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BIB Summer Semester 2018
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1. As an underdeveloped country, Bangladesh has been enjoying
exemptions from the requirements of TRIPS agreement. Explain benefits
and drawbacks of this exemption.
As an underdeveloped country, Bangladesh has been enjoying exemptions from the
requirements of TRIPS agreement.
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is
an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade
Organization (WTO). It sets down minimum standards for the regulation by national
governments of many forms of intellectual property (IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO
member nations.[3] TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994 and is administered by the WTO.
The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system
for the first time and remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual
property to date. In 2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were
insisting on an overly narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks that resulted in the
Doha Declaration. The Doha declaration is a WTO statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS,
stating for example that TRIPS can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote
access to medicines for all."
Specifically, TRIPS requires WTO members to provide copyright rights, covering content
producers including performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations;
geographical indications, including appellations of origin; industrial designs; integrated circuit
layout-designs; patents; new plant varieties; trademarks; trade dress; and undisclosed or
confidential information.
Benefits of exemption:
The waiver allows LDCs a transition period of 17 years to comply with and implement the
provisions of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of the
WTO.

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01.The TRIPS and Pharmaceuticals decision of the WTO has important implications for the
economies of Bangladesh. The decision provides the LDCs with an opportunity to provide low-
cost medicine to their own people, and also creates significant export opportunities for
pharmaceutical enterprises in the LDCs.
(2) Bangladesh and other LDCs have been granted exemption from various TRIPS obligations
till 1 July 2013. Bangladesh has indicated the need for technical assistance in developing the hu-
man, legal and institutional infrastructure required to comply with the TRIPS Agreement. The
EU is implementing a project in the Department of Patents, Design and Trademarks with a view
to helping Bangladesh modify existing laws and introduce new ones in the areas of patent
designing, trademarks and geographical indications. The project also involves the training of
police, customs officials, lawyers and judges in the areas of TRIPS compliance.
3. Preferential market access that allows Bangladesh duty-, quota-free export of pharmaceutical
products to almost all developed and some of the developing country markets should now
provide additional competitive advantage to Bangladesh, in the wake of the TRIPS decision.
(3) The pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh is much more developed compared to many
other developing nations. Thus using the waiver on compulsory licenses Bangladesh can export
pharmaceutical products to other countries. The WTO Doha Ministerial Declaration on TRIPS
and Public Health allows LDCs such as Bangladesh exemption from TRIPS obligations for
pharmaceutical products until 2016. Bangladesh has a large pharmaceuticals sector which meets
up to 90 per cent of her domestic demand; she also exported about US$41 million of
pharmaceutical products in FY2010.
4.
The TRIPS exemptions offer potential opportunities for boosting exports that would
ensure access to affordable medicines for global public health

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(5) Bangladesh has benefited from technical and financial support from various
multilateral and bilateral organisations to strengthen her trade-related supply-side capacities. The
EU, UNIDO and Japan Debt Cancellation Fund (JDCF) have supported various projects
including Quality Management System and Conformity Assessment Activity, Quality Support
Programme, Market Access and Trade Facilitation Support (for South Asian LDCs),
Strengthening Institutional and National Capacities Related to Standards, Metrology, Testing and
Quality (SMTQ), Modernization of BSTI through Procurement of Sophisticated Equipment &
Infrastructure and Development of Laboratories for Accreditation, among others.
Drawbacks of exemption:
(I) The existing intellectual property rights and laws in Bangladesh are not adequate to
preserve Biological Diversity, herbal medicines and knowledge, heritage and culture, and
domestic natural resources. Research is also needed to develop new plant species and preserve
the existing plant and animal species.
(II) Much more is required to build up Bangladesh’s TRIPS compliance capacity, as non-
compliance with TRIPS-related obligations is likely to emerge as an important market access
constraint in future, for example in relation to apparel design.
(II) Because of supply-side constraints, particularly Bangladesh’s lack of capacity to
undertake reverse engineering, use of preferential market access offered under the Declaration on
TRIPS and Public Health has remained largely underutilized.
(II) Whatever steps the telecommunication companies are taking in technology upgrading
and training are being initiated autonomously and under normal business practices. These
corporations do not receive any additional or special incentives from the developed countries to
support their activities in Bangladesh.
The TRIPS exemptions offer potential opportunities for boosting exports that would ensure
access to affordable medicines for global public health, but these are limited, time-bound, must
be undertaken in a very competitive environment, and need significant investments by both
government and industry over a short period of time. As well in every prospective export market,

