detail description

2. A poison is any substance that is
harmful to body.
Poisoning is a introduction of
harmful substances into the body either
by injection, inhalation or ingestion.

3. Risk Factors for Poisoning
 Infants highest risk of accidental drug
ingestion
 Parkinson's disease association with
insecticides

4. Types of Poisoning
 Food Poisoning
 Heavy metal poisoning
 Carbon monoxide poisoning
 Radon poisoning
 Chemical poisoning
 Drug poisoning
 Alcohol poisoning

5. Food poisoning is the result of
eating organisms or toxins in contaminated
food. (Staphylococcus (or) E. coli).

6. Causes
➢ Outbreak in a group of people who all ate the
contaminated food.
➢ It can occur at picnics, school and large social
functions.
➢ Left unrefrigerated too long or food preparation
techniques are not clean.
➢ Eating undercooked meats, dairy products.

7. Food poisoning can be caused
by:
 Staph aureus
 E. coli
 Salmonella
 Shigella
 Campylobacter
 Cholera
 Botulism
 Mushroom poisoning
 Listeria
 Fish poisoning

8. Risk factors
Depends on the organism, the amount of
exposure, age and health.
 Older adults
 Pregnant women
 Infants and young children
 People with chronic disease

9. Symptoms
❖ It will start within 2 to 6 hours of eating the
contaminated food.
❖ Timing- depending on the toxin or organism
responsible for the food poisoning.
❖ Botulism.
 Nausea and vomiting
 Abdominal cramps
 Diarrhea (may be bloody)
 Fever and chills
 Weakness
 Headache

10. When to seek medical advice
 Signs or symptoms of dehydration
 More than two days frequent episodes of
vomiting
 More than three days Severe diarrhea
 Vomiting blood
 Inability to take liquids
 Blood in feces
 Severe abdominal cramping
 Fever -101.5 F

11. Investigations
❑ Signs and symptoms of food poisoning.
❑ Recent medical history & foods have eaten recently.

12. # Test the vomit, blood, stool, and any
leftover food.
# In rare but possibly serious cases, may go
for following procedures:
Sigmoidoscopy
Electromyography
Lumbar puncture
Blood tests
X-ray of the abdomen or a CT scan.

13. Treatment
✓ Replace lost fluids.
✓ To relieve symptoms of severe diarrhea
and vomiting.
✓ Maintain the Fluids and electrolytes
balance of the body.
✓ Don't eat solid foods.

14. ▪ If diarrhea and unable to drink fluids -
Intravenous fluids, Anti-vomiting and
diarrhea medications, medications
should not be changed without
discussing with doctor.
▪ Antibiotics -prolong diarrhea.
▪ If eaten toxins from mushrooms or
shellfish- need to empty stomach and
remove the toxin.

15. Possible Complications
 Dehydration
 Respiratory distress
 Kidney problems
 Bleeding disorders
 Arthritis
 Nervous system disorders
 Pericarditis
 Death -- 50% of people with certain fish
poisonings and 10% with botulism.

16. Prevention
 Wash your hands, utensils and food
surfaces often
 Keep raw foods separate from ready-to-
eat foods.
 Cook foods to a safe temperature.
 Refrigerate or freeze perishable foods
promptly.
 Defrost food safely.
 Throw it out when in doubt.

19. Carbon monoxide is a colorless,
odorless gas produced by burning
material containing carbon.
Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause
brain damage and death.
It can't see it, smell it, or taste it; but
carbon monoxide can kill.

20. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Causes
when organic compounds burn,
motor vehicle exhaust, smoke from fires,
engine fumes, and nonelectric heaters.

21. Sources of carbon monoxide
 Gas water heaters
 Kerosene space heaters
 Charcoal grills
 Propane heaters and stoves
 Gasoline and diesel powered
generators
 Cigarette smoke
 Gasoline powered concrete saws
 Indoor tractor pulls
 Spray paint, solvents, degreasers, and
paint removers.

23. Carbon monoxide enters into blood
Binds with HB
Decreases the binding sites for oxygen
Carboxyhemoglobin
Ischemia
End organ dysfunction
Death.

24. Risks for exposure to carbon monoxide
 Children riding in the back of enclosed
pickup trucks
 Industrial workers at pulp mills, steel
foundries, and plants producing coke
 Personnel fire scenes
 Using electric generators during power
outages
 Those working indoors with combustion gases
 Swimming under the stern
 Back drafting when a boat is operated at a high
bow angle.
 Improper boat ventilation

25. Symptoms
 Dull headache
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Chest pain
 Confusion
 Irritability
 Impaired judgment
 Loss of consciousness

26. Investigations
➢ Medical history.
➢ Blood sample to measure the amount of carbon
monoxide in your blood.

27. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Treatment
❑ High-dose oxygen with facemask.
❑ Periodically check the CO level.
❑ Hyperbaric pressure chamber may be used to
give higher doses of oxygen.
❑ To find the source of the carbon monoxide.

