The document provides an introduction to quality concepts, principles, and evolution. It defines quality, discusses total quality management and continuous improvement methodology. It outlines how to evaluate school performance, select continuous improvement projects, and challenges that can lead CI projects to fail. It also describes the assess stage of continuous improvement and setting up an organizational structure to support a school-based CI program.

1. Introduction to Quality
Basic Concepts, Principles and Evolution

2. Outline
• What is Quality?
• Quality in Education
• Total Quality Management
• Continuous Improvement Methodology
• School Based CI Organizational Structure
1-2

3. WHAT IS QUALITY?
1-3

4. Review: What is Quality?
• Characteristic or property
• Personal trait or character trait
• Essential character
• Superiority
• Degree of excellence
• A distinguishable attribute

5. Review: In Another Language,
Quality Can Mean
• Performance
• Reliability
• Durability
• Serviceability
• Aesthetics
• Features
• Perceived Quality
• Conformance to
standards

6. QUALITY IN EDUCATION
1-6

7. Review: Quality in Education
(UNICEF, 2000)
“Children have a right to an
education, a quality education”

8. Quality in Education
(UNICEF, 2000, paraphrased)
• Healthy learners supported by their families and
communities
• Safe learning environments with adequate resources
and facilities
• Relevant curricula and materials for the acquisition of
basic skills
• Child-centred teaching processes with well-managed
classrooms and schools
• Outcome-based learning relevant to achievement of
national goals and society

9. Quality in Education
In all aspects of the school and its
surrounding education community, the rights
of the whole child, and all children, to
survival, protection, development and
participation are at the centre.
(Bernard, 1999)

10. Quality in Education
• The understanding of education as a complex
system embedded in a political, cultural, and
economic context.
• It is important to keep in mind education’s
systemic nature, however, these dimensions are
interdependent, influencing each other in ways
that are sometimes unforeseeable.

11. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1-11

12. Total Quality Management
1-12
A comprehensive and fundamental rule or
belief for leading and operating an
organization, aimed at continually improving
performance over the long term by focusing
on customers while addressing the needs of
all stakeholders.
SOURCE: ISO TC 176/SC2/WG15/N131 --
Quality Management Principles and Guidelines
on Their Application, 29 May 1997.

13. Total Quality Management as a
Framework for Quality Education

14. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
METHODOLOGY

15. Continuous Improvement
Methodology
A methodology to continually assess,
analyze, and act on the performance
improvement of key processes focusing on
both customer needs and the desired
performance.
1-15

16. School CI Projects
• Evaluate school performance
• Recommend an improvement project
• Get Division approval on the project
Undertake Improvement Projects
Identify priority
improvement project
Form the CI Team
Monitor and evaluate CI
program status
• Identify school personnel who will
undertake the project
• Use CI tools
i4-16
Apply the CI improvement
methodology
• Review project outputs and outcomes

17. Continuous Improvement Methodology
1-17
Assess Analyze Act
Step 1: Get Organized
Step 2: Talk with
Customers
Step 3: Walk the Process
Step 4: Focused Problem
Statement
Step 5: Do root cause
analysis
Step 6: Develop
Solutions
Step 7: Finalize
Improvement
Plan
Step 8: Pilot Your
Solution
Step 9: Roll Out your
Solution
Step 10: Check Your
Progress

18. CI Project Template Definitions
• PROJECT TITLE
– Name of the Project
– Team Leader and Team Members
• BACKGROUND
– Brief information/data on the school issue
– Identify VOC and Project scope

19. CI Project Template Definitions
• CURRENT STATE
– Map the current process
– Provide baseline data (time, output, cost)
• What specific outcomes are required?
• How will we know the implementation is successful?
• What will be the measure of performance?
– Use storm clouds to represent problems
– Problems can be:
• Customer complaints (defects or reworks)
• Gap between actual and target KPI
• Inefficiency and Wastages

20. CI Project Template Definitions
• PROBLEM ANALYSIS (For each storm cloud)
– Do root cause analysis
– Use the 5 WHYS
– Example: Wrong Grade
• 1st WHY – Error computation
• 2nd WHY – Confused with another student
• 3rd WHY – Student name is wrong
• 4th WHY – Incomplete student registration
• 5th WHY – Procedure for registration is unclear
– No need to actually reach up to 5 WHYs.