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it would be necessary o determine issues like what are the patent rights for particular drugs that
Bangladesh producers interested in exporting to the market and what competitors are able to sell
into or produce in that market.
2. “Without migration of labour from the country, Bangladesh might
not have achieved the current level of economic growth”.Do you agree with
this statement. Explain your answer with detail arguments.
Yes, Bangladesh has sent huge number of workers during a period of more than three
decades since the mid-1970s. Most of these workers migrate to work in Middle East and
Southeast Asia for a specific period of time. There are many reasons behind this rapid labor
migration. The most important factors are push and pull factors.
Generally rural youths are more involved in external migration compared to urban youth
as less job opportunities in their own communities. Huge numbers of migrants move within
countries and across international borders. Such migration influences not only the lives of
migrants but also the development and growth prospects of the sending and receiving areas. The
flows of migrants leaving the country have not only fulfilled the command of the government
policy to encourage out-migration as a means of easing unemployment pressure on Bangladesh
ever exploding labor market but also the remittances received from the migrant workers have had
important impact on the economy.
Overseas remittance earnings have become a major source of financial inflow for Bangladesh
economy in recent years. Remittance earnings, as equivalent to share of Bangladesh’s Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), have been consistently on the increase and by 2012 this has reached an
equivalent of 12 percent (World Bank, 2012). A slightly fluctuating, but overall sustained inflow
like this one for the last four decades, has arguably boosted the economy in many different ways.
It has been argued that this has helped employment generation, reduction of unemployment,
increases in the foreign exchange reserves and also immensely contributed to an acceleration of
overall national economic development

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Types of migration
Migration can be multidimensional; long-term, short-term, voluntary, internal and
international migration etc
 Temporary and permanent migration: The temporary migrations are usually due to
economic reasons. Temporary migrants are mostly highly skilled and skilled workers and
replaced more and more long term migrants over the years. Laborers are in short term
category.
 Internal migration: This is one of the ancient forms of migration. In Bangladesh, around
two thirds of migrations happen from rural areas to urban areas. Other South Asian countries
mark similar pictures.
 International migration: The movement of migrants from one country to another country
for employment.
 Voluntary or forced migration: Voluntary migration means that the free movement of
migrants with an expectation of better quality of life. A better quality of life may be better
employment, better climate etc. When the migrant has no other choice but to move because
of reasons like natural disaster, racial discrimination, wars, religious and political persecution
is known as forced migration.
 Illegal migration: Illegal migrants appear a country with minimum belongings and without
personal documents such as passports. It has been estimated that without proper documents
almost one million Bangladeshis are working outside Bangladesh.
 Circular migration: Circular migration is the new collection to the migration pattern. The
repeated movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries is known as
circular migration.

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Internal migration in Bangladesh
It is obvious that migration is a major feature of Bangladesh’s recent history. Successive
studies and policy papers have documented extensive movements both within and outside the
country. Internal migration has been concerned of as an urbanization phenomenon and the
urbanization rate has been recovered at 3.03% over the period from 1975 to 2009 and this is one
of the highest in the world.
There are four types of internal migration: rural-urban, urban-urban, rural-rural, and
urban rural migration.
International labor migration
International migration to the countries of Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia
took place predominantly after the independence of Bangladesh. The increase in oil prices in the
1970s increased the requirement for low-skilled workers to work in the infrastructure
development projects in the Middle Eastern countries. Later, there were similar demands from
the recently industrialized countries of the Southeast Asia. Migration to these regions has been
characterized by short-term employment with appointed job contracts and migrants returning
home after fulfillment of the contract period.
Socio-economic impact of migration
 It reduces the existing unemployment problem of the country and leads to poverty
mitigation.
 The remittance promotes the economic condition of the migrant workers which
ensure the overall economic improvement of the country. The highest amount of
real foreign currency is achieved by this sector for the economy.
 Frustration is decreased with the help of overseas employment among the youths,
drug addiction, social unrest, etc.
 It expands the ability of investment for self employment.

