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Fixed-Parameter Intractability
Vertex Cover
Feedback Vertex Set
Max Sat
Odd Cycle Transversal
Point Line Cover
Feedback Arc Set on
Tournaments
3-Hitting Set
Closest String
d-Clustering
Vertex Cover
Feedback Vertex Set
Max Sat
Odd Cycle Transversal
Point Line Cover
Feedback Arc Set on
Tournaments
3-Hitting Set
Closest String
d-Clustering

f(k)

n
Vertex Cover
Feedback Vertex Set
Max Sat

O(1)

Odd Cycle Transversal
Point Line Cover
Feedback Arc Set on
Tournaments
3-Hitting Set
Closest String
d-Clustering

f(k) n
Some problems tend to be harder than others.
FPT
FPT

“Hard”
Your Problem
Your Problem

Clique
solveClique{
blah
blah
Your Problem

!

}

Clique
Independent Set

Clique
Independent Set

Clique
SolveClique(G,k) { Return IndependentSet(Gc,k ); }

Independent Set

Clique
solveClique{
blah
blah
!

}
(x, k)

(x , k )

A known
“hard” problem

Instance of
“your problem”
solveClique{
blah
blah
!

}
(x, k)

(x , k )

A known
“hard” problem

Instance of
“your problem”
solveClique{
blah
blah
!

}
The reduction itself must run in FPT time.
(x, k)

(x , k )

A known
“hard” problem

Instance of
“your problem”
solveClique{
blah
blah
!

}
The reduction itself must run in FPT time.
The time taken to solve the generated instance will be
f(k )p(|x |)
(x, k)

(x , k )

A known
“hard” problem

Instance of
“your problem”
solveClique{
blah
blah
!

}
The reduction itself must run in FPT time.
So the parameter of the output is constrained to
being a function of the original parameter.
SolveIndSet(G,k) { Return VertexCover(G,n-k ); }
SolveIndSet(G,k) { Return VertexCover(G,n-k ); }
NP-hardness reductions are not necessarily FPT
reductions.
Given a graph G and a number k:
!

return YES if k ≤ log n
and G has a clique on k vertices.
Instance of CLIQUE,
(G,k)

Instance of log-CLIQUE,
(G,k)
Instance of CLIQUE,
(G,k)

Instance of log-CLIQUE,
(G,k)
Instance of CLIQUE,
(G,k)

Instance of log-CLIQUE,
(G,k)

Add 2k isolated vertices.
FPT reductions are not always NP-hardness reductions.
Multi-Colored Clique
Multi-Colored Clique
Multi-Colored Clique
Multi-Colored Clique
Multi-Colored Clique
Clique
Multi-Colored Clique
Multi-Colored Clique

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Fixed-Parameter Intractability