21. CI Project Template Definitions
• FUTURE STATE
– Describe the proposed solutions and the
possible interventions on the process
– Do Value Analysis
– Map the Improved Process

22. CI Project Template Definitions
• IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
– Spells out the WHAT (needs to happen), WHO (will
do it), WHEN (it will be completed), and OUTCOME
(expected results)
– Determine tasks and timeline
– Prepare budget and resource requirements
– Perform stakeholder analysis
– Evaluate of implementation
– Do risk assessment

23. CI Project Template Definitions
• LESSONS LEARNED
– Identify project learning
– Project sharing
– Recognition and Reward
– Project Closure

24. CI Project Template Definitions
–When the desired results are not
achieved, then CI starts again. Cost
refers to the cost of the implementation
plan
–Benefit refers to the waste reduction
(may not be monetary) i.e. safety,
quality, customer satisfaction, workplace
appreciation.

25. CI Project Template Definitions
• TEST RESULTS
– This refers to any PILOT, TRIAL RUN, or RAMP UP of
changes that needs to be done.
– Test can be progressive.
– Show before and after results
– Long term follow up of the improvements by recording
the measures/metric of the process and its outcome

26. FUTURE STATE
BACKGROUND
CURRENT STATE
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
LESSONS LEARNED
TEST RESULTS
PROJECT TITLE
STAGE
1:
ASSESS
STAGE
2:
ANALYZE
STAGE
3:
ACT
STAGE
2:
ANALYZE
CI Project Template
Name of the School and Project
Team Members
School Profile+ BERC Highlights
+ VOC + Project Scoping
(SIPOC)
Process Map + Data Gathering and
Presentation
Problem statement
Root Cause Analysis
Validation of Causes
Prioritization of Valid Causes
Objective Statement
Solution Generation
Value Analysis
Improved Process Diagram
Tasks and Timeline
Budget and Resource
Stakeholder Analysis
Evaluation of Implementation
Risks
Piloting
Rollout
Before and After
Cost Benefit Analysis
Project Closure
Project Sharing

27. SCHOOL BASED CI
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
1-27

28. CI Organizational Structure
School Governing
Council
School Head
CI Team 1
Team Leader
Members
CI Team 2
Team Leader
Members
CI Team 3
Team Leader
Members
School CI
Facilitator
School CI
Trainer
SGC members
• Teachers President
• Student Government
President
• PTA President
• LGU Representative
• NGO
• Alumni Rep
i4-28

29. Review: Who composes the
team?
• Creative and open minded
• Good team players
• Well respected among peers, stakeholders, and
other school leaders

30. Review: Team Selection Criteria
• Ideal team size: 3-8
• Smaller Team Size: 3 to 4 ->work faster
• Teams greater than 8 require additional
facilitation and often require sub-teams.

31. Who Are Your Stakeholders?
School
Head
CI
Facilitator
CI Team
Other Stakeholders:
-Process Owner
-Students,
Parents
-Community, etc

32. Process Owner
– Worries about overall process health
– Has responsibility and authority to manage and improve
a process

33. STAGE 1: ASSESS
Step 1: Get Organized
1-33

34. Review: What is the Assess
Stage?
• Defines the objectives
of the project and its
respective measures
from the perspective of
the customers

35. The Assess Steps
Get
Organized
Talk with
Your
Customers
Walk the
Process
Focused
Problem
Statement
• CI Project Template • VOC
• Affinity Diagram
• Defining the Metric
• SIPOC
• Process Mapping
• Activity Chart
• Deployment Chart
• Data Collection Plan
• Histogram, Pareto,
and Line Chart

36. Outline
• Systems Approach of School Management
• Evaluation of School Performance
• Project Selection Criteria
• Reasons for Failure of a CI Program
• Setting-up the CI Team Charter
1-36

37. SYSTEMS APPROACH OF
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
1-37

38. Review: What is a SYSTEM?
• A System is a whole, which
consists of interdependent and
interacting parts with a single
purpose.
• A system is greater than the sum
of its parts.