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 Earning through overseas employment improve the financial capability and
acquiring power of the migrant workers which makes suitable the economic
activities and promotes the standard of living.
 It improves the transfer of technology through technical knowledge. It creates
inspiration and develops perception of the migrant workers towards neatness and
healthy environment, etc.
3. How regional integration may help Bangladesh to achieve
comparative advantage in some products?
Regional integration has always been a pressing issue for the members of the world Trade
Organisation (WTO) who have actively voiced in favour of widespread regional tie-ups in
liberalising trade barriers and, in some cases, eliminating the trade barriers between the
regionally integrated nations as well. The underlying notion behind the interests shown to
escalate the regional integration agreements was originally to promote trade through preferential
treatment and easy access to markets in the member economies. However, these had gradually
led to the emergence of possible Mega-regional Trade Agreements (MRTAs) which meant
regional integration, cumulatively accounting for a major proportion of world trade and foreign
direct investments (FDIs).
The MRTAs are far more than merely for providing market access to the members. These
emphasise on defining new rules and regulations of investment and business to serve the narrow
interests of the member countries of the respective groups. Hence, the growth of mega- regionals
is likely to give rise to fierce competition among different global trading blocs which would
ultimately undermine WTO's 'multilateral trading system' across the world.
This raises deep concerns among the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh
that have benefited from the existing multilateral trading system under the WTO. Over the years,
Bangladesh has benefitted from this system and developed its overall economy through the

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robust growth of the ready-made garment (RMG) sector, in particular. The multilateral trading
system has been the main driver of Bangladesh's export-led growth strategy.
The analysis of comparative advantage is important from the policy perspective. Trade
policies of a country should be tuned to promote export items where the country has comparative
advantage. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices offer a useful way of analyzing a
country's comparative advantage, based on demonstrated (i.e. actual) export performance. There
are couples of techniques to measure a country's revealed comparative advantage. One is
Balassa's RCA index (denoted as RCA) that compares the export share of a given sector in a
country with the export share of that sector in the world market
RCA index defines the pattern in comparative advantage by using the trade flows, since
this pattern in comparative advantage is revealed by the observed pattern of trade flows,
therefore it is called 'revealed comparative advantage. The index for country i commodity j is
calculated as follows:
RCAij = Xij / Xwj / Xi / Xw
Where,
Xij = ith country's export of commodity j
Xwj = world exports of commodity j
Xi = total exports of country i
Xw = total world exports
Here the numerator is the share of a country's total exports of the selected product in its
total exports. The denominator is share of world exports of the same product in total world
exports. The index of revealed comparative advantage (RCAij) has a relatively simple
interpretation. It takes a value between 0 and positive infinity. If it takes a value greater than
unity, the country has a revealed comparative advantage in that product and a value lower than
unity, country has comparative disadvantage in that product. The index might be affected by
anything that distorts the trade pattern, e.g., trade barriers.

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A country reveals comparative advantages in products for which this indicator is higher
than 1, showing that its exports of those products are more than expected on the basis of its
importance in total exports of the world. The advantage of using the comparative advantage
index is that it considers the intrinsic advantage of a particular export commodity and is
consistent with changes in an economy's relative factor endowment and productivity. However,
the disadvantages are that it cannot detect the source of comparative advantage or disadvantage,
improvements in factor endowments and pursuit of appropriate trade policies by a country.
Reveal Comparative Analysis
This section of the study is developed to presenting the results of the analysis performed
on collected data to determine the pattern of revealed comparative advantage in leather industry
for Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and India. An overview of revealed comparative advantage
index for the period of 2004 to 2013 has been presented in two proportions. First, overall
industry index has been presented and second, an in depth analysis has been configured for sub
category of leather industry- Raw hides & skins and Leather and leather products category.
Table: Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of selected countries
T
Table shows the comparative view of revealed comparative advantage index for overall
leather industry of Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and India for period of 2004 to 2013. The results
Year Bangladesh Pakistan China India
2004 4.31 9.06 3.05 3.46
2005 4.36 10.40 2.85 3.06
2006 3.86 10.43 2.59 2.84
2007 4.16 11.05 2.31 2.66
2008 3.21 11.49 2.46 2.75
2009 2.14 9.33 2.47 2.16
2010 2.49 8.88 2.48 1.87
2011 2.45 8.38 2.66 1.86
2012 2.52 8.28 2.52 1.93
2013 2.14 9.02 2.51 2.04

