When recited in Arabic, it has an overwhelming and tremendous effect on the reader.
3. It tells stories about past communities so that future generations may learn from their
examples that righteous deeds are rewarded with Paradise while evil deeds are
rewarded with Hell
4. It has SIMILES. It compares a lot of things in order to explain, e.g.
a. “It is the day when men shall be like scattered moths and mountains like
carded wool” Qaariah (101:4-5)
5. More than 200 passages start with the word “Qul” (Say), which instructs the Holy
Prophetpbuh
to preach and Muslims to recite the verses that follow, e.g.
a. “Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of the daybreak” (113:1)
b. “Say: He is Allah, the One and Only” (112:1)
6. The Quran swears at various places to emphasize on the importance of its message, as
Allah Himself is swearing. It does so by using the word “By” e.g.
a. “By the fig and the olive”
b. “By the glorious morning light”
7. Verses regarding laws (ahkam):Once
Verses regarding beliefs: Many times
8. Makki and Madni Surahs have different styles (explained later)
1. The Quran has various CLEAR verses, and various ALLEGORICAL verses
2. This is acknowledged in (3:7)
3. Muhakamat are straightforward and have a single interpretation
4. Mutashabehat are open to more than 1 interpretation, e.g. attributes of Allah, Hereafter

5. 5
1. They are all from Allah
2. They were revealed to a chosen person i.e. a Messenger
3. They were brought to messengers through Angel Jibrail
4. They came at different times to meet the needs of the changing civilization of
mankind
5. The Quran confirms all scriptures before it and instructs Muslims to believe in them
6. Their contents have these similarities:
i. They teach Tauhid
ii. They emphasize on Oneness of Allah and His attributes
iii. They instruct people to worship Him Alone
iv. They tell about beliefs
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1. The previous scriptures underwent alteration and they became corrupt.
However, the Quran’s authenticity is guarded by Allah Himself, and so it remains the
same
2. The previous scriptures were sent for specific nations and for specific times, as their
needs and cultures differed in even the very basis of faith. They thus gave different
commandments for different people.
The Quran is universal and eternal. It is for the whole world and every single human
until the Day of Judgment
“We have explained in this Quran for the benefit of mankind”
3. The contents of the previous scriptures and consequently the teachings of previous
Prophets were not perfect. They religion was not perfected and this was acknowledged
by these Prophets themselves. Islam underwent various changes until the Quran was
sent.
The Quran perfected the religion of Islam (5:3). It made clear the teachings of the
previous scriptures and acts as a judge for them
4. The languages of the precious scriptures are dead, e.g. Hebrew
The language of the Quran (Arabic) is alive and is understood and spoken
5. The previous scriptures weren’t complete codes of life. They contained only a code of
morality and justice.
The Quran is a complete code of life.
6. The message of all scriptures is basically the same while the laws are different
Note: Sahifas don’t have laws; they teach about beliefs. Books deal with both.

