this ppt is about earthquake.

1. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
J.N.U CAMPUS
NEW DELHI-110067
ECONOMIC PROJECT
SESSION- 2021- 2022

2. Name- Angel Singh
Class- 9th B
Roll no.- 06

3. I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to Mrs.
Vandana , my social science teacher and guide, who
guided me through the project and also gave valuable
suggestions and guidance for completing the project.
She helped me to understand the intricate issues
involved in making the project, besides issues involved
in making the project, besides effectively presenting
it. This intricates would have been lost otherwise.
My project has been a success only because of her
guidance.
I would like to thank my classmates and my friends
who encouraged me and helped me in designing and
making my project creative.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4. This is to certify that Angel Singh a student of class IX
has successfully completed the research on the project
Disaster Management under my supervision. She has
taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in the
completion of this project. I certify that this project is
upto my expectations and as per the guidelines.
Teacher’s Examiner’s
Signature Signature
cirtificate

5. index
 Introduction
 What is an Earthquake
 Earthquake Waves
 Causes of Earthquake
 Type of faults
 What to do at the time of Earthquake
 After an Earthquake
 Diagram for Earthquake
 Type of Earthquake
 Earthquake measuring instrument

6. A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard resulting in
an event of substantial event causing physical damage
loss of life, or drastic change in the environment. It is
phenomenon that can cause damage to life and
property and destroy the economic, social and culture
life of people.
INTRODUCTION

7. What is an Earthquake
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
another. Thesurface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below
the earth’s surface wherethe earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location
directly aboveit on the surface ofthe earth is called the epicenter.
Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These aresmaller earthquakes that happen in
the same place as the largerearthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an
earthquake is a foreshock until the largerearthquake happens. Thelargest, main
earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow.
These are smaller earthquakes that occurafterwards in the same place as the mainshock.
Depending onthe size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months,
and evenyears afterthe mainshock!

8. Seismic waves are waves that travel through or over Earth. They
are usually generated by movements of the Earth's tectonic
plates (earthquakes) but may also be caused by explosions,
volcanoes and landslides. They can tell us much about the Earth's
structure.
Earth waves

9. There are three types of wave such as
following;-
1. P – wave motion : A P wave, or
compressional wave, is a seismic body
wave that shakes the ground back and
forth in the same direction and the
opposite direction as the direction the
wave is moving

10. 2. S- wave motion ; An S wave, or shear wave,
is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground
back and forth perpendicular to the direction
the wave is moving.

11. 3. Rayleigh-wave Motion : Rayleigh Waves—
surface waves that move in an elliptical motion,
producing both a vertical and horizontal component of
motion in the direction of wave propagation.
Particle motion consists of elliptical motions
(generally retrograde elliptical) in the vertical plane
and parallel to the direction of propagation.
Amplitude decreases with depth. Material returns to
its original shape after wave passes

12. 4. Love – wave motion ; A Love wave is a
surface wave having a horizontal motion that is
transverse (or perpendicular) to the direction
the wave is traveling.

13. Induced Earthquakes are caused by human
activity, like tunnel construction, filling reservoirs
and implementing geothermal or fracking projects.
Volcanic quakes are associated with active
volcanism.
Collapse quake can be triggered by such
phenomena as cave-ins, as a result of subsidence.
CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKE

14. There are five types of faults –
Reversefaults- A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fult- the hanging wall moves
up relative to the footwall. Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of the crust.
The dip of a reverse fault is relatively steep, greater than 45.
Strike-slipfaults- Strike-slipfault,alsocalledtranscurrentfault,wrenchfault,or
lateralfault,ingeology,afractureintherocksofEarth`s crustinwhichtherockmasses
slippastoneanother
TYPE OF FAULT

15. parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another
horizontal plane. These faults are caused by horizontal compression, but they release their
energy by rock displacement in a horizontal direction almost parallel to the compressional
force. The fault plane is essentially vertical, and the relative slip is lateral along the plane.
Strike-slip faults are right lateral or left lateral, depending on whether the block on the
opposite side of the fault from an observer has moved to the right or left.

16. Obliquefaults- Oblique- slip faulting suggest both normal (dip – slip )
faulting and strike – slip faulting. It is caused by a combination of
shearing and tension of compressional forces. The system of oblique faults
including the Bhojudih Fault, the Mahal Fault, the Dumarda Fault and
the Nutandih Fault.

17. Normalfaults- This is the most common type of fault. It forms when rock
above an inclined fracture plane moves downward, sliding along the rock
on the other side of the fracture. Normal faults are often found along
divergent plate boundaries, such as under the ocean where new crust is
forming.

18.  If you are INDOOR- STAY THERE! Get under a desk
or table and hang on to it or move into a hallway or
against an inside wall. STAY CLEAR of windows,
fireplaces, and heavy furniture or appliances. GET OUT
of the kitchen, which is a dangerous place (things can
fall on you). DON`T run downstairs or rush outside
while the building is shaking or while there is danger of
falling and hurting yourself or being hit by falling glass
or debris.
 If you are OUTSIDE- get into the OPEN, away from
WHAT TO DO AT THE TIME OF AN
EARTHQUAKE

19. Buildings, power lines, chimneys, and anything else that
might fall on you.
 If you are DRIVING- stop, but carefully. Move your car
as far out of traffic as possible. DO NOT stop on or
under a bridge or overpass or under trees, light posts,
power lines, or signs. STAY INSIDE your car until the
shaking stops. When you RESUME driving, watch for
breaks in the pavement, fallen rocks, and bumps in the

20. road at bridge approaches.
 If you are in a MOUNTAINOUS AREA- watch out for
falling rock, landslides, trees, and other debris that could
be loosened by quakes.

21. Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for
anyone who needs it.
Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are
damaged, shut off the valves. Check for the smell og gas. If you
smell it , open al the windows and doors, leave immediately,
and report it to the authorities(use someone else`s phone).
Turn on the radio. Don`t use the phone unless it`s an emergency.
Stay out of damaged buildings.
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

22. Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy
shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
Be careful of chimneys(they may fall on you).
Stay away from damaged areas.

23. DIAGRAM OF EARTHQUAKE

24. There are four type of Earthquake:
• Tectonic earthquake- A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs
when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks
and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes.
A volcanic earthquake is any earthquake that results from
tectonic forces which occur in conjunction with volcanic activity
TYPE OF EARTHQUAKE

25. • Volcano: A volcano tectonic earthquake is caused by
the movement of magma beneath the surface of the
Earth. The movement results in pressure changes where
the rock around the magma has experienced stress.

26. • Collpase earthquake: A collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in
underground caverns and mines that are caused by seismic waves
produced from the explosion of rock on the surface. An explosion
earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a
nuclear and/or chemical device.

27. • Explosion earthquake: Explosion earthquakes are
produced by the detonation of chemicals or nuclear
devices. Some underground nuclear explosions fired
since the 1950s have produced substantial earthquakes.
When a nuclear device is detonated in a borehole
underground, enormous nuclear energy is released.

28. The Richter scale measures the largest wiggle
(amplitude) on the recording, but other magnitude
scales measure different parts of the earthquake. A
seismometer is the internal part of the seismograph,
which may be a pendulum or a mass mounted on a
spring; however, it is often used synonymously with
"seismograph". Seismographs are instruments used to
record the motion of the ground during an earthquake.
EARTHQUAKE MEASURING INSTRUMENT

30. THANK YOU