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show that, for all the selected Asian countries, revealed comparative advantage index is greater
than unity (RCA > 1) which indicates a significant potential growth of these countries in leather
industry. Though, all country has comparative advantage in this industry, the pattern is not
similar for each country over years. Moreover, results indicate some interesting insights.
Bangladesh has a stable comparative advantage in the leather industry but it decreased in recent
periods compare to early years of study.
 Discuss the potential benefits of regional connectivity for Bangladesh
The opening of doors and windows of Bangladesh all around for linkages and
connectivity with next door neighbors and beyond has created opportunity for developing
Bangladesh into a regional development hub, economic corridor. Bangladesh is surrounded in
almost three directions West, East and North by huge Indian territory. Myanmar has land border
in the south east. Bangladesh also shares maritime boundaries in the Bay of Bengal with
Myanmar and India. Bangladesh can be conduit for connecting India on the west with China on
the east through Myanmar.
The country has two operational sea ports Chittagong and Mongla which are very much
underutilized. Land locked Nepal, Bhutan and some Indian states can be extremely benefited
from using these sea ports. The potential of developing a deep sea port is under active planning
which may be used by other countries of the region including China, India and Myanmar.
In the recent past during the government visit of Indian Prime Minister Naredra Modi
some agreements, protocols and MOUs have been signed between Bangladesh and India.
Railway and bus connectivity has already become operational between the two neighboring
countries.
On 15 June 2015, the motor vehicle connectivity agreements among Bangladesh, India,
Nepal and Bhutan will be formally signed. Now, depending on streamline visa formalities
citizens of four friendly SAARC nations soon can commute freely for business and tourism.

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Bangladesh for its unique geographical location now has its work cut out for developing
its communication infrastructures for exploiting the opportunities.
4. Explain the potential impacts of graduation from LDC on
international trade scenario of Bangladesh.
Corresponding to the tremendous socio economic growth the country has witnessed in the
last decades, Bangladesh has met the criteria for graduating from the Least Developed Country
status. Bangladesh is the first country to meet all three thresholds for LDC Graduation, namely
GNI per capita, Human Asset Index (HAI), and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI).
Bangladesh’s significant success in achieving MDGs and strong policy alignment towards 2030
Agenda has augmented the process of graduation from the LDC status.
With the current economic and development trajectory, it is highly probable that
Bangladesh will be recommended by the UNECOSOC for graduation in the next triennial review
in 2021. Subsequent to a three-year transition period during 2021-24, Bangladesh will officially
graduate from the LDC category in 2024.
Bangladesh has fulfilled the three conditions on a very large margin. Bangladesh's current
per capita income is $1,610. The Human Assets Index (HAI) is 72.9, while the Economic
Vulnerability Index (EVI) is 25.
The GNI per capita measures the dollar value of a country’s total income in a year
divided by its population. The HAI is a composite index that accounts for education and health.
What benefits do LDCs receive?
The international support measures associated with LDC status are related to trade
preferences, development financing, including Official Development Assistance, debt relief,
technical assistance and other forms of support.

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LDCs that are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) benefit from special and
differential treatment regarding WTO-related obligations.
Benefits in the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
LDC graduation has a direct impact on climate finance since graduated countries lose their
access to LDC-specific funding, particularly through the Least Developed Countries Fund
(LDCF) . The graduated countries may need to compete against other developing countries for
the remaining available financing sources This situation could impose an additional constraint
given the limited institutional and human capabilities of recently graduated LDCs
Getting Ready for the EmergingGlobalTrade and Business Scenario
 The shift from multilateral trading discipline under the WTO towards a system dominated
by mega- regionals of the type of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP)and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)will
create additional challenges for Bangladesh in terms of market access
 Bangladesh may face significant preference erosion in the face of increasing dominance
of number of cross-regional FTAs of the types of India-ASEAN FTA, India-EU FTA, Canada-
EU FTA and similar trading arrangements
 In this backdrop Bangladeshi products will have to enter markets of many of these RTA-
members by paying MFN tariffs; in contrast RTA member countries will enjoy duty-free market
access in their respective partner country markets
 Bangladesh will be required to pursue a highly proactive trade policy, including the
option of negotiating membership in various mega-trading blocs and RTAs of Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) type. This will call for adequate preparations and
significant enhancement of negotiating power
 Following Brexit, a Commonwealth-wide GSP scheme is being contemplated.
Bangladesh should remain engaged in this process.