28. Permanent brain damage
Damage to heart
Death
Carbon monoxide poisoning is dangerous.
Depending on the degree and length of exposure,
carbon monoxide poisoning can cause:

29. Invest in carbon monoxide detectors
Use gas
appliances as
recommended
Open the
garage door
before
starting car
Keep gas
appliances
and fireplace
in good repair

31. ➢ Problems with vital signs
➢ Sleepiness, confusion, and coma are.
➢ Skin can be cool and sweaty.
➢ Chest pain is possible.
➢ Shortness of breath, breathing may get rapid,
slow, deep, or shallow.
➢ Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea are possible.
➢ Specific drugs can damage specific organs,
depending on the drug.

33. Acetaminophen is one of the most common
medications found in households.
If taken in excess amounts acetaminophen can
cause life-threatening illness, damage the liver.

34. Causes
 Acetaminophen overdose
 If the liver is already damaged because of
infection, alcohol abuse, or other illness.
 People with liver illnesses
 People who chronically consume large amounts
of alcohol.
 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
currently recommends that anyone consuming
more than 3 alcoholic beverages per day should
not take acetaminophen .

35. Symptoms
Remain symptom free for up to 24 hours after
taking a toxic overdose of acetaminophen.
After this initial period,
 Not able to eat or poor appetite
 Nausea & Vomiting
 Not feeling well
 Abdominal pain

36. • call a doctor or
emergency
medical services
for any
suspected
acetaminophen
overdose .
.
• Starting
treatment
early can
greatly
improve the
outcome.
.

37. History
• To determine the time and amount
of acetaminophen taken
Physic
al
• Look for signs and symptoms of
acetaminophen poisoning. (jaundice,
abdominal pain, vomiting)
Laboratory
tests
• A blood level of acetaminophen

38. Self-Care at Home
 If the person is unconscious or not
breathing, call immediately for
emergency medical services.
 If the person is awake and breathing
without symptoms, call local poison
control center .

39. Medical Treatment
(Depends on the condition of the person)
Emptying of the stomach- minutes after taking
the overdose.
$ N-acetylcysteine (NAC)- NAC is the antidote for
toxic acetaminophen overdose(through mouth or
intravenous). NAC is generally given for 20-72
hours.
$ Activated charcoal- It can be given by mouth to
bind any drug remaining in the GI tract.

40. Prevention
 Keep all medication out of the reach of
children.
 Never mix different medications if both
medications contain acetaminophen.
 If family member are depressed remove all
medications and seek medical attention
immediately.
 If unsure about how and when to take pain
medications, ask your doctor for a plan.
 Do not take acetaminophen if consume more
than 3 alcoholic beverages per day.

42. Alcohol poisoning is a serious and
consuming large amounts of alcohol in a short
period of time.
Drinking too much too quickly can affect
breathing, heart rate and gag reflex and
potentially lead to coma and death.

43. Symptoms
 Confusion, stupor
 Vomiting
 Seizures
 Slow & irregular breathing
 Blue-tinged skin or pale skin
 Hypothermia
 Unconsciousness

44. When to see a doctor
If the person is unconscious, bradypnea or
repeated, uncontrolled vomiting.
 If the person is conscious, call local poison control
center.
 Be prepared to provide information. If know, be
sure to tell hospital about kind and amount of
alcohol the person ingested, and when.
 Don't leave an unconscious person alone.
impaired gag reflex and may choke on their own
vomit or accidentally inhale (aspirate) vomit into
their lungs.

45. Causes
Forms of alcohol:
 Isopropyl alcohol, which is found in rubbing alcohol,
lotions and some cleaning items.
 Methanol, a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints
and solvents
 Ethanol — found in alcoholic beverages, mouthwash
and some medications

46. Risk factors
age
sex
size and weight
overall health
food consumption
drug use

47. How much is too much?
➢ If drink on an empty stomach.
➢ It takes about one hour for liver to process
(metabolize) the alcohol in one drink —355
milliliters of beer, 118 to 148 milliliters of
wine or 44 milliliters distilled spirits.
➢ Mixed drinks.

48. What happens to body when drink?
Alcohol depresses the nerves (control involuntary actions
such as breathing, heartbeat and your gag reflex,
which keeps from choking)
Excessive alcohol intake can slow and shut down
these functions.
Your body temperature can also drop
(hypothermia), leading to cardiac arrest.
And your blood sugar level can fall low enough to
cause seizures.

49. Investigations
❖ Visible signs and symptoms of alcohol
poisoning.
❖ Blood tests to check blood alcohol
levels and identify other signs of alcohol
toxicity, such as low blood sugar.
❖ A urine test also may help to confirm a
diagnosis of alcohol poisoning.

50. Treatments and drugs
 Careful monitoring
 Airway protection to prevent breathing or
choking problems
 Oxygen therapy.
 Administration of fluids through a vein
(intravenously) to prevent dehydration.
 Who have accidentally ingested methanol or
isopropyl alcohol may need kidney dialysis.

51. Complications
✓ Accidentally inhaling vomit into lungs
✓ Asphyxiation
✓ Excessive vomiting can also result in severe
dehydration.
✓ Severe alcohol poisoning can be fatal,
irreversible brain damage.

52. Prevention
 Be moderate. When you do drink, enjoy drink
slowly.
 Communicate with teens. Talk to teenage
children about the dangers of alcohol.
 Store products safely.
 Get follow-up care. teen has been treated for
alcohol poisoning, be sure to ask about follow-
up care. Meeting with a medical social worker
or counselor.