6. From quite a young age, the Holy
of this world. He knew that there w
nothing like man knew. He also kne
started to meditate to do the same
the Mountain of Light (Jabal-al-Nur
As he approached the age of 40, he
days in the cave. It was in the mont
old), on the Night of Power that the
shaken and surprised by a voice:
He looked over to see the angel Jib
read what was written on it. Muham
The angel hugged Muhammad forc
was the same and the whole thing
The angel then revealed to him the
Alaq/Iqra:
“Read! In the name of your Lord wh
Created man, out of a (mere) clot o
Proclaim! And your Lord is Most Bo
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Taught man that which he knew no
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also knew that his ancestor Ibrahim worshipped Allah,
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he month of Ramadan, 610 AD (Hazrat Muhammad wa
r that the Holy Prophetpbuh
was meditating in that Cave
voice:
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angel Jibrail, holding a silk brocade and instructing Muh
it. Muhammad replied:
“I cannot read”
ad forcefully, and then again commanded him to read
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7. 7
The words were imprinted in Muhammad’s mind. He, however, was frightened upon the
occurrence of this strange spectre, and he fled from the cave. As he ran outside, he saw Jibrail
filling the whole of the horizon. He said:
“O Muhammad! I am the angel of Allah, Jibrail, and you are His Chosen Messenger”
Muhammad, sweating and shaken by this experience, ran to his home and asked Khadija to
cover him up. He narrated what had happened and was scared. However, Khadija consoled him
by saying that Allah would not let harm come upon a man as pious and righteous as
Muhammad. She prayed for Muhammad under her breath all night and the next day she took
him to her scholarly Christian cousin Warqa bin Naufil, who confirmed the conferment of
Prophethood on Muhammad. He confirmed that the same angel who had brought revelations
to Prophet Musa had appeared before Muhammad and consequently Muhammad was the Last
Messenger of Allah.
The revelations thus began, coming periodically to the Holy Prophetpbuh
time after time to meet
the current situation. The Holy Prophetpbuh
underwent various sensations when he received a
revelation:
1. He would feel very heavy.
The animal he would be riding would kneel under his weight.
A companion who was once resting with his leg beneath the Prophetpbuh
’s felt that his
leg would be crushed under the weight of the Prophetpbuh
’s as he was receiving a
revelation at that time
2. He would hear ringing sounds
3. He perspired in the cold (confirmed by Hazrat Ayesha)
The revelations received by the Prophetpbuh
during his years at Makkah (610 – 622 AD) are
known as Makki Surahs, while the Surahs received by the Prophetpbuh
during his years at
Madina (622 – 632 AD) are known as Madni Surahs

8. 8
1. Short
2. Poetic
3. Rhythmic force
4. Invite to Islam
5. Console the Prophetpbuh
and early followers, as they were persecuted by the Quraish
6. Tell about the Supremacy of Allah and His Attributes
7. Stress on the need to fear Him and worship Him
8. They don’t have orders to pray openly and carry out such commandments as the
Muslims were very weak and in no condition to follow such instructions
9. Curse the Quraishite pagans by using the word “Kalla” (Nay/Never)
10. They address people as “O you mankind!”
11. Many Surahs start with mysterious letters like Qaaf, Saad. Only Allah knows their
reality
1. Long
2. Non-rhythmic
3. Discuss beliefs and pillars of Islam, commanding Muslims to carry out these basic duties
4. Contains laws and instructions for the establishment of the Islamic Community at
Madina
5. Narrate stories of previous Prophets and discuss lengthy matters
6. Have some laws as well
7. They address people as “O you who believe!”
8. Give permission for Jihad
Teach principles and etiquettes of war
9. Address Jews and Christians as “People of the Book” (Ahl-e-Kitab)

9. 9
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1. Whenever the Prophetpbuh
received a revelation, he memorized it
2. He recited it to his companions
3. They memorized it
4. They wrote it down on camel bones, palm leaves, stone tablets, leather pieces, etc
5. The Prophetpbuh
listened to their recitation of their written versions to cross-check if
they were perfectly correct
6. There were at least 15 copies Quran by his death, completely written down
The verses and Surahs revealed to the Prophetpbuh
were arranged by him under the guidance of
Angel Jibrail, who in turn was guided by Allah Himself. Every year, during the month of
Ramadan, the Prophetpbuh
would recite the Quran, as much as it was revealed until then, with
Angel Jibrail. During his last year, when the Quran was completed, he recited it twice with
Angel Jibrail. The last revelation was revealed to him after his Last Sermon:
“This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and have
chosen for you Islam as your religion.” (5:3)