39. Review: What is Systems Thinking?
• A way of thinking (paradigm) about the
world and relationships.
• It is a way of thinking about life, work,
and the world based on the importance of
relationships (interconnections).

40. APQC,
2008

41. EVALUATE SCHOOL
PERFORMANCE
1-43

42. School Measures
• Tell us something important about our
outputs and how we deliver them.
• They help us understand, manage,
and improve what our organizations
do.

43. School Measures tell us….
• How well we are doing?
• Are we meeting our goals
• Are our customers/stakeholders satisfied?
• Are we in control of how we deliver our
outputs?
• Are the improvements we made necessary
and effective?

44. School Measures
Students Teachers School
 Enrollment
 Dropout rate
 Attendance of
students
 Reflection of values
 Cohort survival
 Graduation rate
 Child protection
 Child Nutrition
 Student Performance
Scores:
 NAT/DAT/RAT
 PHIL-IRI
 Numerates/Non-
numerates
 Teacher
development
 Teacher
attendance
 SBM accreditation
 Eco-friendly
 Sufficient resources
 Sufficient
infrastructure

45. School Measures and
Customers
Students Care
Process
Leadership Training
Lakbay Aral
Class Guidance Sessions
Remedial Sessions
My Teacher, My Mentor
Outcome
Measure
National
Achievement Test
Graduation Rate
Dropout Rate
Students
Teachers
Customers
Professional Development
In Service Training
Gender Awareness
Development
Outcome Measure
Awards and Recognitions
Staff Development Level

46. PROJECT SELECTION CRITERIA
1-48

47. Project Selection Criteria
Guidelines
• The expected project outputs and/or outcomes
support the targeted performance indicator (PI)
of at least one (1) School Improvement Plan
(SIP) strategy or program identified in the SIP
strategies or action plans.
• The project revolves around the improvement of
an identified school process.
• The project has outputs and outcomes which are
realizable within the three (3) month project
duration.

48. Project Selection Criteria
Guidelines
• The project can be reasonably completed within
three (3) months. If the project is a component of a
bigger program or project (extending beyond 3
months), this component should be executable within
3 months.
• Project activities are generally executable and within
the control of the project CI Team, or through a local
or division-level stakeholder with whom the CI Team
can partner .
• The project does not require a capital outlay to
execute.

49. Challenges of CI Projects
• Project selection process do not identify projects
related to the school objective.
• No accountability.
• No clear process owner.
• No buy-in with the process owner.
• No concept of a customer expectation.
• Project sponsors or champions do not break
roadblocks or avoids addressing resistances.
• Treating projects as academic exercise.

50. Challenges of CI Projects
• Failure to realize and appreciate the complexity of
dealing with people.
• Failure to properly scope projects.
• Facilitator or coach does not allow transfer of
solution ownership to the CI team and eventually to
the process owner.
• CI team does not communicate properly with school
administration.
• Lack of a concept and understanding of a process.
• Lack of proper stakeholder management.

51. Challenges of CI Projects
• Mismatch of project team members.
• CI team have no expectation or prospect of proper
reward or recognition.
• CI projects not included in performance appraisals.
• Problems are not dealt with or clearly understood in
a fact-based manner.
• Failure to leverage on CI tools for high quality
analysis, imaginative ideas and for identifying
appropriate solutions.