1. Welcome to
our
Presentation1
Macro economics principles
(Econ 102)

2. Introduction
Name Student ID
2
 Md. Al- Amin
 Sara Sarkar
 Asit Baran
 S.M Ahsan
Habib
 W121338
 W121334
 W111267
 W121328

3. Our Topic
3
India is Bangladesh’s most
important trading partner. How
can trade be stimulated between
the two countries?

4. What is International Trade?
4
International trade is the
exchange of capital, goods, and
services across international
borders or territories. In most
countries, such trade represents
a significant share of gross
domestic product (GDP).

5. Advantages of International
trade.
5
 Causes a flow of money into the economy which
stimulates economic activity
 Employment will increase
 Long run aggregate supply will shift outwards
 Aggregate demand will also shift outwards as
investment is a component of aggregate demand
 It may give domestic producers an incentive to
become more efficient
 The government of the country experiencing
increasing levels of FDI(Foreign direct investment) will
have a greater voice at international summits as their
country will have more stakeholders in it

6. Disadvantages of International trade
6
 Inflation may increase slightly
 Domestic firms may suffer if they are relatively
uncompetitive
 If there is a lot of FDI(Foreign direct investment)
into one industry e.g. the automotive industry
then a country can become too dependent on it
and it may turn into a risk that is why countries
like the Czech Republic are "seeking to attract
high value-added services such as research and
development (e.g.) biotechnology)"

7. Why India is Bangladesh's most
important trading partner?
7
Imports from India Export to India
$ 4776.93 million US
dollars which contribute
13.8 % of the total import
all over the year. And it is
the highest number of
imports after china
$ 512.93 million US
dollars. Which
contributes 2.3 % of the
total export all over the
year.
According to the report( Year 2011) of EU( European
Union) Bangladesh’s trade with India

8. Bilateral trade and exchange
rates
8
 In 2011 India’s officially recorded exports to
Bangladesh were about $1.7 billion but its imports
from Bangladesh were just $78 million. Since
1996/97 Indian exports to Bangladesh (in nominal
US dollars) have been growing at 9.1% annually,
just slightly above the general rate of growth of its
total merchandise exports (8.4%), but India’s
imports from Bangladesh over the same period
have grown on average at only 3% annually,
compared to average growth of its total imports of
9.2%. Consequently Bangladesh’s bilateral trade
deficit with India has been increasing rapidly, on
average at about 9.5 % annually.

9. Trade between India and
Bangladesh year to year
9

10. Trade between India and
Bangladesh year to year
10

11. India trade policy
11
 Non-tariff barriers. India’s licensing restrictions on
imports of raw materials and manufactured
intermediates were removed during its 1991/92
reforms, but imports of nearly all industrial consumer
goods and agricultural products continued to be
restricted. These restrictions were finally removed in
April 2001.
 Tariffs. As well as removing QRs from intermediates
and capital goods, the 1991/92 reforms reduced tariffs
and pre-announced a tariff reduction program.
 Specific duties protecting the textile and garment
industries
 the government imposed specific duties on a large
number of textile fabrics and garments, in order to

12. India trade policy
12
 Anti-dumping:(AD) is one of the WTO-legitimate
measures that India introduced during the 1990s,
as a way of providing extra protection as its tariffs
came down and its import licensing system was
dismantled.
 Export policies India operates a comprehensive
set of export policies. Three aspects of these
policies that are relevant for India’s trading
relationship with Bangladesh in the context of a
bilateral FTA or SAFTA.

13. Bangladesh Trade policy
13
 Non tariff barriers During the late 1980s and early 1990s,
import licensing system was abolish. Of the continuing
QR(Quantitative Restriction) the most important were the
parastatal import monopoly over sugar and the ban on
textile fabric imports for use in the domestic market, which
protected the textile industry.
 Customs clearance at land border Customs posts:
The land border trade is subject to very serious
administrative constraints in Bangladesh prospective .
• 38 out of the 42 land border Customs posts with India
severely restrict the imported goods that can be cleared.
• only four land border posts can clear all imported goods.
 Para-tariffs This slowing of tariff reduction occurred
because continuing cuts in Customs duties were offset by
increases in the scope and levels of a variety of para-tariffs
which were imposed on top of Customs duties. By 2004/05
about 40% of the unweighted average protection level was
due to para-tariffs, and para-tariffs were being applied to

14. Bangladesh Trade policy
14
 Agriculture, livestock, fisheries and
processed food. Bangladesh’s trade policies in
these sectors warrant separate treatment
because, as in India, they differ in important ways
from its manufacturing trade policies, in addition
to which Indian agricultural products are generally
a large although fluctuating share of its total
exports to Bangladesh.
 Export policies Bangladesh’s exports are
dominated by ready made garments, most of
which are exported to the US and the EU. Nearly
all garment exports are from firms operating in
export processing zones or as bonded

15. 15

16. Appendix
16
 Slide no 9:
http://horizonspeaks.wordpress.com/tag/ntb/