10. 10
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1. Allah is the best law-giver and the Quran is His direct word
Consequently it follows that laws based on the Quran are the best
2. The Quran gives various laws. It has
a. Commandments (Nussus)
b. Instructions (Awamir)
c. Warnings (Nawahi)
3. It contains laws for the Pillars of Islam, instructions about Articles of Faith, laws of
inheritance, marriage and divorce, personal conduct, communal behaviour, social
values, war, etc
4. It teaches man how to live his life and it gives laws for every aspect of life
5. Its laws should not be practiced by individuals on their own, but studied by experts and
executed by the Qazi
6. Since it is the means of revelation of Allah’s word to man, it forms the basis of Islamic
Law (Shariah) and is recognized by every Muslim as the primary source of law. All other
sources of law must be in conformity with the Quran
7. The Quran forbids inhumane practices like infanticide, gambling, drinking, usury
8. “…and We have sent down to you a Book explaining all things…” (16:89)
9. To live our lives according to the Quran is “the Straight Way and pleasing to Allah”
10. The Quran is complete, universal and eternal, and so its laws are for all people and for
all times. It is thus logical to use the Quran as the basis of Legal Thinking
11. An example of a commandment is
“Trade is like usury; but Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury” (2:275)
12. Another example is:
“All fish of the sea are made lawful for you to eat” (5:96)
13. The Quran acknowledges and encourages its use in Islamic Law:
“Judge between them by what Allah has revealed and follow not their vain desires…”
(5:49)

11. 11
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1. The Quran is a complete code of life
2. It teaches man how to live his life
3. It gives instructions concerning every sphere of life
4. It thus governs all the actions of a Muslim, and his feelings and his thought
5. It teaches man to be sincere to Allah and to people, and thus it affects the man’s
thought
6. It instructs believes to perform various actions, such as fight in the way of Allah, give
charity, study the Quran, etc
7. It teaches man that the Quran, being the word of Allah, is the best book to employ as
one’s character. We are repeatedly instructed to follow the Prophetpbuh
’s example, and
it is known as a fact that the Prophetpbuh
’s character was based on the Quran.
8. The Quran thus teaches a man to be perfect in his actions and his thought, so that he
can seek Allah’s pleasure, by following all the commandments given by Allah in the
Quran
9. Enjoins justice
10. It also teaches man about the Hereafter and instills in him a fear of the Last Day. The
man thus begins to shape his life in the Islamic way, knowing that he will be questioned
for each and every action on the Day of Reckoning
11. The Quran says:
“Blessed is He who sent down the Criterion to his servants, that it may be an admonition
to all creatures” (25:1)
12. “Verily this Quran does guide to that which is most right…” (17:9)
13. “O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger!” (4:59)
14. “We have explained in this Quran for the benefit of mankind”
15. It is a Book of Guidance and Wisdom, and so Guidance and Wisdom must be sought
from it in all spheres of life. Hence the Quran forms the basis of all thought and action in
Islam

12. 12
1. Arabic root: Fassara
2. Literal meaning: to explain
3. Islamic terminology: Interpretation or Commentary on the Quran
4. Aim: to discover something hidden
5. The Quran has manifest (clear) verses “Muhakamat” and allegorical (having more than
one meaning) verses “Mutashabehat”
6. Tafseer is used to explain:
i. Difficult words/phrases
ii. Purpose of revelations
iii. Parables, events and oaths discussed in Quran
iv. Commands
7. Tafseer should not be in conflict with another passage of the Quran
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Note that the reason for the evolution of Tafseer is similar to the reason for the compilation and preservation of Hadith and Sunnah
1. During the Prophetpbuh
’s lifetime, he explained the verses of the Quran and
demonstrated them
2. After his death, his Companions became the authority on explanation of the Quran
They passed down this knowledge to their students
3. But they knew that they were not the Authority that Muhammad was, so they decided
to develop the science of Tafseer
4. One of the first Mufassireen was the Prophetpbuh
’s cousin Abdullah bin Abbas
His commentary is called Tafseer Ibn-e-Abbas