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TRADE AGREEMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS
Over the years Bangladesh has played an active role in the WTO, urging that priority be
given to issues affecting LDCs, such as agricultural subsidies and the erosion of preferences.
Given Bangladesh’s heavy reliance on RMG exports, the negotiations on non-agricultural market
access are of particular importance to the country. Bangladesh sees the WTO, with its rules-
based and inclusive approach, as an important vehicle for driving DFQF market access for all
products originating in LDCs, supported by flexible rules of origin; for negotiating a realistic
transition period for compliance with WTO agreements, such as the Trade Facilitation
Agreement; for securing preferential treatment for LDC services and service providers; and for
securing capacity-building assistance with a view to tackling supply-side constraints.
Bangladesh has long taken an interest in the WTO services negotiations – framed within
the General Agreement on Trade in Services – and has advocated improved market access for
LDC services and service providers (particularly under mode 4). As an LDC Bangladesh is not
expected to submit service offers, but it has already unilaterally liberalised key services sectors
such as banking, financial services and telecommunications, thereby stimulating international
competition.
Bangladesh is party to a number of regional economic and trade cooperation agreements
that aim to promote intra-regional trade. Yet despite these links, the countries of South Asia are
not well integrated. One of the main reasons for this is the high level of competition among
South Asian neighbours.
It is evident that the pace of progress and development has led Bangladesh to the inevitable path of
graduation. Bangladesh’s graduation from LDC status will be a matter of great pride and aspiration for
its people. It will open a new horizon of hopes and opportunities in socioeconomic arena and brand
Bangladeshwithanewidentityinthe global community. Bangladesh’s relatively little post-graduation
vulnerability, tremendous performance in social frontiers with low resources, timely strategizing for
diversification of export products and markets, strong alignments of national policy with the Agenda
2030 and adequate as well as advanced preparedness, puts Bangladesh in an advantageous position.

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Andtherefore,it is expected that the negative impact of graduation from LDC status would be less for
Bangladesh unlike in other LDCs.
Q5. How the concept of global value chain help identifying the potential of
underdeveloped countries in international trade. Explain the possible strategies for
Bangladesh to participate in GVC.
A value chain includes every step a business takes to produce a product or service and deliver it
to the customer from its conception to its end use and beyond. This includes activities such as
research and design, production, marketing, distribution, and support to the final consumer
Gobal value chains provide opportunities for developing countries to diversify their exports and
intensify their integration into the global economy. Developing countries traditionally exported
unprocessed raw materials. The leap to exporting manufacture products was complicated
because it required a full suite of complementary industries.
Today, the rise of global value chains (GVCs) enables developing countries to slot themselves
into a part of the production chain without having to produce a complete, final good. As a
result, developing countries now mostly export manufacturing value-added. Developing
countries deeply involved in GVCs have been able to leverage this involvement to achieve rapid
productivity growth, gains in modern sector employment, and impressive rises in living
standards and declines in poverty.
The rise of GVCs, stakeholders in developing countries typically want to see their country more
involved in value chains, and moving to higher-value-added activities within the chains over
time. identifies some of the key factors associated with integration into GVCs
TRADE COSTS POSE A KEY IMPEDIMENT

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One of the most important impediments for developing countries is trade costs. Non-tariff
trade costs in today’s world—freight, insurance, and other cross-border related fees—tend to
be much larger than any remaining import tariffs as products travel through the various stages
of production. Those trade costs have a monetary dimension (for example, transportation,
insurance, and other fees), but also a more intangible dimension: information costs,
nonmonetary barriers (regulation, licensing, and so on), and weak trade governance leading to
uncertainty.
additional costs—such as poor transportation links, inefficient customs clearance, bureaucracy,
and red tape—tend to impede trade, but their effects are most pernicious in sectors requiring
that parts move back and forth across borders.
THE CHINA MODEL
China provides some interesting lessons here. It is known for having started its economic
reform with four special economic zones that fit the model of EPZs with favored infrastructure
and customs clearance. What is less known is that within a short time China had expanded all
the policy benefits to more than 30 cities nationwide.
“DEEP” TRADE AGREEMENTS
The idea of improving institutions and lowering trade costs across the board through better
infrastructure, control of corruption, reduction of red tape, and zero import tariffs on imported
inputs (including services) is clear. But developing country leaders naturally wonder how to
pursue this agenda. It turns out that one effective route is through “deep” trade agreements.
Idea, innovation, research and development are the prime mover of a sustainable industry. If
the stakeholders of Bangladesh are committed to uphold rigor growth in domestic and
international arena, it must emphasize on upgrading in the value chain of the textile and other
industries to make sure more value addition. For a country, semi heavy industrialization is
needed for making sure vital value addition to secure the prestigious visions. Semi-heavy
industry is industry that concern one or more characteristics which works as supportive
industry to support or backward linkage for the large and heavy products. This kind of

