2. BUNDLE OF CARE
A SET OF INTERVENTIONS BETTER OUTCOME.
A CARE BUNDLE IS A GROUP OF THREE TO FIVE EVIDENCE-BASED
INTERVENTIONS WHICH, WHEN PERFORMED TOGETHER, HAVE A
BETTER OUTCOME THAN IF PERFORMED INDIVIDUALLY.(CARE
BUNDLE IN INTENSIVE CARE, ST. JAMES’S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ,
UK JULY 2021)
3. CONT…
CARE “BUNDLES” ARE SIMPLE SETS OF EVIDENCE-
BASED PRACTICES THAT, WHEN IMPLEMENTED
COLLECTIVELY, IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF THEIR
DELIVERY AND IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES
(INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES)
5. FAST HUGS BID
•Bowel care
•Indwelling
catheter
•De-escalation
of antibiotics
•Head of the bed
elevated.
•Ulcer prophylaxis
•Glycemic control
•Spontaneous
Breath Trial(SBT)
•Feeding
•Analgesic
•Sedation
•Thromboembolic
prophylaxis
FAST HUGS
BID
6.
7.
8. • Critically ill patient – hyper catabolic state- due to various factors- Burn, Infection, Sepsis,
Trauma/Injury, Sever inflammations and Organ failure ,etc.
• Adequate nutritional requirement – prevent from malnutrition.
• As early as possible within 12 hours .
• NBM/Enteral feeding / Parenteral route.
• Requirement: Calories 20-25Kcal/kg/day
Protein 1-1.5gm/kg/day
Protein 2gm/kg/day (Burn-hyper catabolic Pt.)
• 1200calories/30gm protein
Enteral
Oral
Nasal Tube
(Gastric
gavage)
Directly to GI
Tract
*Gastrostomy
*Jejunostomy
Parental
Central
Peripheral
Source : South zone critical care-2018
9.
10. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
1.BMI=Weight in Kilograms/Square of height in meter.
Normal BMI=18.5-24.5
2. Height and weight measurement.
3.Body composition:
- Tricesps skin fold measurement.
- Mild-arm muscle circumference.
13. • Pain : Assess as fifth vital sign , it’s an unpleasent feeling of distress or suffering.
• Round the clock.
• Pain related behaviour:
1. Subjective measure- facial expression, movements
2. Physiologic measure- Heart rate , blood pressure.
• Pharmacological therapies: Non- steriodal anti-inflammatory
drug(Ibuprofen,Naproxen,Indomethacin) ,Non opiates( Acetaminophen, Acetylsalicyclic acid)
and Opioid {Morphine sulphate, Fentanyl, Meperidine(Demerol)}
• Side effect: Respiratory depression, Constipation , Hypotension and Hallunications.
Source : South zone critical care-2018
14. • Non-Pharmacological approach:
1. Alter pain stimulation: Electrical stimulator(Modify pain stimulus by blocking or changing the
pain stimulus, Neurosurgical procedure{Neurectomy: presacral area(dysmenorrhea),
Rhynotomy: severe pain in upper trunk(ca.lung), Cordotomy: severe pain in lower body
(ca.pelvic)},Nerve block and aucupunture.
2. Therapeutic touch
3. Distraction and relaxation exercises
4. Modifying pain stimulus: Back rub, application of hot and cold , supporting limbs, placing
pillows, avoid bumping or moving the bed suddenly, use dim light and control the no of
visitors.
Source:Text book of fundamental nursing, Makalu publication.
15.
16.
17. • TO CALM, COMFORTABLE AND QUIET PATIENT.
• DAILY SEDATION HOLD– TO LOOK FOR EXTUBATION
READINESS(SEDATION HOLIDAY)
• OVERSEDATION INCREASED RISK OF :
venousthrombosis
Decreased
intestinal motility
Hypotension
ICU
polyneuropathy
Prolong ICU stay
20. • Stress Ulcer prevention is important.
• Notably for patient with respiratory failure or cogulation abnormality,
Undergoing steroid therapy , or with the history of gastroduodenal ulcer, who
are risk of developing stress related gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
21.
22. GLYCEMIC CONTROL
Aim to keep blood sugar level below about 180mg/dl.
Short acting insulin is preferred agent until the patient is
stabilized, hemodynamics are acceptable and enteral feeding is
tolerated.
23. • SBT should be started early once the patients fulfils the criteria for weaning.
• Weaning has two component: 1. Liberation from ventilation and
2. Extubation.
The sooner the patient is liberated from ventilator, the lesser the chance of Ventilator Associated
Pneumonias(VAP) , Ventilatory-induced lung injury, Decreased ICU stay and overall reduced
mortality.