13. 13
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1. The Quran:
i. The Quran is the direct word of Allah.
ii. It sometimes explains allegorical verses at another place
2. Hadith and Sunnah:
i. The Prophetpbuh
is an authority second only to the Quran
ii. He explained various verses of the Quran and was the primary source of
Tafseer during his lifetime
3. Athar (reports) of the Companions:
i. The companions acquired sound Islamic knowledge from the Prophetpbuh
himself
ii. Consequently, they are held to be the 3rd
source of Quranic
interpretation
4. Taba’een:
i. They studied under the Prophetpbuh
’s companions
ii. As the Prophetpbuh
’s knowledge and teachings were passed down to them
through the Companions, their commentary on the Quran is also held as
authentic and reliable
5. Reasoning by later scholars:
i. Learned and Islamic qualified scholars may also interpret and comment
on the Quran, provided they qualify as Mufassireen
ii. Their accounts must be in conformity with the other 4 sources

14. 14
1. Tafseer ul-Quran bil-Quran:
(Interpretation of the Quran by the Quran)
i. This is the primary source of Tafseer, as many verses of the Quran are
explained elsewhere in the Quran, and Quran is the word of Allah
ii. Example: (5:1), which indicates that many four-footed animals are Halal
is explained by (5:3) which names exceptions to these animals
2. Tafseer bil-Hadith:
(Interpretation of the Quran by the Hadith)
i. The Holy Prophetpbuh
explained many of the verses of the Quran
ii. The Quran orders us to follow him
iii. Consequently, his explanations of the Quranic verses may be used in
Tafseer
iv. Example: The Quran forbids wine, gambling, etc. in (5:90) and the
Prophetpbuh
prescribed the punishment of 40 lashes
3. Tafseer by History:
i. This means that the circumstances and situation when a certain
revelation came (Asbab-e-Nuzool) are considered and the reason for that
revelation is deduced
ii. Example: Surah Kauthar was revealed when the Prophetpbuh
’s 2nd
son
died in infancy, hence the use of the word ‘abtar’ in this Surah
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0 ,
0 ,
A Mufassir must have the following qualities:
1. A highly qualified and recognized scholar
2. Pious
3. Have command over Arabic, Islamic teachings, laws and 23 sciences, including:
i. Hadith and its sciences (Usool-e-Ahadith, Asma-al-Rijal)
ii. History, Asbab-e-Nuzool
iii. Nasikh & Mansukh
iv. Usool-e-Tafsir

15. 15
12
12
12
12
1. Tafseer Ibn-e-Abbas by Abdullah bin Abbas
2. Tafseer Ibn-e-Katheer
3. Al-Jami li-Akham al-Quran
3
3
3
3
1. Sometimes the Quran cancels out one of its previous commands by revelation of a
newer command.
2. This was done to meet the changing needs of the Islamic community
3. In such cases, the command that is nullified is disregarded
4. The command which cancels out another is called NASIKH
The command that is cancelled out is called MANSUKH

16. 16
) 4 5 - 6 ,
) 4 5 - 6 ,
) 4 5 - 6 ,
) 4 5 - 6 ,
1. During the lifetime of the Holy Prophetpbuh
, the Quran was memorized by Muslims.
2. Some of them would write down the revelations of camel bones, stone tablets, palm
leaves, etc.
3. But the real store was in the hearts of men, as a single standard copy did not exist; it
was in small parts
4. By his death, the Quran had not been compiled
5. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr, many Huffaz (people who had memorized the
Quran) were martyred in the Battle of Yamama against the false Prophet Musailma
6. Hazrat Umar foresaw the impending danger of losing the Quran, and immediately
persuaded Hazrat Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in a single written copy
7. Hazrat Abu Bakr initially was not in favour of the idea, as Hazrat Muhammad had not
ordered such a task himself. However, Umar persuaded him
8. A consensus was held among the companions of the Prophetpbuh
and it was decided that
a copy of the Quran should be compiled
9. Hazrat Abu Bakr persuaded and instructed Zaid bin Thabit, a prominent scribe of the
Holy Prophetpbuh
, to compile all the Quranic verses in the correct order as arranged by
the Prophetpbuh
himself
10. He was aided by a team of 75 Companions (NOT scribes)
11. Zaid bin Thabit set a standard in checking the authenticity of a verse
a. The narrator of the Quranic verse must be extremely pious, close to the
Prophetpbuh
and must never have lied.
b. He must also be backed up by 2 trustworthy, honest and pious men
c. Zaid bin Thabit then checked the verse against his own collection
d. Hazrat Umar oversaw the whole process thoroughly
12. Finally the team produced a copy of the Quran. It was called the Umm:
a. ‘Umm’ means the ‘mother’ or ‘original’
b. Each Surah had a different folio, so the Umm consisted of many folios
c. The verses were arranged
13. The Umm was kept with Hazrat Abu Bakr, and after his death with Hazrat Umar, and
after his death with Hazrat Hafsa
14. It was now called the ‘Mushaf-e-Hafsa’
15. Hazrat Abu Bakr is thus called the ‘Saviour of Islam’