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industries assists large and heavy equipment and facilities such as heavy textile equipment,
large machine tools, and huge buildings or complex of various processes.
GVC Opportunity for Bangladesh
• Bangladesh exhibits a highly concentrated export sector. In fact, the export
diversification scenario in Bangladesh remains bleak as 77% of export earnings emerge
from the RMG sector. This dependence on readymade garments makes our economy
extremely vulnerable to any adverse external shock to the global demand or prices
(terms of trade).
• Global Value Chain [GVC] offers an unique possibility for Bangladesh to diversify its
export base.
1. Produce intermediate goods
2. Emerge as an ‘assembling’ hub
3. Learn how to imitate
Value Chain Up-gradation’ strategy:
Bangladesh needs to think in a different way about textile industry. The country can focus on
idea development, innovation in textile industry, more attention to research and development
on the semi heavy industry for reducing dependence to the foreign country.
The central bank’s periodical analysis on RMG sector has showed that local value retention of
the industry was 73.12 per cent in fiscal year 2008-09, now it achieved 82 per cent in FY16. The
Bangladesh bank calculated the value retention rate on the basis of import of raw materials vis-
à-vis earning from export. It has opened US$ 6.92 billion back-to-back L/C only for the raw

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materials instead of US $ 28.02 billion export. 100 per cent value addition would never happen
as the industry still imports some raw materials.
So, local value addition of the country’s readymade garments (RMG) industry has reached its
best level, according to the latest statistics. Now it’s the time to upgrade in the value chain.
Usually there are four ways in upgrading in the value chain:
1. Process upgrading
2. Product upgrading
3. Functional upgrading
4. Chain (or inter-sectoral) upgrading
By understanding its unique proposition, Bangladesh should set its strategy how the country
can ensure further value addition by upgrading in the value chain. Things may not be that easy
or straight forward.
We need to set up large factories to have more value addition in semi-heavy industrial sector in
particular. President of FBCCI and Former president of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers
and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Md Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin gave almost same statement.
He highly insisted to the giant RMG entrepreneurs to bring diversity and make high-end
products to bring out more value addition. For that we’ve to focus on semi heavy industry like
sewing machine industry, knitting machine, dyeing machine, needle industry, small parts
industry, chemical industry, man-made fibers and electronic equipment manufacturing, metal
sheet processing industry, pressure vessel manufacturing industry, LPG gas industry etc. If
Bangladesh want to be attaining the $ 50 billion target and succeeded the vision 2041, the
country must make sure more spending in the sector of research and development.
Besides moving towards heavier manufacturing industries, further automation and process
improvement could be done. Designing and product development section would be a great
value addition as well. Product branding, marketing and retailing is another scope of value
addition. However for up-grading in all these steps, Bangladesh will require to invest huge in
research and intellectual property protection. In most cases competing against western

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countries for achieving more value from the intangible intellectual property would be very
difficult. Western developed countries have huge intellectual property protection and research
infrastructure and so for a country like Bangladesh competing with them would be truly
difficult.
Conclusion
Bangladesh has done tremendous progress in ship building and automobile sector. The country
has done well in steel and allied industries as well. Some initiatives are seen in electronics and
control equipment manufacturing as well. Now the country can incentivize these sectors and
the government can give necessary policy and other supports to such businesses as if they can
produce more precise and controlled equipment and technologies. And then businesses will be
able to produce technologies here in Bangladesh many of which are now being imported by the
T&C industry of the country. The country can easily flourish in chemical and chemical fiber
manufacturing.

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