Source: ISCCM-ICU Protocols A stepwise approach
24. STEPS:
• Weaning should never be hurried as it can be successful only when the patient is physically and
mentally ready.
• Whenever possible, position the patient upright in bed
• Throughly suctioning the endotracheal tube and ensure patency.
• Mode for SBT:
1. T-piece:
Patient are disconnect from ventilator and made to breath humidified oxygen – air mixed through T-
piece connected to the endotracheal / tracheostomy tube for 30-120 min
Source: ISCCM-ICU Protocols A stepwise approach
25. Increased respiratory load. Dyspnea and fatigue should be carefully avoided.
2. Pressure support:
The pressure support level is to be gradually reduced, titrate to RR and patient comfort.
A level of 6-8 cm H2O pressure support is considered to overcome the tube resistance.
PEEP of 4-6cm H2O.
Duration: 30-120 minutes
• Adequate cough reflex-spontaneous or while suctioning.
• Patient should be able to protect airway, and they should follow simple command.
• No radiological and surgical procedure is being planned in the near future.
• Extubation should not be done at the end of the day.
Source: ISCCM-ICU Protocols A stepwise approach
26. we can prevent patient
from VAP by 40%.
Rs.7,560per day (BD)
10days 75,600
27.
28. Penetrate through the body natural
mechanism.
High risk for local and systemic
infection.
Discontinue/removal , when not medically
necessary.
29.
30. • VAP, defined as a new pneumonia occurring > 48 hours after endotracheal
intubation.
• VAP is common and serious hospital-acquired infection.
• It occurs in up to 20% of pt receiving mechinical ventilation, & is associated with
increased antibiotic use, length of hospitalization and healthcare cost.
31. SOURCE : South zone critical care-2018
• Best hand washing practice.
• Head end to be elevated 30-45 degree.
• Oral care with Chlorexidine solution.
• Suction should be done only when required. Closed suction should be encouraged when increased
secretions are anticipated.
• Sedation vacation (early morning sadation should be hold)
• Prevanting VAP by 40%.
• Provide early exercise and early mobilization.
32.
33. Source:International Society for Infectious Disease
1. INSERTION BUNDLE:
• Maximal sterile barrier precautions (surgical mask, sterile gloves, cap, sterile gown, and large sterile drape).
• Skin cleaning with alcohol-based chlorhexidine (rather than iodine).
• Avoidance of the femoral vein for central venous access in adult patients; use of subclavian rather than jugular veins.
• Standardized insertion packs.
• Availability of insertion guidelines (including indications for central line use) and use of checklists with trained
observers.
• Use of ultrasound guidance for insertion of internal jugular lines.
34. Source:International Society for Infectious Disease
• 2. Maintenance bundle:
- Daily review of central line necessity.
- Prompt removal of unnecessary lines.
- Disinfection prior to manipulation of the line.
- Daily chlorhexidine washes (in ICU, patients > 2 months).
- Disinfect catheter hubs, ports, connectors, etc., before using the catheter.
- Change dressings and disinfect site with alcohol-based chlorhexidine every 5-7 days (change
earlier if soiled).
- Replace administration sets within 96 hours(4days) (immediately if used for blood products or
lipids).
- Ensure appropriate nurse-to-patient ratio in ICU (1:2 or 1:1).
35. • Best hand washing practice.
• Insertion under strict asceptic precaution.
• Catheter to be secured – no pulling from cot.
• Bag should be kept below the bladder level.
• Empty the bag once it reaches 2/3 rd of capacity.
• Avoiding the use of urinary catheters by considering alternative methods for urine
collection.
- methods include: condom catheters, intermittent catheterization, use of nappies.
SOURCE : South zone critical care-2018
36. • SSIS are infections of the incision or organ or space that occur after surgery.
• Administration of parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis.
- Antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered within 60 minutes prior to incision, including for
caesarean section.
- Re-dosing is recommended for prolonged procedures and in patients with major blood loss or excessive
burns.
• Patients should be washed with soap or an antiseptic agent within a night prior to surgery.
37. OURCE : International Society for Infectious Disease
• Use alcohol-based disinfectant for skin preparation in the operating room.
• Maintain intraoperative Glycemic control with target blood glucose levels < 200
mg/dl (in patients with and without diabetes).
• Maintain perioperative normothermia.
• Administer increased fraction of inspired oxygen during surgery and
• After extubation in the immediate postoperative period in patients with normal
pulmonary function.
38. The interventions above should be implemented with a
multimodal package of infection prevention including:
Hand hygiene,
Sterilization of surgical equipment,
The use of appropriate surgical attire,
and staff education and feedback.