17. 17
) 5 - 6 )
) 5 - 6 )
) 5 - 6 )
) 5 - 6 )
1. During the 3rd
Caliphate Islam spread far and wide and the Empire encompassed land
from North Africa in the West to Kabul in the East
2. Such a huge empire consisted of various people who spoke in their own unique dialects
3. Huzaifa bin Yaman travelled across the Empire and was upset to find out that different
people recited the Quran differently and so different meanings arose out of the Quranic
text
4. Furthermore, it caused disunity amongst Muslims as every group claimed that all other
pronunciations were wrong
5. He reported this to Hazrat Usman, who foresaw the danger of a disunited and weak
Empire, and deviation from the Islamic Path
6. Hazrat Usman summoned the copy of the Quran “Mushaf-e-Hafsa” from Hazrat Hafsa
7. He instructed Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Zubair, Abdur-Rehman bin Haris and Sa'id
bin al-Aas to make several more copies of the Quran, in the dialect of the Quraish (since
the Quran had been revealed in that dialect)
Later, other companions joined them
8. They arranged all the Surahs in order
Important: This stage in compilation was more thorough than that under the 1st
Caliph. Simple copies were not made, but rather the Quran was checked
and rechecked; this stage was no less important than the first stage
9. When they did so, these copies were recited multiple times in Masjid-e-Nabvi so that no
doubt about their authenticity remained
10. Each copy was sent to the capital of a different province
11. The false unauthentic copies were ordered to be burnt
12. Hazrat Usman was awarded the title of ‘Jami-al-Quran’

18. 18
1. It tells about the history, stories and laws of ancient people
2. It tells about Allah’s attributes
3. It tells scientific facts only recently discovered, e.g. stages of embryo
Thus there is no doubt that it is from Allah
4. It contains many prophecies. Some of them have been fulfilled, while some of them will
be
5. Its language, style and content are unique and completely different from the style of
Arabs or any other man. This proves that the Quran is from Allah.
It challenges jinns and men to produce its like (17:88)
6. It is a complete code of life and provides Guidance and Wisdom
7. Previous scriptures have vanished and become corrupted. The miracles of previous
Prophets have vanished, but the Quran remains forever. Its contents remain unchanged
for more than 1400 years as it is protected by Allah (15:9)
8. It has rules and laws that guide man to success
9. There is no contradiction between its verses
10. It is extremely deeply studied
11. Recitation of the Quran has such an overwhelming effect on man that it has been known
to convert the bitterest pagans to Islam, e.g. Umar
Summary – Three main reasons for it to be called a Miracle:
1. Eternal existence (15:9)
2. Unique in Content (Scientific facts, stories, prophecies, attributes of Allah, Book of
Wisdom and Guidance, no contradiction)
3. Unique in Style (Overwhelming effect, (17:88), converted bitter pagans, Quraish
couldn’t explain how such beautiful verses were coming from an unlettered person)