earthquake

1. EARTHQUAKE
When energy
released from the
moving crustal plates,
the surrounding rock
layer trembles and
shifts.

2. two kinds of earthquake
1. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE-
When magma moves along a
fissure,they cause the earth’s
rust to tremble.

3. two kinds of earthquake
2. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE-
The magma reach the
surface and when this happens,
a volcanic eruption occurs.

4. EPICENTER
THE POINT ON THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH
LOCATED DIRECTLY
ABOVE THE CENTER OF
AN EARTHQUAKE’S
ORIGIN.

5. ROSSI-FOREL
SCALE OF
EARTHQUAKE
INTENSITIES

6. I. HARDLY PERCEPTIBLE
SHOCK-felt only by
experienced observer
under favorable
conditions.

7. II. EXTREMELY FEEBLE
SHOCK-felt by small
number of persons at rest.

8. III. VERY EXTREMELY
FEEBLE SHOCK-Felt by
several persons at rest;
duration and direction may
be perceptible; sometimes
dizziness or nausea is
experienced.

9. IV. FEEBLE SHOCK-felt
generally indoors;
outdoors by a few;hanging
objects swing
slightly;creaking of house’s
frames.

10. V. SHOCK MODERATELY
INTENSITY-felt generally
by everyone;hanging
objects swing
freely;overturn of all vases
and unstable objects;light
sleepers awaken.

11. VI. FAIRLY STRONG SHOCK-
generally awakening of
those asleep; stopping or
pendulum clocks; ocsillation
of hanging lamps’slight
damage in very old or poorly
built structures.

12. VII. STRONG SHOCK-overturn
of movable objects;slightly
damage in most well-built
houses’considerable in old or
poorly-built structure,old wall
some landslides from hills and
steep banks; cracks on road
surfaces.

13. VII. STRONG SHOCK-overturn
of movable objects;slightly
damage in most well-built
houses’considerable in old or
poorly-built structure,old wall
some landslides from hills and
steep banks; cracks on road
surfaces.

14. VIII. VERY STRONG SHOCK-
people panic;trees shaken
strongly;changes in the flow
of springs and wells;sand and
mud ejected from fissures in
soft grounds;small landslides.

15. IX. EXTREMELY STRONG
SHOCK-generally panic;partial
or total destruction of some
buildings;fissures in the
grounds;landslides;and rock
falls.

16. An American
scientist named
CHARLES F.
RICHTER
developed a
scale to
indicate the
magnitude of
an earthquake.

17. THE RICHER
MAGNITUDE SCALE

18. THE RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
M
below 1
Only detectable when
ultrasensitive
seismograph is operated
under favorable
conditions.
M
below 3
The hardly
perceptible
Most are not felt;
recorded only by
seismographs of shocks
nearby stations

19. THE RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
M 3-4 The very
feeble
shocks
Only felt epicenters
M 4- 5 The feeble
shocks
Damage not usually
reported.

20. THE RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
M 5-6 The
earthquakes
of moderate
strength
Felt over wide
areas;causes small,local
damage near the
epicenter.
M 6-7 The strong
earthquakes
Accompanied by local
damage near the
epicenters; well-
equipped seismological
stations record them
whenever they occur

21. THE RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
M 7-8 The vmajor
earthquakes
Can cause considerable
damage near the
epicenters; under the
sea; small tsunamis
produced.
M 8-9 The great
earthquakes
Occurs one or twice a
year;many after schocks
in areas approximately

22. THE RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
M 9-
10
Have never occurred
since the data bases on
seismographic
observations became
available.